生物芯片、生物传感器和生物信息学

近年来,在生物技术和医学研究领域涌现出了许多新技术平台,其中就包括生物芯片技术和生物传感器技术。生物芯片和生物传感器的构建都必须以生物信息学为基础,而两种技术平台应用所得出的数据和结果又反过来大大丰富和充实了生物信息学本身。本分析概述了生物芯片和生物传感器两种技术平台以及生物信息学,对三之间的相互关系进行了讨论。     

Biosensors

Two decades of research into biosensors has been accelerated recently by the commercial potential offered by biotechnology. New developments in biosensor technology in which a biologically sensitive material is immobilized in intimate contact with a suitable potentiometric, amperometric, optical or other transducer are described. It is expected that some of these devices will be commercialized in 1984.     

Biosensors

Biosensors are analytical devices that respond selectively to analytes in an appropriate sample and convert their concentration into an electrical signal via a combination of a biological recognition system and an electrochemical, optical or other transducer. Such devices will find application in medicine, agriculture, environmental monitoring and the bioprocessing industries. The last few years have seen great advances in the design of sensor architectures, the marriage of biological systems with monolithic silicon and optical technologies, the development of effective electron-transfer systems and the configuration of direct immunosensors. Recent progress in these areas has already led to the introduction of new-generation biosensors into the competitive diagnostics market place.     

压电生物传感

本文提出：压电生物传感器应分为两大类型,即质量响应型和非质量响应型。探讨了这两类生物传感器的理论基础。叙述了它们在酶学、免疫学、微生物学、ＤＮＡ杂化、内毒素检测、气相传感、仿生学和血液流变学中的应用。     

Biosensors and bioelectrochemistry

This review describes recent developments in the field of biosensors and bioelectrochemistry. Nanoparticles have been used to improve sensor performance and to develop biosensors based on new detection principles. Their use has extended into all areas of biosensor and bioelectrochemistry research. Other active areas of biosensor development include DNA sensing, immunosensing, direct electron transfer between an electrode and a redox protein or enzyme, and in vivo sensors.     

Biosensors in process control

Improvement in bioprocess control will require development of monitors for a wide range of cell-growth and downstream-process parameters. These requirements are examined in terms of the development and application of biosensor devices and physical measurement techniques. Acoustic, dielectric and laser light scattering techniques are discussed primarily as monitors and analysers for biomass parameters. Developments with biosensor devices are discussed in terms of their application in membrane sampling-flow analysis probes and the potential of more direct biosensing principles.     

Biosensors: recent trends

One of the major bottlenecks in automation and process control of industrial bioprocesses is the lack of suitable sensing devices to accurately measure the concentrations of biomolecules. The measurement of ions (e.g., H⁺, NH₄⁺) and gases (e.g., O₂, CO₂, NH₃) using standard ion-selective and gas sensing electrodes respectively, is well established. Chemical analysis of biomolecules off-line is generally unreliable, labour intensive and may lead to contamination of the biological systems. Problems of maintaining sterile conditions are especially important when dealing with slow growing mammalian or plant cells in culture. Active research in the development of biosensors for monitoring fermentation processes, food production and pollution control, and for medical and veterinary applications is currently underway. This paper reviews recent approaches toward the development of biosensors which involve a biochemical interaction to measure the concentrations of biomolecules, primarily for the on-line monitoring and control of fermentation processes.