采用酵母双杂交系统筛选橡胶树HbTCTP1互作蛋白

翻译控制肿瘤蛋白(translationally controlled tumor protein,TCTP)是一种在生物体中普遍存在和结构上高度保守的多功能蛋白。本研究以橡胶树Hb TCTP1基因的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)作为诱饵,采用酵母双杂交系统构建筛选Hb TCTP1互作蛋白的诱饵表达载体p BD-GAL4-Hb TCTP1,并在p ADGAL4-2.1质粒构建的橡胶树胶乳cDNA文库中筛选Hb TCTP1互作蛋白。将获得的两个与Hb TCTP1互作的阳性克隆进行测序,比对NCBI非丰富蛋白数据库发现:它们分别是橡胶延长因子(rubber elongation factor,REF)和60S核糖体L44蛋白(60S ribosomal protein L44,RPL44)。本研究结果对进一步揭示Hb TCTP1在橡胶树中的作用具有重要意义。     

酵母双杂交系统筛选新橡胶延长因子HbREF3互作蛋白

橡胶延长因子(rubber elongation factor,REF)等橡胶粒子蛋白可能通过相互作用形成蛋白复合体在橡胶生物合成发挥作用。为鉴定REF家族中一新成员Hb REF3的互作蛋白,以橡胶树Hb REF3基因的c DNA序列为基础,分别构建了筛选Hb REF3相互作用蛋白的3种诱饵载体p GBKT7-Hb REF3-F(含全长ORF序列)及p GBKT7-Hb REF3-N(含N端序列)和p GBKT7-Hb REF3-C(含C端序列),并分别转化到Y2H Gold酵母菌株中,进行诱饵表达载体的自激活性与毒性检测。实验证明,3种诱饵载体转化的酵母菌能在SD/-Trp平板上正常生长,而在SD/-Trp/-His/-Ade平板上不能生长,因此,诱饵载体本身没有自激活性,它们的表达产物也没有毒性,不影响转化酵母菌Y2H的生长,满足作为诱饵质粒的条件,并用于橡胶树胶乳c DNA酵母表达文库的筛选。结果表明,用Hb REF3基因的全长ORF编码产物作诱饵,没有筛选到任何候选互作蛋白,而用Hb REF3的N端和C端区域分别作诱饵,均筛选到了可能与Hb REF3具有相互作用的候选蛋白,其中包括REF家族的其他成员和膜联蛋白D4等。     

橡胶树乳管细胞中与HbMADS4互作蛋白的筛选

MADS-box转录因子在植物的生长发育、花器官的形成、信号传导、参与次生代谢物合成等方面发挥重要的作用。在前期研究中我们获得了一个在橡胶树自根幼态无性系和供体胶乳中差异表达的MADS-box转录因子基因HbMADS4,初步发现HbMADS4负调控小橡胶粒子蛋白基因(HbSRPP)的表达。为深入研究HbMADS4的生物学功能,以HbMADS4为诱饵蛋白,利用酵母双杂交从橡胶树胶乳cDNA文库中筛选与其相互作用的蛋白。通过阳性克隆的筛选、复筛、回转验证和生物信息学分析,初步获得了10个与诱饵蛋白相互作用的靶蛋白。对这些靶蛋白的功能分析,将为进一步研究HbMADS4在橡胶树乳管细胞中的生物学功能提供重要信息。     

酵母双杂交筛选类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白的相互作用蛋白质

目的:利用酵母双杂交技术筛选人肝cDNA文库中与类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(STAR)相互作用的蛋白质。方法:将全长STAR基因克隆到酵母表达载体pDBLeu中,形成诱饵;将构建好的诱饵质粒转化至AH109酵母感受态中,利用酵母双杂交技术筛选人肝cDNA文库中与其相互作用的蛋白质,并进行相互作用的回转验证。结果:构建了酵母诱饵蛋白表达质粒pDBLeu-STAR,并筛选到6个猎物,其中有5对相互作用回转验证阳性。结论:为进一步研究STAR的功能和作用机制提供了新的线索。     

酵母双杂交筛选心脏cDNA文库中与人热激蛋白70相互作用的蛋白质

目的:利用酵母双杂交系统从人心肌cDNA文库中筛选与热激蛋白70(HSP70)相互作用的蛋白质。方法:从人心脏cDNA文库扩增Hsp70基因,克隆于pGBKT7载体上,酶切鉴定及序列分析,并检测pGBKT7-Hsp70酵母细胞AH109中的自激活活性;将构建的酵母表达诱饵质粒载体pGBKT7-Hsp70转化AH109酵母细胞,与转化有人心脏cDNA文库的酵母Yl87进行交配实验,筛选与HSP70相互作用的蛋白质,通过一对一的回复杂交实验排除假阳性,对阳性克隆进行序列测定和生物信息学分析。结果:构建了"诱饵"质粒栽体pGBKT7-Hsp70,并证明其在酵母双杂交系统中无自激活活性,筛选得到多个与Hsp70相互作用的阳性转化子,并最终得到HSP70的1个相互作用蛋白质HIP。结论:应用酵母双杂交系统筛选出与HSP70相互作用的1个蛋白质,它们的相互作用可能与HSP70发挥细胞分子伴侣作用有关。     

酵母双杂交技术筛选并回转验证在胞内与PML-C结构域相互作用的蛋白

目的 利用酵母双杂交技术在活细胞内筛选并回转验证与PML-C结构域相互作用的蛋白质.方法 通过诱饵质粒pGBKT7-PML-C,利用酵母双杂交系统从白血病细胞cDNA文库中筛选与PML-C结构域相互作用的蛋白质.结果 利用酵母双杂交技术筛选到43个能与PML-C结构域相互作用的克隆;经进一步的归类与酵母回转试验得到9个阳性克隆.结论 在细胞内PML-C结构域能与多种蛋白质有相互作用.中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶（neutrophil elastase,NE）介导的急性早幼粒细胞白血病的发生可能与这些相互作用所致的生物学功能改变有关.     

利用酵母双杂交系统在人脑cDNA文库中筛选与禽流感病毒核蛋白相互作用的蛋白质

禽流感病毒核蛋白 (NP) 在病毒的转录、复制以及决定病毒的宿主特异性方面都具有重要作用。通过酵母双杂交系统筛选与核蛋白相互作用的蛋白,为进一步了解NP蛋白与细胞内蛋白质的相互关系以及流感病毒与宿主的相互关系奠定基础。应用酵母双杂交系统,构建NP诱饵质粒,进而筛选人脑cDNA文库,寻找可能与禽流感病毒NP相互作用的蛋白质。经过酵母双杂交共验证,得到7个与NP相互作用的阳性克隆。该结果为深入了解病毒复制的分子机理及其在蛋白质水平上与宿主蛋白的相互作用关系提供了线索。     

酵母双杂交筛选与GsCBRLK相互作用的蛋白质

GsCBRLK(calcium/calmodulin-binding receptor-like kinase from Glycine soja)在ABA及盐胁迫诱导的钙离子信号通路中起到关键的调节作用。为深入研究GsCBRLK蛋白的作用机制, 文章采用膜酵母双杂交系统, 以GsCBRLK为诱饵蛋白, 筛选与其相互作用的蛋白质。通过构建野生大豆盐胁迫条件下的cDNA文库、膜酵母双杂交系统筛选、复筛、回转验证、生物信息学分析以及酵母体内互作验证等手段, 最终获得2个(SNARE 和 14-3-3 蛋白)与GsCBRLK诱饵蛋白相互作用的蛋白质。     

用酵母双杂交系统筛选与痢疾杆菌侵袭素IPaC相互作用的蛋白

利用酵母双杂交技术筛选与IpaC相互作用的真核细胞蛋白。首先将IpaC全长基因克隆到诱饵蛋白载体pGBKT7中 ,以构建的pGBKT IpaC为靶蛋白质粒 ,筛选人HeLa细胞cDNA文库。在 2× 10 6个克隆中得到 2 2个阳性克隆。其中 2个阳性克隆编码人胶原酶蛋白片段。并且进一步证明与胶原酶片段相互作用的IpaC结构域在 6 2aa～ 170aa之间。提示IpaC可能在胶原酶参与的生物学过程中发挥作用。     

玉米酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建及ZmCEN互作蛋白的筛选

为阐明玉米中心蛋白(ZmCEN)的生物学功能,采用酵母双杂交技术对其互作蛋白进行研究。提取玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系‘郑58’幼苗的总RNA,利用SMART技术反转录合成ds cDNA,构建以pGBKT7为载体的酵母双杂交cDNA文库;依据ZmCEN基因的CDS序列设计引物,构建重组诱饵载体(pGBKT7-ZmCEN)转化酵母菌株Y2HGold,检测诱饵载体的毒性与自激活能力后,筛选与玉米中心蛋白(ZmCEN)互作的猎物蛋白。将筛选的互作蛋白NAC67和TONNEAU1b(TON1b)再次验证相互作用,并选取互作蛋白TON1b,采用BiFC实验分别构建ZmCEN-pSPYNE和TON1b-pSPYCE BiFC半分子重组载体,转化拟南芥原生质体,进一步验证它们在细胞内的互作;并利用Uniprot和KEGG在线网站对互作蛋白进行gene ontology(GO)注释分析。结果表明:玉米全株幼苗的cDNA文库库容量达到2.56×107 CFU,文库滴度5.36×108 CFU/mL,符合建库要求。经检测诱饵载体无毒性也无自激活功能,所筛选的cDNA文库经测序和Blast比对分析以及共转验证,最终得到28个与诱饵蛋白ZmCEN互作的蛋白质。GO注释显示互作蛋白参与的生物过程有21种。BiFC结果显示,蛋白TON1b与ZmCEN在拟南芥原生质体细胞内互作而形成互补,从而产生黄色荧光,进一步证实了两者存在互作关系。酵母双杂交系统cDNA文库的成功构建与筛选,为进一步研究玉米ZmCEN及其与互作蛋白的作用机制奠定了基础。     

橡胶树形成层组织的酵母双杂交cDNA文库构建及HbHDA6互作蛋白筛选

次生乳管是天然橡胶合成和贮存的场所,是由橡胶树树干树皮中维管形成层细胞分裂分化而来。次生乳管的数量与天然橡胶产量直接相关,而这些乳管的数量取决于形成层分化次生乳管的频率(乳管分化能力),是橡胶树产量育种的主要指标。前期研究中,我们发现组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDA)抑制剂曲古抑菌素A(TSA)能诱导橡胶树乳管分化且组蛋白去乙酰化酶基因(HbHDA6)能够参与橡胶树乳管分化调控。由于组蛋白乙酰化修饰调控橡胶树次生乳管分化的分子机制尚未阐明,因此该文使用冠菌素(COR)诱导橡胶树形成层分化产生次生乳管的实验系统,以分离形成层组织为材料,构建酵母双杂交cDNA文库,以HbHDA6基因为诱饵来筛选酵母双杂交文库,确定与HbHDA6相互作用的蛋白。结果表明：(1)利用Gateway技术构建的均一化COR诱导橡胶树形成层组织的酵母双杂交cDNA文库,初级文库的容量为6.34×10⁶ CFU·mL^-1,总单克隆数为1.27×10⁷,文库重组率为100%;次级文库的容量为7.72×10⁶ CFU·mL^-1     

Cloning and Sequencing of the cDNA Encoding the Rubber Elongation Factor of Hevea brasiliensis

In Hevea brasiliensis, the rubber particle in the laticiferous vessel is the site of rubber (cis-1-4-polyisoprene) biosynthesis. A 14 kilodalton protein, rubber elongation factor (REF), is associated with the rubber particle in a ratio of one REF to one rubber molecule (Dennis M, Henzel W, Bell J, Kohr W, Light D [1989] J Biol Chem 264: 18618-18628; Dennis M, Light D [1989] J Biol Chem 264: 18608-18617). To obtain more information concerning the function of REF and its synthesis and assembly in the rubber particle, we isolated cDNA clones encoding REF. We used antibodies to REF to screen a Hevea leaf γgt11 cDNA expression library and obtained several positive clones. Sequence analysis of the REF cDNA clones showed that the REF mRNA contains 121 nucleotides of 5′-nontranslated sequences and a 205 nucleotide 3′-nontranslated region. The open reading frame encodes the entire 14 kilodalton REF protein without any extra amino acids (Dennis M, Henzel W, Bell J, Kohr W, Light D [1989] J Biol Chem 264: 18618-18628). The REF cDNA was subcloned in pGEM-3Z/-4Z and expressed in vitro. The translation product is a 14 kilodalton protein that can be immunoprecipitated with antibodies to REF. Addition of microsomal membranes to the in vitro translation product did not alter the mobility of the REF protein. This, and the sequence data, indicate that REF is not made as a preprotein. Our results suggest that REF is synthesized on free polysomes in the laticifer cytoplasm and that assembly of the rubber particles is likely to occur in the cytosol.     

Two-hybrid reporter vectors for gap repair cloning

Yeast two-hybrid analysis is a valuable approach to the discovery and characterization of protein interactions. We have developed vectors that can indicate the presence of an insert when used in two-hybrid bait and prey construction by gap repair cloning. The strategy uses a recombination cloning site flanked by sequences encoding the GAL4 activation and binding domains. After gap repair cloning in standard hosts carrying an ADE2 reporter gene, disruption of GAL4 by an insert can be identified by the development of red colony color, while empty vector plasmids produce white colonies. Function in yeast two-hybrid applications was initially validated using known interacting proteins in pair-wise analyses, and subsequently, the bait vectors were used in library screens with the mouse Mad212 and human Mccd1 proteins, identifying a number of putative new interactions for these proteins. These vectors should facilitate high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screens in which large numbers of bait and prey constructs may be required.     

A Novel Genetic System Based on Zinc Finger Nucleases for the Identification of Interactions between Proteins In Vivo

Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) methods are powerful tools for detecting protein–protein interactions. The traditional Y2H method has been widely applied to screen novel protein interactions since it was established two decades ago. The high false-positive rate of the traditional method drove the development of modified Y2H systems. Here, we describe a novel Y2H system using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). ZFNs contain two functional domains, a zinc-finger DNA-binding domain (ZFP) and a non-specific nuclease domain (FokI). In this system, the bait is expressed as a fusion protein with a specific ZFP, and the prey is fused to the FokI. A reporter vector is designed such that the ZFN target site disrupts the Gal4 open reading frame. By transforming the three plasmids into a yeast strain (AH109), the interaction between the bait and prey proteins reconstitutes ZFN function and generates the double-strand break (DSB) on its target site. The DNA DSB repair restores Gal4 function, which activates the expression of the four reporter genes. We used p53-SV40LT interacting proteins to prove the concept. In addition, 80% positive rate was observed in a cDNA screening test against WDSV orfA protein. Our results strongly suggested that this Y2H system could increase screening reliability and reproducibility, and provide a novel approach for interactomics research.     

In-depth proteome analysis of the rubber particle of Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree)

The rubber particle is a special organelle in which natural rubber is synthesised and stored in the laticifers of Hevea brasiliensis. To better understand the biological functions of rubber particles and to identify the candidate rubber biosynthesis-related proteins, a comprehensive proteome analysis was performed on H. brasiliensis rubber particles using shotgun tandem mass spectrometry profiling approaches—resulting in a thorough report on the rubber particle proteins. A total of 186 rubber particle proteins were identified, with a range in relative molecular mass of 3.9–194.2 kDa and in isoelectric point values of 4.0–11.2. The rubber particle proteins were analysed for gene ontology and could be categorised into eight major groups according to their functions: including rubber biosynthesis, stress- or defence-related responses, protein processing and folding, signal transduction and cellular transport. In addition to well-known rubber biosynthesis-related proteins such as rubber elongation factor (REF), small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and cis-prenyl transferase (CPT), many proteins were firstly identified to be on the rubber particles, including cyclophilin, phospholipase D, cytochrome P450, small GTP-binding protein, clathrin, eukaryotic translation initiation factor, annexin, ABC transporter, translationally controlled tumour protein, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, and several homologues of REF, SRPP and CPT. A procedure of multiple reaction monitoring was established for further protein validation. This comprehensive proteome data of rubber particles would facilitate investigation into molecular mechanisms of biogenesis, self-homeostasis and rubber biosynthesis of the rubber particle, and might serve as valuable biomarkers in molecular breeding studies of H. brasiliensis and other alternative rubber-producing species.     

Apple aminopropyl transferase, MdACL5 interacts with putative elongation factor 1-alpha and S-adenosylmethionine synthase [corrected

Several lines of evidence suggest different allocations of the physiological roles of aminopropyl transferase genes, SPMS and ACL5 in plants. To get deeper insights into the physiological role of apple ACL5 (MdACL5), we performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay to identify proteins which interact with MdACL5. After intense screening processes, including the swapping of the bait and prey vectors and in vitro coimmunoprecipitation, we identified three MdACL5-interacting proteins: putative translation elongation factor 1A (eEF-1A), putative S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetase (SAMS) and an unknown protein. Results from Y2H and RNA gel blot analysis suggested the involvement of MdACL5 and eEF-1A or SAMS complexes in the plant growth and development of the organized tissues and/or organs.     

Homologous Hevea brasiliensis REF (Hevb1) and SRPP (Hevb3) present different auto-assembling

HbREF and HbSRPP are two Hevea brasiliensis proteins present on rubber particles, and probably involved in the coagulation of latex. Their function is unclear, but we previously discovered that REF had amyloid properties, which could be of particular interest during the coagulation process. First, we confirmed that REF and SRPP, homologous and principal proteins in hevea latex, are not glycoproteins. In this work, we investigated various aspects of protein interactions: aggregation, auto-assembling, yeast and erythrocyte agglutination, co-interactions by various biochemical (PAGE, spectroscopy, microscopy), biophysical (DLS, ellipsometry) and structural (TEM, ATR-FTIR, PM-IRRAS) approaches. We demonstrated that both proteins are auto-assembling into different aggregative states: REF polymerizes as an amyloid rich in β-sheets and forms quickly large aggregates (> μm), whereas SRPP auto-assembles in solution into stable nanomultimers of a more globular nature. Both proteins are however able to interact together, and SRPP may inhibit the amyloidogenesis of REF. REF is also able to interact with the membranes of yeasts and erythrocytes, leading to their agglutination. In addition, we also showed that both REF and SRPP did not have antimicrobial activity, whereas their activity on membranes has been clearly evidenced. We may suspect that these aggregative properties, even though they are clearly different, may occur during coagulation, when the membrane is destabilized. The interaction of proteins with membranes could help in the colloidal stability of latex, whereas the protein–protein interactions would contribute to the coagulation process, by bringing rubber particles together or eventually disrupting the particle monomembranes.     

Construction of two recombination yeast two-hybrid vectors by in vitro recombination

Recombination-based restrictionless, ligation-independent cloning has been proven to be advantageous over restriction digestion and ligation cloning. To utilize the recombination cloning and previously constructed two-hybrid cDNA libraries, a new Gateway yeast two-hybrid bait vector, pEZY202, and a new prey vector, pEZY45, were constructed. The two-hybrid vectors were generated by in vitro recombination using a protocol that can be easily adapted for the conversion of other existing vectors. The new vectors were used to assay the interaction between the WW domain of PQBP1 (PQBPww) and the WW domain binding protein WBP11. Both PQBPww and WBP11 were cloned into a Gateway donor vector by in vitro recombination. They were then subcloned into pEZY45 and pEZY202, respectively, by in vitro recombination. The binding between PQBPww and WBP11 was reported in a two-hybrid experiment using the new vectors. The results of testing the new vectors in combination with the original vectors indicated that the new bait vector could be used to screen cDNA libraries that are constructed using the original prey vectors.     

Identification of putative interactions between swine and human influenza A virus nucleoprotein and human host proteins

Background

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important pathogens that affect the health of humans and many additional animal species. IAVs are enveloped, negative single-stranded RNA viruses whose genome encodes at least ten proteins. The IAV nucleoprotein (NP) is a structural protein that associates with the viral RNA and is essential for virus replication. Understanding how IAVs interact with host proteins is essential for elucidating all of the required processes for viral replication, restrictions in species host range, and potential targets for antiviral therapies.

Methods

In this study, the NP from a swine IAV was cloned into a yeast two-hybrid “bait” vector for expression of a yeast Gal4 binding domain (BD)-NP fusion protein. This “bait” was used to screen a Y2H human HeLa cell “prey” library which consisted of human proteins fused to the Gal4 protein’s activation domain (AD). The interaction of “bait” and “prey” proteins resulted in activation of reporter genes.

Results

Seventeen positive bait-prey interactions were isolated in yeast. All of the “prey” isolated also interact in yeast with a NP “bait” cloned from a human IAV strain. Isolation and sequence analysis of the cDNAs encoding the human prey proteins revealed ten different human proteins. These host proteins are involved in various host cell processes and structures, including purine biosynthesis (PAICS), metabolism (ACOT13), proteasome (PA28B), DNA-binding (MSANTD3), cytoskeleton (CKAP5), potassium channel formation (KCTD9), zinc transporter function (SLC30A9), Na+/K+ ATPase function (ATP1B1), and RNA splicing (TRA2B).

Conclusions

Ten human proteins were identified as interacting with IAV NP in a Y2H screen. Some of these human proteins were reported in previous screens aimed at elucidating host proteins relevant to specific viral life cycle processes such as replication. This study extends previous findings by suggesting a mechanism by which these host proteins associate with the IAV, i.e., physical interaction with NP. Furthermore, this study revealed novel host protein-NP interactions in yeast.