青岛耐冬山茶的多样性 (Ⅱ)——居群的遗传多样性分析

采用等位酶电泳技术,检测了青岛近海岛屿--长门岩岛、大管岛和浙江普陀山的天然山茶居群的遗传状况,并与青岛植物园和杭州植物园的栽培山茶居群作了比较。分析结果表明：青岛近海岛屿山茶居群内的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为2.3,多态位点比率为83.3%,平均观察杂合度与期望杂合度分别为0.245及0.320,这个结果可以为青岛耐冬山茶的保护提供依据。为了探讨形态分化与等位酶变异之间的关系,对山茶居群内一些形态特殊类型的酶谱作了比较。     

青岛耐冬山茶的多样性（Ⅱ）

采用等位酶电泳技术,检测了青岛近海岛屿———长门岩岛、大管岛和浙江普陀山的天然山茶居群的遗传状况,并与青岛植物园和杭州植物园的栽培山茶居群作了比较。分析结果表明：青岛近海岛屿山茶居群内的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为２３,多态位点比率为８３３％,平均观察杂合度与期望杂合度分别为０２４５及０３２０,这个结果可以为青岛耐冬山茶的保护提供依据。为了探讨形态分化与等位酶变异之间的关系,对山茶居群内一些形态特殊类型的酶谱作了比较     

耐冬山茶对不同光照和水分的生理生态学响应

耐冬山茶作为第三纪孑遗植物,是山茶自然分布最北缘的种群,具有丰富的形态特征与独特的遗传特性.以野生耐冬山茶幼苗为对象,设置2个光照梯度(全光照的65%、15%)、3个干旱梯度(田间持水量的75%、50%、25%),研究耐冬山茶在不同光照、水分条件下生理生态学响应机制,验证现存的4个理论假设是否能够解释耐冬山茶幼苗对遮荫与干旱的响应.结果表明:15%全光照限制了耐冬山茶幼苗的生长.与65%全光照相比,15%全光照使叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量下降,最大降幅分别为63.3%、82.9%和17.5%,显著提高了叶片的比叶面积、叶片含水量和PSⅡ最大光化学效率,最大分别提高了60.3%、8.3%和6.4%.干旱抑制耐冬山茶的生长,使株高、基径下降.随着干旱胁迫的加重,植株叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著降低,最小值分别为0.83μmol·m^-2·s^-1、0.30μmol·m^-2·s^-1和11.56 mmol·m-2·s-1.随干旱胁迫的加重,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶含量总体呈下降趋势,而丙二醛和脯氨酸含量显著上升.15%全光照缓解了干旱对耐冬山茶幼苗的消极影响,遮荫与干旱对耐冬山茶幼苗的交互作用符合"促进理论".耐冬山茶幼苗能够通过多种调节机制适应环境变化,且能适应较大的光照和水分范围.此外,通过改善耐冬山茶生长的光照和水分条件,为其提供理想的生长环境,可以扩大其园林应用.     

耐冬山茶子叶再生体系的研究

青岛市市花——耐冬山茶为北方珍贵的冬季观赏物种,目前其栽培数量不能满足园林应用,亟需通过组培扩繁。以耐冬山茶的子叶为外植体,探讨不同因素对子叶愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的影响。结果表明,使用2%的NaClo对耐冬山茶果实灭菌的较佳时间是8 min,子叶愈伤组织的诱导率为100%。耐冬山茶子叶愈伤组织增殖的较优激素配比为0.5 mg·L^-1NAA+1.5 mg·L^-16-BA,其最大增殖量为4.06。将经过2次转接继代培养后的愈伤组织转入不定芽分化培养基MS+1.0mg/LNAA+10.0 mg·L^-16-BA进行不定芽的分化诱导,不定芽的分化率为10.7%。将耐冬山茶的不定芽芽条基部浸没在500 mg·L^-1的IBA溶液中70 min,再转接到1/2MS固体培养基,生根率达40%,成功建立了耐冬山茶子叶的植株再生体系。     

山东青岛沿海岛屿耐冬山茶濒临灭绝的原因及其就地保护问题

耐冬山茶(Camellia japonica)是山茶花耐寒的原始种,著名的观赏植物,天然分布于我国的东部和日本、朝鲜一带,黄海岛屿是其在我国分布的北缘。由于人为严重的破坏,天然分布的范围日益狭窄,已陷入了濒临灭绝的境地。本文对其现况、濒危的原因和挽救措施作了详细的调查,提出了建设性的意见。     

山茶属花粉外壁表面微形态特征的研究

在前人研究的基础上,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了山茶属17个组34个代表种（含变种）的花粉形态;按照韦仲新划分山茶属花粉类型的标准,对其进行归类,所有花粉分为3类：颗粒状至皱颗粒状纹饰、皱沟状纹饰和穴－网状纹饰;发现1种新的花粉类型：拟穴－网状纹饰。本文还对山茶属的某些分类学问题作了初步探讨。     

中国分布北界的山茶(Camellia japonica)种群大小结构和空间格局分析

 青岛沿海地区是山茶在中国分布的最北界。长门岩岛是该地区山茶的主要分布地。岛上的山茶集中分布在海拔20～80m的范围内,植株的胸径为2～45cm,高度0.4～4.5m。由生命表可以看出,属于小个体级与大个体级的数目较少,大多数个体处于中级水平。从大小金字塔看,它属于Bodenheimer所述的下降型种群。存活曲线图表明,小个体级的死亡率较高。应用泊松分布、负二项分布和奈曼分布3种理论分布模型,进行了分布格局的研究,结果表明,该种群的实际频数符合负二项分布,由此判定种群的分布格局为聚集分布。通过对种群的聚集强度指数的计算,求得各参数分别为二项参数(K)0.6291,扩散系数(C)17.7372,丛生指标(I)16.7372,Cassie指标(1/K)1.5896,聚块性指标为(m*/m)2.5896,均表明为强聚集分布。     

中国分布北界的山茶（Camellia japonica）种群大小结构和空间？…

青岛沿海地区是山茶在中国分布的最北界,长门岩岛是该地区山茶的主要分布地。岛上的山茶集中分布在海拔２０－８０ｍ的范围内,植株的胸径为２－４５ｃｍ,高度０．４－４．５ｍ。由生命表可以看出,属于小个体级与大个体级的数目较少,大多数个体处于中级水平,从大小金字塔看,它属于Ｂｏｄｅｎｈｅｉｍｅｒ所述的下降型种群。存活曲线图表明,小个体级的死亡率较高,应用泊松分布,负二项分布和奈曼分布３种理论分布模型,进行了     

山茶属植物的进化与分布

山茶属Camellia植物在其进化过程中,以雄蕊不定数、在某些类群中存在心皮离生至合生的中间过渡,认为是山茶科中较原始的一属,分布于亚洲东部和东南部,中国长江以南广袤的亚热带地区是该属的现代分布中心,中南半岛和我国云南、广西南部的热带地区种类虽少,却集中了本属原始或较原始的类群和种类。本属演化上的近缘属或姐妹群——核果茶属Pyrenaria（包括石笔术属Tutcheria）分布区大致与本属相似,其原始（子房5室,心皮先端多少分离,花柱离生）的种类也分布于此,它们可能同出于一个心皮离生的古老祖先,即生长于亚洲古热带森林环境中的类似千五桠果属（Dillenia）的原始山茶科植物,上述地区是该属的早期分化中心和起源地,大约在白垩纪特提斯海（古地中海）东岸的劳亚古陆和冈瓦纳古陆接触地带由原始五桠果类植物演化而来。山茶属植物自热带亚洲起源和分化发生后,向四周辐射状扩展,在亚洲大陆,类群和种类明显表现出由南向北、从热带向亚热带分化和替代的规律。在漫长的进化过程中,经历第三纪以来地史和古气候的变迁,分化发展为具花梗和花梗强烈缩短变无便的两个演化枝,分道扬镳平行发展,两枝在演化上相似地表现出雌、雄蕊数目的减少及合生水平的提高,本属最进化的类群是分布区南界的管蕊茶组 Sect．Calpandria和广布我国亚热带林下的连蕊茶组Sect．Theopsis,前一组花丝全部合生成肉质管,后一组雌、雄蕊高度合生,果通常1室发育,中轴退化。晚第三纪以来,古气候的变迂和亚洲山体的隆升,山茶组 Sect.Camellia,油茶组Sect．Paracamellia以及连蕊茶组 Sect．Theopsis在新的环境中产生进一步分化和自然杂交,出现了一些多倍体种群,细胞地理学研究表明,自中南半岛向北呈现出核型由对称到极不对称、染色体从二倍体到多倍体的变异系列,从而对山茶属中演化与分布的一致性提供了证据。     

耐冬山茶抗寒基因CjCor1的全长克隆与表达分析

COR基因是植物冷驯化过程中重要的功能基因。为研究Cor基因在耐冬山茶(Camellia japonica)抗寒方面的功能,采取同源克隆的方法,从自然低温条件下的耐冬山茶叶片中分离到了617 bp的耐冬山茶同源COR基因全长序列,命名为Cj Cor1。该序列全长完整,含有600 bp的开放阅读框。氨基酸序列分析显示,Cj Cor1基因编码的199个氨基酸蛋白质,含有冷驯化蛋白家族WCOR413 Superfamily特有的保守域结构,在同属物种中的保守性极高。荧光定量PCR结果表明,在低温(0℃以下时)条件下,相比南方山茶原种和常见栽培品种,Cj Cor1基因在耐冬山茶中具有较高表达量,且在耐寒性高的品种中的表达量也较高。     

Evidence for reductive genome evolution and lateral acquisition of virulence functions in two Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis strains

Background

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen, is the etiologic agent of the disease known as caseous lymphadenitis (CL). CL mainly affects small ruminants, such as goats and sheep; it also causes infections in humans, though rarely. This species is distributed worldwide, but it has the most serious economic impact in Oceania, Africa and South America. Although C. pseudotuberculosis causes major health and productivity problems for livestock, little is known about the molecular basis of its pathogenicity.

Methodology and Findings

We characterized two C. pseudotuberculosis genomes (Cp1002, isolated from goats; and CpC231, isolated from sheep). Analysis of the predicted genomes showed high similarity in genomic architecture, gene content and genetic order. When C. pseudotuberculosis was compared with other Corynebacterium species, it became evident that this pathogenic species has lost numerous genes, resulting in one of the smallest genomes in the genus. Other differences that could be part of the adaptation to pathogenicity include a lower GC content, of about 52%, and a reduced gene repertoire. The C. pseudotuberculosis genome also includes seven putative pathogenicity islands, which contain several classical virulence factors, including genes for fimbrial subunits, adhesion factors, iron uptake and secreted toxins. Additionally, all of the virulence factors in the islands have characteristics that indicate horizontal transfer.

Conclusions

These particular genome characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis, as well as its acquired virulence factors in pathogenicity islands, provide evidence of its lifestyle and of the pathogenicity pathways used by this pathogen in the infection process. All genomes cited in this study are available in the NCBI Genbank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) under accession numbers {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001809","term_id":"340539261","term_text":"CP001809"}}CP001809 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CP001829","term_id":"302205157","term_text":"CP001829"}}CP001829.     

The decline of tree diversity on newly isolated tropical islands: A test of a null hypothesis and some implications

Summary Six islands, each less than a hectare in area, were isolated in about 1913 from the mainland of central Panamá by the rising waters of Gatun Lake. By 1980, the diversity of trees on all but one of these islands was far lower than on mainland plots of comparable size. A restricted subset of tree species has spread on these islands, notablyProtium panamense, Scheelea zonensis, Oenocarpus panamanus andSwartzia simplex. We constructed a null model to predict how chance would change tree diversity and the similarity of tree species compositions of different islands, assuming that each mature tree has equal chances of dying and/or reproducing, regardless of its species. This model cannot account for the diminished diversity of the changes in vegetation on these islands: some factors must be favoring a particular set of tree species.Two factors, exposure to wind and absence of mammals, seem needed to bring about the vegetation changes observed on these small islands. Their vegetation shows many signs of wind damage and of adaptation to resist wind, reflecting its exposure to dry season winds and storm winds sweeping across the lake from the west. Their most common tree species appear to have spread because mammals rarely visit these small and isolated islands. Seed of these common species are normally much eaten by mammals and do not need burial by mammals to escape insect attack.A thorough grasp of plant—animal interactions is needed to understand the events that have taken place on these islands. Identifying those keystone animals essential for maintaining plant diversity is a necessary element of reserve design and forest management in the tropics.The US government has the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this paper.     

High Islands Versus Low Islands: A Comparison of Fish Faunal Composition of the Palau Islands

High islands, with potentially greater habitat diversity, are expected to have greater species richness and diversity compared to low islands, typically atolls and coral islands of lower habitat diversity, within the same geographical area. Patterns of species similarity, richness, and diversity were compared among coral reef fishes between the low island of the Southwest Palau Islands (SWPI), and the low and high islands of the Main Palauan Archipelago (MPA). Data from diurnal visual transects accounted for approximately 64% and 69% of the shorefish faunas known from the SWPI and MPA, respectively. Two distinct fish faunas were representative of low and high islands. The first was confined to the coral islands of the SWPI. The second was partitioned into both low and high islands of the MPA, and Helen Reef, a large atoll in the SWPI. The second type was clustered into atolls, low islands with atoll-like barrier reef systems, a coral island, and three high island systems, one with an extensive barrier reef system. Contrary to the prediction that high islands, with relatively greater habitat diversity, would have greater species richness and diversity, species richness and diversity were greatest at Kossol, a large atoll-like low island locality at the northern end of a high island in the MPA, followed by two atolls, Kayangel (MPA, north of Kossol) and Helen Reef. In contrast, species richness and diversity were lower at high island localities and lowest at small coral islands. These results suggest that habitat diversity for reef fishes increases as a function of increasing area regardless of whether the locality is a high or low island.     

千岛湖岛屿维管植物β多样性及其影响因素

通过样地调查方法、Jaccard相异性指数、Spearman回归分析和非度量多维标度(NMDS)排序分析,研究了千岛湖154个岛屿上不同植物群落β多样性及其主要影响因素。结果表明不同的景观参数对不同植物生长型有不同程度的影响,其中(1)藤本、灌木的β多样性形成的主导因素是面积,即面积差越大的区域间的β多样性越高;(2)乔木的β多样性主要受到岛屿间距离的限制,岛屿间距离越远,β多样性越高;(3)草本植物的β多样性分布与岛屿面积差及岛屿间距离并未呈现出显著相关,即其分布不受这两种因素限制;(4)NMDS分析结果显示岛屿面积、形状、边缘面积比和岛屿到大陆最小距离等特征对千岛湖岛屿上植物β多样性起决定性的作用。千岛湖陆桥岛屿组成的片段化生境中植物β多样性受扩散限制和生态位假说的共同影响。     

大连地区岛屿与大陆玉竹种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

选取大连地区大陆与海岛共有植物玉竹为研究对象,采用ISSR分子标记技术对来自5个海岛和4个大陆种群的262个玉竹个体进行遗传多样性的比较和分析。从10个筛选出的ISSR引物扩增得到120个位点信息,其中多态性条带百分率为91.67%,Nei's基因多样性指数（h）为0.346 0,Shannon信息指数（I）为0.510 8。其遗传分化系数（G_st）为0.117 4,基因流（N_m）为3.758 5。研究结果表明玉竹天然种群的遗传多样性较为丰富,种群间基因交流较为频繁,遗传距离与地理距离具有一定的相关性。通过海岛与大陆种群遗传多样性的比对发现,海岛种群的遗传多样性略高于大陆种群,表明在孤立的生境和更为复杂的选择压力下,海岛玉竹种群可能会积累更多的遗传变异从而形成较高的遗传多样性水平。本文研究结果将为进一步探讨隔离生境中天然植物种群遗传进化规律提供证据。     

Can artificial ecological islands alter the biodiversity of macroinvertebrate? A case study in Fujin National Wetland Park,the Sanjiang Plain,China

1. Many policies and studies globally have highlighted the pivotal role of wetland ecosystems regarding wetland biota and their ecological status. With the strengthening of wetland ecosystem management legislation and policy, wetland restoration should also consider increasing habitat diversity to improve biota. We explore whether the construction of artificial ecological islands can increase the diversity of and macroinvertebrates before assessing the effects of actively constructing islands via human intervention on wetland protection.
2. We discuss changes in macroinvertebrate diversity (i) with and without islands, (ii) at different water‐level gradients surrounding the islands, (ⅲ) on different island substrates, and (ⅳ) at different time scales. We used ANOVA, ANOSIM, and cluster analysis to test the differences.
3. The macroinvertebrate communities had spatially heterogeneous distributions which changes over time due to both natural and anthropogenic stresses. The establishment of islands significantly increased the community composition and biodiversity of the macroinvertebrate. Water depth and substrate affect community composition of macrozoobenthos. The abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates can influence the biodiversity of their predators (fish and waterbirds). Potentially, the construction of islands could provide some cobenefits for the conservation of wetland fauna.

Synthesis and applications. Establishing artificial ecological islands in broad open‐water areas and increasing water‐level gradient and substrate diversity can increase microhabitat availability and habitat heterogeneity. These changes can adapt to different ecological niches of aquatic organisms, increase biodiversity, and have a positive effect on the ecological restoration of inland freshwater marshes and wetlands.     

Genetic Diversity in Remnant Mainland and “Pristine” Island Populations of Three Endemic Australian Macropodids (Marsupialia): Macropus Eugenii, Lagorchestes Hirsutus and Petrogale Lateralis

Since European settlement, mainland Australia has experienced a wave of mammal extinctions and population declines. However, some species have persisted on off-shore islands, which are now viewed as important wildlife refuges. In this study, we assessed the level of genetic diversity, at 7–11 microsatellite loci, in island and remnant mainland populations of three endemic species of macropodid marsupial; the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii(n = 92); rufous hare-wallaby Lagorchestes hirsutus(n = 40) and black-footed rock-wallaby Petrogale lateralis(n = 164). There was a consistent pattern of significantly higher levels of microsatellite diversity in the remnant mainland population (A= 4.9–13.9; He= 0.61–0.86) of each species compared to conspecific pristine island populations (A= 1.2–3.7; He= 0.05–0.44). These marked differences are even apparent where island populations currently have a substantially larger census size. In addition, island populations were substantially inbred (Fe= 0.49–0.91). Although island populations have been insulated from the relatively recent threatening processes operating on the mainland, they have nevertheless been significantly impacted by increased inbreeding and the substantial erosion of genetic diversity. Despite the difficulties of ensuring the survival of remnant mainland populations, they appear to retain substantially more genetic diversity than their island counterparts and therefore are more likely to contribute to the long-term persistence of their species. These data also demonstrate that small remnant mainland populations (n < 10–20) are often capable of rapid recovery and are not necessarily genetically depauperate.