滇川干暖河谷种子植物区系成分研究

本文论及滇川干暖河谷种子植物区系成分由科级到种级的研究结果。所统计分析的植物共６９２个种,分属于３３６个属,１１１个科。科级区系成分中,明显以亚热带科为主,暖温带科次之,热带科很少。属级区系成分中,热带属多于温带属,有１４个特有属。热带科属偏多说明本河谷历史上有过以热带区系为主体时期和近代区系发源于热带。种级区系成分中,有中国特有种４２１种,占６１．９０％,其次是温带种多于热带种。干暖河谷的植物区系标志种有１５８种,分三个等级,一级为本河谷特有种,有１８种,二级１０３种,三级３７种。干暖河谷的特有区系成分和各级植物区系标志种均较好地反映本河谷区系演化的近代趋势及其独特性。     

2016年夏季长江口邻近海域浮游动物群落结构

根据2016年8月长江口邻近海域27个站位的浮游动物样品数据,对长江口邻近海域的浮游动物群落结构和多样性进行分析,研究了浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的关系.结果表明: 该海区共鉴定出浮游动物93种,隶属于6门12大类群,另有浮游幼体及鱼卵仔鱼15种.其中,桡足类为绝对优势类群,共鉴定出48种,占44.4%;水母类为第二优势类群,共鉴定出12种,占11.1%.该海域出现的主要贡献类群为桡足类、海樽类、毛颚类、枝角类和水母类,平均丰度依次为273.9、115.0、67.1、63.6和61.1 ind·m^-3,其中绝对优势类群为桡足类,贡献率占20.3%.根据环境因子聚类结果,将该海区分为冲淡水影响区和外海水团影响区.单因子相似性分析检验发现,两个区域群落结构差异显著(平均差异性为4.0 %).SIMPER分析发现,对差异性的贡献比例依次是桡足类20.3%、海樽类18.0%、枝角类14.1%、毛颚类13.4%和水母类11.8%.     

滇川干热河谷种子植物区系成分研究

论及滇川干热河谷种子植物区系成分由科级到种级的研究结果。用于统计分析的植物共1707个种,分属于752个属,165个科．科级区系成分中,除广布科外,明显为主,其次为暖温带科和热带科,热带科有27个科,远比干暖河谷区系中的热带科多。属区系成分中,热带属占明显多数,有523个属,占75．03％,温带属158个,占22．67％,有个中国特有属。种级区系成分中,有中国特有种622个,占37．42％,热带种791个,占47．59％,温带种249个,占14．88％。干热河谷的植物区系标志种很丰富,有437种,分三个等级,其中一级为本河谷特有种,有45种,二级199种,三级193种。热带科、属、种偏多说明本河谷历史上以热带区系为主和近代区系源于热带。干热河谷的特有区系成分和区系的标志种均较好地反映本河谷区系成分组合特征、演化的近代趋势、区系的多样性及其独特性。     

中国长臂虾总科的动物地理学特点

本文讨论了长臂虾总科在中国分布的3个科,即拟贝隐虾科、叶颚虾科和长臂虾科的属、种在中国的分布情况及区系特点。拟贝隐虾科和叶颚虾科种类较少,分布于热带海域,我国分别在南沙群岛和西沙群岛发现1属1种和3属3种,均为广布的常见种。长臂虾科是本总科中种类最多、分布最广、十分常见的科,包括2亚科102属,世界性分布,海洋、淡水均有,我国大量分布。其起源中心应在印度－西太平洋暖水区,一部分浅海沿岸种经河口进入淡水水域, 大量发展,很少种可分布至温带区边缘;另一部分在热带珊瑚礁环境大量发展,并与许多动物类群共栖或共生。长臂虾亚科基本上是浅海－淡水自由生活类群,我国已记录9属61种,主要分布于南部,多数为东洋界热带和亚热带种,分别属东洋界(淡水)和印度－西太平洋区(海水、半咸水);而极少数种分布至北方,温带性的淡水种有2种白虾,1种小长臂虾和仅见于东北部的条纹长臂虾,属于古北界区系(淡水),海水种有黄、东海的敖氏长臂虾及细指长臂虾,属于北太平洋温带区系(海水、半咸水)。隐虾亚科全部为海洋种,主要分布在热带、亚热带海域,以珊瑚礁为主要栖息地,大部分分布于印度－西太平洋海域,80%以上的种类或多或少与其他海洋生物共栖,自由生活的种很少。根据推论,隐虾类的起源中心应在印度－西太平洋热带水域的珊瑚礁环境, 并在这一水域得到了充分的分化与发展,分别适应与腔肠动物、双壳类软体动物、海绵动物、棘皮动物和海鞘类被囊动物共栖生活;而热带美洲的类群则是在隐虾类演化到可与石珊瑚类共栖时由印度－西太平洋水域扩散过去的, 共栖宿主仅涉及腔肠动物和棘皮动物。我国南海水域已发现31属96种,极少数种也分布到东海,属于印度－西太平洋热带水域珊瑚礁区系。     

上升流和水团对浙江中部近海浮游动物生态类群分布的影响

依据2010年4月、7月和11月对浙江中部近海上升流海域进行的海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨了上升流对该海域浮游动物生态类群分布的影响.结果表明:3个季节共鉴定浮游动物64种,桡足类占主要优势,包括5个生态类群,分别是暖温带近海种、暖温带外海种、亚热带近海种、亚热带外海种和热带大洋种.在种类数组成上,春季以暖温带近海种为主,夏季则是亚热带近海种和亚热带外海种居多,秋季也是亚热带种居多,其中夏季暖温带种种类数要高于春季和秋季,这一现象与同时期东黄海沿海有所不同,主要是由于上升流将一些在海洋底部度夏的暖温种带至海洋表面造成的.此外,3个季节生态类群都是以近海种为主,表明沿岸流是影响这一海域的最主要的水团.在丰度组成上,4月暖温带近海种占总丰度的98.79％,7月暖温带近海种也是组成丰度的重要部分,10月则是亚热带近海种丰度最高.丰度组成所反映的规律与种类数组成规律一致.上升流的存在导致夏季近海暖温带种大量出现,是影响这一海域浮游动物生态类群组成的重要因素;受长江径流和椒江径流的影响,近海种成为主要生态类群,是这一海域浮游动物的一个重要的生态特征.     

区域尺度的中国植物功能型与生物群区

利用“生态－外貌”原则,中国的现状植被类型及其分布,确定中国的39种优势植物功能型：高山常绿针叶、北方常绿针叶、北方夏绿针叶、冷温带常绿针叶、温带常绿针叶、暖温带常绿阔叶、暖温带硬叶阔叶、暖温带夏绿阔叶、热带常绿阔叶、热带 雨绿阔叶、热带落叶阔叶、暖温带竹、高山／亚高山灌木、温带草原灌木、温带荒漠灌木、冷温带灌木、温带灌木、暖温带灌木、热带灌木、干旱灌木、高山草、荒漠草、温带草原草、温带草、沼泽草、红树、北方农作物、冷温带农作物、温带农作物、暖温带农作物、热带农作物和裸地。再依据优势植物功能型归并中国的21类潜在生物群区：北方（寒温带）落叶林、北方（寒温带）常绿林、冷温带针阔叶混交林、温带落叶阔叶林、暖温带（亚热带）落叶常绿阔叶混交林、暖温带（亚热带）常绿阔叶林、暖温带（亚）常绿阔叶季风林、热带雨林、热带季雨林、热带落叶林、红树林、干旱疏林／稀树草原、;温带草甸／稀树草原、温带草原、温带半草原、温带荒漠、温带半荒漠、高山／高山针叶林、高山／亚高山灌丛／草甸、高山／亚高山草原和高山／亚高山荒漠。如果考虑现状农业植被类型：一年一熟农作物、二年三熟农作物、一年二熟农作物和一年三熟农作物,可归并为25类现状生物群区。这是全球生态学和古生态学研究中区域尺度旧我国植物功能型和生物群区分类的一次尝试。     

中国海及其邻近海域浮游介形类大尺度生态研究Ⅲ.浮游介形类的物种…

本文阐述中国海及其邻近海域浮游介形类的物生态类群多样性及其分布特点。本文记录浮游介形类１８３种,但经区种数差异极大,其中,南海种数最多,达１２２种,而黄海南部和北部湾东北部的种类极少,都只有７种。同时,将肖游介形类划归４个生态类群;１．高温高盐类群,其种数最多,约占介形类总种数的４６．８％,主要分布于暖流控制的海域;２．低盐暖水类 ,其种数约占介形类总种数的３１．２％,但个数极少,主要分布于近岸暖     

中国海笔螺科的分布与区系特点

阐述了笔螺科的地理分布和中国海笔螺科的区系特点 ,指出笔螺科大多属热带和亚热带种类。中国海已记录笔螺 73种 ,主要分布于福建、广东、台湾、海南和西沙、南沙群岛。中国海的笔螺科种类在区系组成上属印度 马来区系     

四川裸子植物区系研究

四川裸子植物 9科 2 8属 1 0 1种 (含变种 ) ,区系成分为亚热带类型。东部地区古地理环境温和稳定 ,至今保存着许多珍稀孑遗的类群 ;西部地区古地理环境变化频繁 ,科、属少而种类丰富。东、西部差异明显。松柏类在这一地区十分突出 ,集中了从原始到进化的几乎各个类群的代表。四川裸子植物区系既不是泛北极区系迁移的产物 ,也不是热带区系的后裔 ,而是在二叠纪以来的地质历史发展过程中本地起源和发展起来的。     

中国海洋浮游端足类的物种多样性

中国海域已发现浮游端足类122种,呈现从北部往南部海区、从近海往外海区种数逐渐增加,且暖水性也逐渐增强的分布特征。渤海、黄海北部和西南部的浮游端足类同属暖温带分布,黄海东南部和东海西北部为暖温带分布和热带分布的过渡带,东海东部和东海西南部以及台湾海峡、南海均属热带分布,其中东海东部和南海中、南部热带大洋分布的特征显著。     

Temperate and tropical algal-sea anemone symbioses

Abstract. In this review, we seek to develop new insights about the nature of algal‐sea anemone symbioses by comparing such associations in temperate and tropical seas. Temperate seas undergo pronounced seasonal cycles in irradiance, temperature, and nutrients, while high irradiance, high temperature, and low nutrients are seasonally far less variable in tropical seas. We compare the nature of symbiosis between sea anemones (= actinians) and zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.) in both regions to test tropical paradigms against temperate examples and to identify directions for future research. Although fewer anemone species are symbiotic in temperate regions, they are locally dominant and ecologically important members of the benthic community compared to the tropics. Zooxanthella densities tend to be lower in temperate anemones, but data are limited to a few species in both temperate and tropical seas. Zooxanthella densities are far more stable over time in temperate anemones than in tropical anemones, suggesting that temperate symbioses are more resistant to fluctuations in environmental parameters such as irradiance and temperature. Light‐saturated photosynthetic rates of temperate and tropical zooxanthellae are similar, but temperate anemone hosts receive severely reduced carbon supplies from zooxanthellae during winter months when light is reduced. Symbiont transmission modes and specificity do not show any trends among anemones in tropical vs. temperate seas. Our review indicates the need for the following: (1) Investigations of other temperate and tropical symbiotic anemone species to assess the generality of trends seen in a few “model’ anemones. (2) Attention to the field ecology of temperate and tropical algal‐anemone symbioses, for example, how symbioses function under seasonally variable environmental factors and how zooxanthellae persist at high densities in darkness and winter. The greater stability of zooxanthella populations in temperate hosts may be useful to understanding tropical symbioses in which bleaching (loss of zooxanthellae) is of major concern. (3) Study of the evolutionary history of symbiosis in both temperate and tropical seas. Continued exploration of the phylogenetic relationships between host anemones and zooxanthella strains may show how and why zooxanthellae differ in anemone hosts in both environments.     

Status of Marine Biodiversity of the China Seas

China''s seas cover nearly 5 million square kilometers extending from the tropical to the temperate climate zones and bordering on 32,000 km of coastline, including islands. Comprehensive systematic study of the marine biodiversity within this region began in the early 1950s with the establishment of the Qingdao Marine Biological Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since that time scientists have carried out intensive multidisciplinary research on marine life in the China seas and have recorded 22,629 species belonging to 46 phyla. The marine flora and fauna of the China seas are characterized by high biodiversity, including tropical and subtropical elements of the Indo-West Pacific warm-water fauna in the South and East China seas, and temperate elements of North Pacific temperate fauna mainly in the Yellow Sea. The southern South China Sea fauna is characterized by typical tropical elements paralleled with the Philippine-New Guinea-Indonesia Coral triangle typical tropical faunal center.This paper summarizes advances in studies of marine biodiversity in China''s seas and discusses current research mainly on characteristics and changes in marine biodiversity, including the monitoring, assessment, and conservation of endangered species and particularly the strengthening of effective management. Studies of (1) a tidal flat in a semi-enclosed embayment, (2) the impact of global climate change on a cold-water ecosystem, (3) coral reefs of Hainan Island and Xisha-Nansha atolls, (4) mangrove forests of the South China Sea, (5) a threatened seagrass field, and (6) an example of stock enhancement practices of the Chinese shrimp fishery are briefly introduced. Besides the overexploitation of living resources (more than 12.4 million tons yielded in 2007), the major threat to the biodiversity of the China seas is environmental deterioration (pollution, coastal construction), particularly in the brackish waters of estuarine environments, which are characterized by high productivity and represent spawning and nursery areas for several economically important species. In the long term, climate change is also a major threat. Finally, challenges in marine biodiversity studies are briefly discussed along with suggestions to strengthen the field. Since 2004, China has participated in the Census of Marine Life, through which advances in the study of zooplankton and zoobenthos biodiversity were finally summarized.     

Seasonality of peak metabolic rate in non‐migrant tropical birds

Birds that are year‐round residents of temperate and tropical regions have divergent life histories. Tropical birds have a slower ‘pace of life’, one characteristic of which includes lower peak metabolic rate and daily activity levels. Temperate resident birds are faced with seasonal variation in thermogenic demand. This challenge is met with seasonally increased peak metabolic rate during winter. These thermogenic demands are much lower in birds that are year‐round tropical residents. By measuring peak (summit) metabolic rate in tropical and temperate resident bird species during summer and winter, we asked whether tropical birds exhibit seasonality in peak metabolic rate, and if the direction of seasonality differs between tropical and temperate species. We measured summit metabolism in seven tropical and one temperate species during the winter and during the summer breeding season to test the hypothesis that summit metabolism of tropical residents would change seasonally. We consider whether metabolic seasonality is associated with breeding season for tropical species. We found that summit metabolism was significantly greater during the summer for most tropical residents, while the temperate resident matched several previous reports with higher summit metabolism in winter. We conclude that metabolic seasonality occurs in tropical residents and differs from temperate residents, suggesting that breeding during the summer may be driving relatively higher metabolism as compared to winter thermogenesis in temperate birds.     

中国海物种的一般特点

中国海已记录20 278个物种,它们隶属于5个界、44个门,其中,有12个门是海洋特有的。中国海洋的物种比淡水多,比陆地少。物种数由北往南递增。中国海洋的物种有暖水种、温水种和广分布种。许多热带海洋生物分布的北界和一些温带海洋生物分布的的南缘就在中国海域。     

气候变化背景下中国南方地区季节性干旱特征与适应Ⅴ.南方地区季节性干旱特征分区和评述

在干旱特征研究的基础上开展季节性干旱分类分区,可为不同干旱区域应对全球气候变化、制定抗旱减灾对策和防控技术提供理论依据.以国家标准中的气象干旱、农业干旱指标为主要依据,利用南方地区268个气象台站1959-2008年的气候资料,在分析南方地区季节性干旱的气候背景和分布特征的基础上,采用综合因子与主导因子相结合方法、逐级指标筛选法,综合灾害分析和聚类分析方法,对季节性干旱进行3级分区.一级分区以年干燥度和季干燥度为主要指标,以年尺度和主要作物生长季的降水量为辅助指标,将南方区域分为半干旱区、半湿润区、湿润区和极湿润区4个一级区;在此基础上再划分为川滇高原山地温凉半干旱区,江北温暖半湿润区、华南暖热半湿润区和西南高原温凉半湿润区3个半湿润区,长江流域温热湿润区、华南暖热湿润区和西南山地温暖湿润区3个湿润区,以及华南暖热极湿润区和江南西南山区温凉极湿润区2个极湿润区,共9个二级干旱分区.最后基于多个干旱指标的干旱频率和干旱强度,将南方区域分成29个三级干旱区.在分区基础上对不同季节性干旱特征分区分布情况、干旱特点及对农业生产影响进行评述,并提出了防旱避灾措施.     

喜马拉雅东部雅鲁藏布江大峡弯河谷地区植物区系的特点及来源

喜马拉雅东部雅鲁藏布江大峡弯河谷地区植物区系多样性的组成十分丰富,共有种子植物１８０科,６４３属,１４１０种,并有明显的热带向温带过渡的特点,是热带和温带植物区系的两大区系结,它是第三纪以后才发展起来的年轻区系,归根结蒂是源出于古老的东亚植物区系和印度马来植物区系。     

浙江凤阳山自然保护区种子植物区系的统计分析

在野外调查和分类处理的基础上,报道了浙江凤阳山种子植物区系的统计分析结果。现知凤阳山有种子植物１６４科、６５９属、１４８８种（含种下分类群）。科、属、种的分布区类型分析表明：科的分布区类型以泛热带分布最多（４０．９％）,其次是世界分布（２０．７％）和北温带分布（１９．５％）,温带分布少于热带分布（４７：８１）;属的分布区类型以泛热带分布最多（２０．５％）,其次是北温带分布（１８．０％）和东亚分布     

Global pattern of phylogenetic species composition of shark and its conservation priority

The diversity of marine communities is in striking contrast with the diversity of terrestrial communities. In all oceans, species richness is low in tropical areas and high at latitudes between 20 and 40°. While species richness is a primary metric used in conservation and management strategies, it is important to take into account the complex phylogenetic patterns of species compositions within communities. We measured the phylogenetic skew and diversity of shark communities throughout the world. We found that shark communities in tropical seas were highly phylogenetically skewed, whereas temperate sea communities had phylogenetically diversified species compositions. Interestingly, although geographically distant from one another, tropical sea communities were all highly skewed toward requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae), hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae), and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus). Worldwide, the greatest phylogenetic evenness in terms of clades was found in the North Sea and coastal regions of countries in temperate zones, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, southern Australia, and Chile. This study is the first to examine patterns of phylogenetic diversity of shark communities on a global scale. Our findings suggest that when establishing conservation activities, it is important to take full account of phylogenetic patterns of species composition and not solely use species richness as a target. Protecting areas of high phylogenetic diversity in sharks, which were identified in this study, could form a broader strategy for protecting other threatened marine species.