人为活动对舟山群岛大中型兽的影响：大中型兽受威胁原因分析

威胁舟山群岛大中型兽的主要因素是人为活动对自然栖息地造成的面积损失,破碎,质量下降和捕杀。自然栖息地面积已损失了56．3％,自然栖息地破碎成许多碎片,破碎程度在加深,而自然栖息地质量在1912～1950年间严重下降。大中型兽受威胁历史可分为三个阶段,1912年前,大中型兽受威胁较轻;1912～1950年间,大中型兽受到严重威胁,主要威胁因素是自然栖息地面积损失,破碎和森林覆盖率下降;1950年至现在,大中型兽受威胁同样很重,主要威胁因素是自然栖息地面积损失,破碎和捕杀。自然栖息地面积损失,破碎和质量下降对大中型兽绝灭有重要影响。自然栖息地面积损失、破碎和人为捕杀是大中型兽濒危、分布区缩小和数量下降的主要原因。社会,政治,经济等因素决定了自然栖息地面积损失,破碎和质量变化的速率以及捕杀的水平。     

人为活动对舟山群岛大中型兽的影响：大中型兽受威胁状态分析

本文根据历史记载对比和皮张收购资料分析研究了舟山群岛大中型兽的受威胁状态。结果显示,舟山群岛曾有大中型兽16种,5种已绝灭,3种处于濒危状态,3种分布区缩小（一种种群数量正在下降）,3种种群保持稳定,2种种群动态不明;食肉动物的绝灭率大于食草动物;大型动物绝灭率较高;岛屿物种绝灭率高于邻近大陆。文章还比较了确定种群趋势的几种方法。     

北京松山国家级自然保护区兽类活动节律初步研究

在动物行为生态学研究中,了解动物的活动节律是分析其生存策略的重要前提。基于2013年3月—2014年2月北京松山国家级自然保护区红外相机监测资料,通过相对丰富度指数分析10种最常见兽类的季节性节律和日活动节律。结果显示:(1)岩松鼠Sciurotamias davidianus、北花松鼠Tamias sibiricus、亚洲狗獾Meles leucurus、猪獾Arctonyx collaris、豹猫Prionailurus bengalensis和貉Nyctereutes procyonoides在夏季活动最频繁,果子狸Paguma larvata、中华斑羚Naemorhedus griseus和野猪Sus scrofa在秋季活动最频繁。通过分析松鼠的年活动节律,推测其可能为2013年11月人为放生至保护区的新物种。(2)果子狸、中华斑羚、猪獾、豹猫和野猪为典型的夜行性动物,北花松鼠、松鼠Sciurus vulgaris和岩松鼠为昼行性动物。(3)依据兽类探测红外相机的行为表现,发现不同种类动物对红外相机产生了回避或受到吸引的行为。研究表明,红外相机是一种长期监测林地兽类活动节律的有效技术手段,可为制定区域性生物多样性保护措施提供数据支持。     

唐家河自然保护区小型兽类生物量的初步研究

1989年4~11月在四川省唐家河自然保护区,用去除取样法对该保护区内小型兽类群落的物种密度和生物量进行研究。共安置11000多铗日,捕获小型兽类846只,隶属21种。采用回归方法计算出唐家河自然保护区4个不同小型兽类群落夏季物种的密度,分别为18·85、23·01、15·99和25·38只·hm-2;平均密度为19·49只·hm-2。夏季生物量分别为1053·9、1497·13、1051·99和1815·15g·hm-2,平均生物量为1273·04g·hm-2。在唐家河自然保护区小型兽类群落中,主要优势种社鼠的生物量在群落C1、C2、C3分别达到91%、90%、79%,另一优势种藏鼠兔的生物量则占群落4总生物量的79%。它们决定了唐家河自然保护区小型兽类群落的主要特征。     

中国颌兽(犬齿兽类爬行动物)的补充研究

到目前为止,在我国陆相三叠纪地层里,完美中国颌兽是非三列齿类犬齿类的唯一代表,首次报道时曾被鉴定为犬鳄科 (Cynosuchidae). 本文记载了该头骨的牙齿、颌关节等特征,证明应归宽齿犬齿兽类的 Trirachodontinae.     

青海湖四种繁殖水鸟活动区域的研究

2006年4-9月,采用彩色标记、无线电遥测和卫星跟踪等方法,对青海湖四种繁殖水鸟斑头雁（Anser indicus）、棕头鸥（Larus brunnicephalus）、渔鸥（L．ichthyaetus）和鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax carbo）的活动区域进行了研究。采用“绳套法”捕捉了45只斑头雁,其中6只于4月安装了无线电发射器,6只于7月安装了卫星发射器;采用“拉网法”捕捉了104只棕头鸥,其中6只于4月安装了无线电发射器;采用“绳套法”捕捉了51只渔鸥,其中2只于4月安装了无线电发射器;采用“扣网法”捕捉了75只鸬鹚,其中6只于5月和6月安装了无线电发射器,4只于8月安装了卫星发射器。通过研究,获得了上述四种繁殖水鸟在青海湖的活动区域,即：斑头雁有3个主要的活动区域,棕头鸥有1个,渔鸥有4个,鸬鹚有2个。其中从鸬鹚岛、蛋岛、布哈河口、铁卜恰河口至泉湾区域是上述四种繁殖水鸟共有的活动区域,该区域也是春秋迁徙季节众多水鸟的重要取食地和停歇地。     

黄绿绿僵菌对两种稻田蜘蛛捕杀褐飞虱作用的影响

在室内研究了喷施黄绿绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum Driver et Milner孢子悬液对稻田蜘蛛捕杀褐飞虱作用的影响。结果表明,黄绿绿僵菌不感染拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus Bsenberg et Strand和食虫沟瘤蛛Ummeliata inse cticeps Bsenberg et Strand,只对蜘蛛喷施菌液不影响它们的捕杀褐飞虱的能力。而对褐飞虱喷施黄绿绿僵菌液后,褐飞虱活力明显下降,导致蜘蛛对其捕杀效果显著提高。在喷施黄绿绿僵菌106 、107、108/mL孢子浓度后,拟水狼蛛的平均捕杀量分别为10.5头/d、11.1头/d和11.4头/d,食虫沟瘤蛛的平均捕杀量分别为3.8头/d、4.3头/d和4.7头/d,均显著大于对照组。对蜘蛛和褐飞虱同时喷施黄绿绿僵菌不影响前者的捕杀力。这些结果提示,在稻田施用黄绿绿僵菌防治稻飞虱对蜘蛛天敌没有不良影响。     

人为干扰对白腹锦鸡活动节律的影响

人类足迹的扩张增加了人与野生动物的相互作用。理解自然保护地的濒危物种对人为干扰的响应有助于更好地保护濒危物种和指导保护管理。以往的研究表明野生动物在时空维度会对人类的干扰进行规避, 然而这类研究在野生雉类中还较少, 尤其是分布在人为干扰相对较强的中低海拔区域的雉类, 如白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)。2017年11月至2018年10月, 我们在中国西南部的一个亚热带森林保护区中使用红外相机陷阱技术对白腹锦鸡和人为干扰进行调查, 并研究了白腹锦鸡在时空维度对3种不同类型人为干扰(人类活动、放牧和家养动物活动)的响应及其季节变化。结果表明, 白腹锦鸡在空间维度并未对人为干扰进行规避, 而在非繁殖季节的活动节律上对人为干扰在时间维度上进行了规避。具体而言, 白腹锦鸡在全年和非繁殖季节的活动高峰集中在17:30-18:30, 明显避开中午的人类活动高峰; 而在繁殖季节, 白腹锦鸡活动水平明显提高, 和人为干扰的重叠度很高, 可能是由于求偶、占区等繁殖行为使得白腹锦鸡无法规避人为干扰。此外, 在人为干扰强度较高的位点, 白腹锦鸡倾向于通过改变其日活动节律, 将活动高峰期推迟至傍晚以降低与人为干扰的重叠度, 进一步说明白腹锦鸡可通过调节其自身的日活动节律从而避开高强度的人为干扰。由于白腹锦鸡地面营巢和春夏季繁殖, 自然保护区管理部门可通过管理人为活动, 尤其在繁殖季节通过控制放牧和猫狗的活动来帮助白腹锦鸡及其他地面营巢鸟类维持繁殖成功率。     

新疆的肯氏兽类新材料及短吻副肯氏兽的再研究

记述了新疆吐鲁番中三叠统克拉玛依组肯氏兽类一新材料 ,它与短吻副肯氏兽(Parakannemeyeriabrevirostris)正模特征相似 ,确定二者为同种。将中国已知的中国肯氏兽及副肯氏兽属的所有种进行支序分析 ,发现短吻副肯氏兽与中国肯氏兽及副肯氏兽属的其他种构成姊妹群。在与肯氏兽类其他相关属比较的基础上 ,建议以短吻种为基础建立一新属 :西域肯氏兽 (Xiyukannemeyeria)。     

珍稀濒危植物珙桐的生存与人为活动的关系

近年来,由于人类活动的加剧,区域开发项目的增多,致使珍稀濒危树种珙桐的天然分布面积和天然种群数量急剧下降,现天然分布种群已濒临灭绝。为此,本文系统分析了珙桐在不同地质阶段和不同历史阶段的地理分布状况,探讨了促使其地理分布及种数数理动态变化的主要原因,通过大面积的野外调查和查阅资料,提出了珙桐的保护措施。     

The impact of tourist hunting on large mammals in Tanzania: an initial assessment

In Tanzania, where tourist hunting is employed as a conservation tool for habitat protection, information on population sizes and hunting offtake was used to assess the impact of tourist hunting on mammal densities. In general, tourist hunting pressure was unrelated to local population sizes, but for most species, animals were removed at a level of less than 10% of the local population size, suggesting that over-exploitation was unlikely. Eland, however, and perhaps small antelope, bushbuck, kudu and reedbuck were hunted at levels which may be unsustainable in the long term. Analyses also identified areas of Tanzania with high levels of tourist hunting pressure, showed that, in certain areas, species with small population sizes such as eland could be declining as a result of tourist hunting, and suggested that current levels of lion and leopard offtake are too high. These findings, although preliminary, allow recommendations to be put forward for changing hunting quotas for certain species in particular areas of Tanzania.     

Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non-native mammals on the Canary Islands

• 1 The ecological effects and distribution of 13 invasive non‐native mammal species on the Canary Islands are reviewed.
• 2 Six species, representing six different taxonomic orders, are widely distributed and live on all seven main islands of the Canarian Archipelago: Felis catus, Capra hircus, Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus domesticus and Oryctolagus cuniculus. Atelerix algirus is found on four islands while six further species are present on only one island: Crocidura russula, Suncus etruscus, Rousettus egyptiacus, Ovis gmelini, Ammotragus lervia and Atlantoxerus getulus.
• 3 Five species have an omnivorous diet, four are herbivorous, two insectivorous, one frugivorous and one carnivorous. The ecological effects and damage caused by these species in the natural habitats of the Canaries are similar to those in other insular regions. To our knowledge, the effects of two species, A. lervia (herbivorous) and A. getulus (omnivorous), are as yet unreported for other insular environments.
• 4 Two of the most pernicious effects caused by invasive non‐native mammal species in the Canaries consist of predation by feral cats of the three giant lizard species present in the western islands, but especially Gallotia gomerana, which is now on the verge of extinction; and the damage that the four species of herbivores cause to the endemic flora of the archipelago.

     

Phylogenetic and compositional diversity are governed by different rules: a study of fleas parasitic on small mammals in four biogeographic realms

We studied patterns of phylogenetic and compositional diversity of fleas parasitic on small mammals and asked whether these patterns are affected by environmental variation or evolutionary/historical processes. We considered environmental variation via both off‐host (air temperature, precipitation, the amount of green vegetation, latitude) and host‐associated (phylogenetic and species composition) environments. The indicators of evolutionary/historical processes were phylogenetic and compositional uniqueness estimated via phylogenetic or compositional, respectively, β‐diversity of either fleas or hosts. We found that phylogenetic uniqueness of flea assemblages was the main predictor of their phylogenetic diversity in all realms. In addition, host phylogenetic diversity and uniqueness played also some role in the Palearctic, whereas the effect of the off‐host environment was either extremely weak or absent. Compositional diversity of fleas was consistently affected by compositional diversity of hosts in all realms except the Neotropics. The effect of the off‐host environment on compositional flea diversity was substantial in all realms except the Palearctic. No effect of latitude on either metric of flea diversity was found. We conclude that phylogenetic diversity of fleas is driven mainly by evolutionary/historical processes, whereas drivers of their compositional diversity are associated with current ecological conditions.     

八大公山自然保护区地栖性小兽多样性初步研究

湖南省八大公山自然保护区自1982年设立以来, 尚未进行过兽类资源的深入研究。为此, 作者于2012年9–10月, 采用笼捕法、陷阱法和红外相机法等对保护区内森林动态永久监测样地及周边常见植被类型中的地栖性小型兽类多样性进行了初步研究。共捕获小型兽类12种, 其中啮齿目8种, 食虫目4种。结合以往记录, 该保护区现已记录的小型兽类有20种, 而本次调查新增分布记录物种6种, 即黑腹绒鼠(Eothenomys melanogaster)、猪尾鼠(Typhlomys cinereus)、中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco)、四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)、灰黑齿鼩鼱(Blarinella griselda)和藏鼩鼱(Sorex thibetanus)。陷阱法所捕获个体的体重显著小于笼捕法。此外, 不同生境类型对小兽多样性有重要影响。建议综合采用多种调查方法对整个保护区兽类多样性资源进行深入监测与研究。     

Duck hunter activity,success, and satisfaction on public hunting areas

Because hunting disturbance can influence local distribution of ducks and their availability to hunters, managers often limit access to hunting areas to improve hunting success and satisfaction. Few studies have quantified the effectiveness of public area access restrictions on duck hunter activity, harvest, or hunters' satisfaction with their hunting experience. We used a cross-over design over 6 consecutive hunting seasons (2008–2009 through 2013–2014) on State Wildlife Areas (SWAs) in northeastern Colorado, USA, to compare the effects of restricted hunting access regulations and regulations without these restrictions on duck hunter activity, harvest success, harvest levels, and satisfaction. We also considered effects of SWA types, duck abundance, temperature, precipitation, use of equipment by duck hunting parties, and, for hunter satisfaction, hunting success, hunting parties' satisfaction with ducks seen, habitat conditions, crowding from other hunters, and SWA regulations. The number of days when duck hunters had access to restricted properties was about half that on unrestricted properties, and unrestricted properties were used by about twice as many duck hunting parties, but the mean number of hunting parties per available hunting day and mean party size were similar under the 2 types of regulations. Most (56%) duck hunting parties did not bag any ducks; hunting success (harvest of ≥1 duck by a hunting party) was best explained by a model that included a regulation type × hunting season interaction, a SWA type × month interaction, hunter density the previous day, an index of hunter investment (number of decoys used and whether dogs and calls were used), and temperature. Successful hunting parties harvested 1.92 ± 1.60 (SD) ducks/hunter/day (range = 0.1–7.0); the best model predicting the number of ducks harvested per hunter in successful parties included a regulation type × hunting season interaction, a SWA type × month interaction, hunter density the previous day, an index of hunter investment, temperature, and precipitation. Overall satisfaction of duck hunting parties with a day's hunt averaged 3.62 ± 1.20 based on a rank scale of 1 (very unsatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied), and was best explained by a model that included hunting party success; hunter investment; temperature; and satisfaction with duck numbers, habitat conditions, hunting regulations, and crowding. While greatly reducing days available for hunting, access restrictions were associated with improved chances of hunting parties successfully harvesting ≥1 duck in 5 of 6 hunting seasons, and substantially greater numbers of ducks harvested by hunters in successful parties in 1 of 6 hunting seasons. Restrictions did not have a strong direct effect on hunting parties' satisfaction with a day's hunt. Uncontrolled factors, including weather and use of equipment by hunters, had important influences on hunter success, harvest, and satisfaction. Managers should carefully assess hunting activity, hunter expectations and desires, and hunting area characteristics when considering access restrictions on public hunting areas.     

A preliminary study of the biodiversity of ground-dwelling small mammals in Badagongshan National Nature Reserve,Hunan Province

Little is known about the diversity patterns of mammals in the Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan Province, although the reserve was established in 1982. During September and October of 2012, the diversity of ground-dwelling small mammals was investigated using live traps, pitfalls and camera traps in a permanent forest dynamics plot and other nearby vegetation types. We captured 12 species of ground-dwelling small mammals, including eight species of Rodentia and four species of Insectivora. Presently, there are 20 species of ground-dwelling small mammals recorded in the Badagongshan National Nature Reserve, including six new species recorded in this study, i.e., Eothenomys melanogaster, Typhlomys cinereus, Apodemus draco, Anourosorex squamipes, Blarinella griselda, and Sorex thibetanus. The body mass of the individuals captured by live traps was much larger than that of the individuals captured by pitfall traps. Our study also indicates that the diversity patterns of ground-dwelling small mammals are affected by the habitat types. Therefore, we recommend that a combination of different methods be used to effectively monitor mammal diversity in the Badagongshan National Nature Reserve.     

A management policy for sika deer based on sex-specific hunting

We consider here a management policy for a sika deer (Cervus nippon) population in the eastern part of Hokkaido. Deer populations are characterized by a large intrinsic rate of population increase, no significant density effects on population growth before population crash, and a relatively simple life history. Our goals of management for the deer population are (1) to avoid irruption with severe damage to agriculture and forestry, (2) to avoid the risk of extinction of the deer population, and (3) to maintain a sustainable yield of deer. To make a robust program on the basis of uncertain information about the deer population, we consider three levels of relative population size and four levels of hunting pressures. We also take into consideration a critical level for extinction, an optimal level, and an irruption level. The hunting pressure for females is set to increase with the population size. We also recommend catching males if the population size is between the critical and optimal levels and catching females and males if the population size is larger than the optimal level. We must avoid cases of irruption or threatened population under various sets of uncertain parameter values. The simulation results suggest that management based on sex-specific hunting is effective to diminish the annual variation in hunting yield. Received: April 8, 1998 / Accepted: December 25, 1998     

A note on dimensionless life histories for birds versus mammals

Summary Offspring production over the adult lifespan (b/M whereb is the yearly fledgling or offspring production and 1/M is the mean adult lifespan) is an approximate invariant within both birds and mammals. The two taxa differ, however, in that mammals have bothM and b as invariants (b/M = b/M) while birds do not ( is the age at first breeding). Birds have a surprising cancellation in that bothM andb are ^–0.25.