Pink root rot,a revised name of brown root rot of gentian,and the causal fungi,Pyrenochaeta gentianicola sp. nov. andP. terrestris in Japan

Cultivated gentian (Gentiana scabra var.buergeri) has been seriously damaged by pink root rot since the 1970s. Diseased plants finally collapse after wilting and stunting. More than 40 fungal genera were found to be associated with roots of mature and immature diseased plants or seeds. Among these fungi,Pyrenochaeta gentianicola sp. nov. andP. terrestris were almost always associated with the diseased plants. Their morphologies and temperature responses were compared, and their pathogenicity was also demonstrated by artificial inoculation tests.Part of this work was conducted at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (presently National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences), Tsukuba S.C., Ibaraki 305, Japan by T. Watanabe.     

长期不同磷肥施用量对砂姜黑土真菌多样性、群落组成和种间关系的影响

以安徽蒙城砂姜黑土氮磷钾肥肥效长期定位试验为平台,选取P0(不施磷肥)、P1(P_2O_5 45 kg/hm~2)和P2(P_2O_5 90 kg/hm~2)3个磷肥施用梯度,采用现代高通量测序技术,探索长期施用磷肥对真菌多样性、群落组成和种间关系的影响。结果发现真菌多样性随磷肥施入量增加而降低,且与全磷和有效磷均成显著负相关。磷肥施用导致真菌群落组成发生明显改变,冗余分析结果表明这与全磷和可溶性有机碳密切相关。P1和P2中子囊菌门和子囊菌纲显著升高,而被孢霉菌门和被孢霉菌纲则显著降低。在属水平上,施磷处理中腐生营养型真菌显著升高,而病原型和共生型真菌显著降低:其中P0中Sagenomella、Simplicillium、Magnaporthiopsis、Schizothecium和Nigrospora等5个属相对丰度最高;P1中Plenodomus、Penicillium和Arthrobotrys相对丰度最高;P2中Cyphellophora、Zopfiella、Guehomyces、Mortierella和Mucor等5个属相对丰度最高。网络分析发现施磷后真菌网络复杂度和稳定性升高,物种间正相关关系增加,负相关关系减少。因此在砂姜黑土区长期施用磷肥可降低真菌多样性,增加土壤中腐生营养型真菌、减少共生或病原菌数量,同时提高物种间网络复杂度和稳定性。以上结果表明磷肥施用对促进土壤养分循环,控制植物病害、维持地下生态系统稳定性具有重要作用。     

Factors controlling the distribution of aquatic macrophyte communities with special reference to the rapid expansion of a semi-emergent <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaris arundinacea</Emphasis> L. in Bibi River,Hokkaido, northern Japan

To identify the causes of the rapid expansion of the semi-emergent Phalaris arundinacea L. community in a nutrient-loaded river, we investigated the factors that determine the distribution of the Phalaris and other aquatic macrophyte communities and the shoot growth of P. arundinacea. The Phalaris community was distributed through areas with high organic nitrogen (Org-N), total phosphorus (T-P), PO₄-P and suspended solids (SS) concentrations and low dissolved oxygen (DO). P. arundinacea shoots grow better in deep mud and high SS and T-P, all of which were strongly correlated with slower stream currents. Accordingly, although the concentration of total nitrogen constantly increased from 1985 to 1998, the determining nutrient for the expansion of the Phalaris community and P. arundinacea shoot growth stimulation was phosphorus rather than nitrogen. The Phalaris community increased rapidly between 1991 and 1996, when brief but prominent loadings of phosphorus were observed. We concluded that the Phalaris community was restricted due to phosphorus deficiency under nitrogen excess until 1991 and subsequently rapidly expanded over the channel due to the temporary excess phosphorus present during this period. Thereafter, the rapid expansion of the Phalaris community was maintained by the clogging effect of the floating mats formed by shoots and their remains of P. arundinacea, which results in slower currents. A slower current resulted in low DO, the sedimentation of degraded plant remains (high Org-N), and the adsorption of phosphorus by suspended matter (high SS and T-P). The anaerobic conditions caused by low oxygen and the accumulation of decomposable organic matter ensure the continuous development of the Phalaris community through the release of soluble phosphorus from the sediment.     

Oligotrophication as a result of planktivorous fish removal with rotenone in the small,eutrophic, Lake Mosvatn,Norway

In September 1987 the shallow, eutrophic, Lake Mosvatn was treated with rotenone to eliminate planktivorous fish (mainly whitefish,Coregonus lavaretus, L.), and the effects were studied. The first summer after treatment the zooplankton community changed markedly from rotifer dominance and few grazers, to a community with few rotifers and many grazers. Accordingly there was a fivefold increase in the biomass ofDaphnia galeata. Adult females ofD. galeata approximately doubled in weight. The decrease in rotifer biomass was probably mainly due to a loss of food by competition with the daphnids. The phytoplankton community was also markedly affected. Prior to treatment Secchi depth was 1.7 m and Chl-a 23μg l⁻¹ in the summer. After treatment there was an increase in the proportion of small and gelatinous algae and the mean chlorophyll concentration fell to 7μg Chl-a l⁻¹. Secchi depth increased to>2.3 m (bottom-sight most of the season). After the treatment there were also fewer cyanobacterial blooms. This seems to be related to oligotrophication caused indirectly by increased grazing by the zooplankton. Total nutrient concentrations were affected. Prior to treatment the mean summer concentration of total phosphate was 44μg P l⁻¹. This decreased to 29μg P l⁻¹ in the first summer and 23μg P l⁻¹ the second summer after the treatment. Total nitrogen decreased from 0.68 mg N l⁻¹ before treatment to 0.32 mg N l⁻¹ the first summer after the treatment. The phosphate loading was not reduced, therefor it can be concluded that the fish removal provided a biomanipulation which caused the more oligotrophic conditions.     

Strong influences of a dominant,ground‐nesting ant on recruitment,and establishment of ant colonies and communities

Many factors drive the organization of communities including environmental factors, dispersal abilities, and competition. In particular, ant communities have high levels of interspecific competition and dominance that may affect community assembly processes. We used a combination of surveys and nest supplementation experiments to examine effects of a dominant ground‐nesting ant (Pheidole synanthropica) on (1) arboreal twig‐nesting, (2) ground‐foraging, and (3) coffee‐foraging ant communities in coffee agroecosystems. We surveyed these communities in high‐ and low‐density areas of P. synanthropica over 2 years. To test for effects on twig ant recruitment, we placed artificial nesting resources on coffee plants in areas with and without P. synanthropica. The first sampling period revealed differences in ant species composition on the ground, in coffee plants, and artificial nests between high‐ and low‐density sites of P. synanthropica. High‐density sites also had significantly lower recruitment of twig ants and had species‐specific effects on twig ant species. Prior to the second survey period, abundance of P. synanthropica declined in the high‐density sites, such that P. synanthropica densities no longer differed. Subsequent sampling revealed no difference in total recruitment of twig ants to artificial nests between treatments. Likewise, surveys of ground and coffee ants no longer showed significant differences in community composition. The results from the first experimental period, followed by survey results after the decline in P. synanthropica densities suggest that dominant ants can drive community assembly via both recruitment and establishment of colonies within the community.     

Relationship between cystic fibrosis respiratory tract bacterial communities and age,genotype, antibiotics and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Polymicrobial bronchopulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) cause progressive lung damage and death. Although the arrival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa often heralds a more rapid rate of pulmonary decline, there is significant inter‐individual variation in the rate of decline, the causes of which remain poorly understood. By coupling culture‐independent methods with ecological analyses, we discovered correlations between bacterial community profiles and clinical disease markers in respiratory tracts of 45 children with CF. Bacterial community complexity was inversely correlated with patient age, presence of P. aeruginosa and antibiotic exposure, and was related to CF genotype. Strikingly, bacterial communities lacking P. aeruginosa were much more similar to each other than were those containing P. aeruginosa, regardless of antibiotic exposure. This suggests that community composition might be a better predictor of disease progression than the presence of P. aeruginosa alone and deserves further study.     

Responses of benthic algae to nutrient enrichment in a shallow lake: Linking community production,biomass, and composition

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Comparison of fish assemblages among an artificial reef, a natural reef and a sandy-mud bottom site on the shelf off Iwate, northern Japan

Synopsis Fish assemblages at an artificial reef site, a natural reef site and a sandy-mud bottom site, on the shelf (depth 130 m) off Iwate Prefecture, northern Japan, were surveyed by using a bottom trammel net from May 1987 to March 1993. A total of 12 173 fishes of 48 species were recorded. Physiculus maximowiczi was dominant and comprised 69% of the total numerical abundance. Total fish number was lowest in March at all the 3 sites when P. maximowiczi migrated to deeper and warmer waters. Assemblage equitability and species diversity also varied seasonally in accordance with the abundance fluctuation of P. maximowiczi. P. maximowiczi, Alcichthys alcicornis and Hexagrammos otakii were more abundant at the artificial reef and natural reef sites, while Dexistes rikuzenius and Hemitripterus villosus were more abundant at the sandy-mud bottom site; total fish abundance was largest at the artificial reef site mainly due to the large number of P. maximowiczi. Species richness was similar among sites, but equitability, and consequently species diversity, was lowest at the artificial reef site. The main effect of the artificial reef seemed the attraction of P. maximowiczi from nearby bottoms, especially from natural rocky reefs; its large abundance determined the structure of the artificial reef fish community.     

云南东南部石山苣苔属一新种——细管石山苣苔

最近被重新界定的广义石山苣苔属(Petrocodon Hance)是苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)一个中等大小的属,我国目前已知的有34种1变种,主要分布于我国华南至西南石灰岩地区。该文报道了于云南东南部马关县发现的该属一新种——细管石山苣苔(Petrocodon tenuitubus W. H. Chen,F. WenY. M. Shui)。该新种在形态上与陆氏细筒苣苔(P. lui)、细筒苣苔(P. hispidus)和长檐苣苔(P. jasminiflorus)相似,但其线形或披针形的苞片和小苞片均为3枚,花冠筒细小且弯曲,盘形柱头1,很容易区别于陆氏细筒苣苔和细筒苣苔;而其叶片卵形至圆形,花冠裂片卵形而尖端钝以及退化雄蕊3,则显著区别于长檐苣苔。该新种的发现对推进我国石灰岩地区苦苣苔科植物资源的发掘具有一定意义。主模式标本存放于中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆(KUN),等模式标本存放于广西植物研究所标本馆(IBK)。     

Using structural equation modelling to test the passenger,driver and opportunist concepts in a Poa pratensis invasion

The passenger, driver, and opportunist models are conceptual models of the invasion process used to describe alternative invasion scenarios. In the passenger model, both the invasive species and native community respond independently to environmental changes. In the driver model, changes to the native community are driven by the invasive species, while in the opportunist model invasion occurs in response to changes in the native community. In any given invasion scenario, however, it is possible that the relationships between the invasive, the native community, and the environment correspond to some combination of these invasion models acting simultaneously. We study invasion by Poa pratensis in a grassland in Alberta, Canada. Poa pratensis is a non‐native plant implicated with loss of plant diversity in the region. In a three year field experiment, we manipulate the environment though defoliation, water addition, and nitrogen addition, and measure responses of P. pratensis cover, and cover and richness of the native community. We use structural equation modelling to describe the relationships between the invasive, the native community, and the environmental changes, and then interpret these relationships using the three invasion models. We found that P. pratensis predominantly invaded via the driver model, with subsequent reductions in native plant cover, but not in species richness. Positive effects of the environmental changes on P. pratensis also aided its ability to drive native cover. As well, we found some involvement of the opportunist model, through a negative relationship between the native community and the invasive. As invasion mainly proceeded via the driver model, management actions to limit invasion should focus on efforts to control abundance of P. pratensis itself.     

On-site growth response of a desert ephemeral plant, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plantago minuta</Emphasis>, to indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a central Asia desert

Desert ephemeral plants play a key role in desert ecosystem stability and environmental conservation. To determine the effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the growth and P uptake of the desert ephemeral Plantago minuta, we conducted two on-site experiments in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The co-development of a pre-isolated indigenous AM fungus, Glomus etunicatum, with the ephemeral was also investigated. The results showed that both the single fungus and the indigenous AM fungal community enhanced the growth and P uptake of P. minuta. The phenological phases of P. minuta were highly consistent with the phases of the indigenous AM fungus, G. etunicatum, indicating that both symbiotic partners seem to be able to sense the changes in local weather, which might be an important trait for the survival of both plant and fungus in desert environments. The development of host plant and indigenous AM fungi were interdependent in the desert.     

珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区小叶金露梅灌丛群落数量分类和排序及其多样性垂直格局

根据野外样方调查数据,采用双向种指示分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA),对珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区小叶金露梅灌丛群落进行分类和排序,并分析物种多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局。结果表明:(1)该区域24个样地中,记载的维管束植物共有23科45属80种,出现频度较高的种有小叶金露梅(Potentilla parvifolia)、高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、木根香青(Anaphalis xylorhiza)、垫状点地梅(Androsace tapete)、藏沙蒿(Artemisia wellbyi)、垫状雪灵芝(Arenaria pulvinata)和柴胡红景天(Rhodiola bupleuroides)等。(2)经TWINSPAN等级分类将该区域小叶金露梅灌丛24个样地划分为10个群丛类型。(3)样地和物种CCA二维排序结果表明,海拔和坡位是影响该区域小叶金露梅灌丛群落和物种分布格局的主要环境因子。(4)该区域小叶金露梅灌丛群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均随海拔升高呈下降的趋势,而Pielou指数呈上升的趋势。(5)样地中优势种小叶金露梅的盖度和高度沿海拔梯度呈显著下降趋势。     

Microbiology of siljo,a traditional Ethiopian fermented legume product

Siljo was prepared by thoroughly cooking powdered horsebean (Vicia faba) in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) extract into a semi-solid slurry and then adding to it untreated black mustard (Brassica nigra) powder after cooling to 50°C. The black mustard powder was the source of starter microorganisms, with Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum and L. delbruekii initiating and later dominating the fermentation process. The pH of the fermenting mass dropped to 4.5 within 36 h and reached 4.0 at 168 h. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were each present at about 1×10¹⁰ c.f.u./ml after 36 h of fermentation but Enterobacteriaceae were never detected. The dominant aerobic mesophilic flora consisted of Micrococcus, Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp. Crude protein, crude fat and ash increased slightly during the fermentation, with final values of around 28%, 25% and 7%, respectively, but there was a marked increase in protein availability and concentration during the fermentation.T. Mehari is with the Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 32, Debre-Zeit, Ethiopia, M. Ashenafi is with the Department of Basic Sciences, Awassa College of Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia.     

Intra-annual variation of phytoplankton community responses to factorial N,P, and CO2 enrichment in a temperate mesotrophic lake

1. Across primary producer communities in different lakes, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) can exhibit many different patterns of limitation. Here, we look at the intra-annual variability of these patterns in a single lake. Furthermore, we investigate whether a third resource, carbon dioxide (CO₂) can have significant effects on phytoplankton biomass and community composition.
2. We performed five in situ lacustrine mesocosm experiments at different times of the year. In each experiment, we had a factorial design with two levels of N, P and CO₂ enrichment (no enrichment or double lake concentrations for N and P and atmospheric (400 ppm) and c. 1,000 ppm for CO₂) resulting in a total of eight treatments. Mesocosms of c. 1,600 L were suspended in a temperate, mesotrophic lake (Lac Hertel, Canada). Each experiment lasted 2 weeks and chlorophyll a biomass, coarse chemotaxonomic community composition (measured using fluorometry), and several environmental variables were recorded at a minimum of four time points.
3. We found that the limiting, synergistic, and community composition effects of N and P varied between experiments. TN:TP ratios explained, in part, some of this variability, along with insolation and water temperature.
4. Despite relatively high levels of CO₂ in the control mesocosms, we found a constant synergistic effect of CO₂ with N. In combination with the synergistic effect of P with N found in some experiments, this provides support for CO₂ as one of the multiple limiting resources in nutrient-enriched systems. This finding could have implications for eutrophic lakes exposed to increasing concentrations of CO₂.
5. We also found that the effects of CO₂ on community composition varied intra-annually. Thus, we conclude that generalised predictions about the effect of CO₂ on community composition at a coarse chemotaxonomic scale are unlikely to hold, but predictions specific to season and system are likely to be reliable.

     

Biosynthesis of pectinlyases in Penicillium adametzii,P. citrinum and P. janthinellum

Pectinlyase complexes of Penicillium adametzii, P. citrinum and P. janthinellum occur as multiple molecular forms distinguished by their biosynthetic control. AMP is involved in derepression of pectinlyase formation.The authors are with the Institute of Microbiology, Belarus Academy of Sciences, Zhodinskaya 2, 220141, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.     

Changes in the phytoplankton community of a coastal,hyposaline lake in western Anatolia,Turkey

The phytoplankton composition of coastal, hyposaline (≅12 g l⁻¹) Lake Bafa in western Turkey, was investigated after the alteration of salinity levels in past decades. Lake Bafa, formerly a bay of the Aegean Sea, was separated from the sea as a result of alluvium deposits of the Meander River. After the construction of a sett for flood control in 1985, freshwater inflow was reduced and salinity increased, which caused some ecological changes. Phytoplankton samples were taken in August and November 2000, and February and May 2001, from the surface and at 5-m intervals in the water column at three stations. The phytoplankton community contained a mixture of freshwater and marine origin species. A total of 45 species from Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Dinophyceae were identified. Marineoriginated species such as Chaetoceros spp. (November and May), Thalassionema nitzschioides and Prorocentrum micans (August and November), and P. minimum (May) were dominant on the basis of numerical abundance. The occurrence of salinity-tolerant species such as T. nitzschioides, P. micans, and P. minimum has not been recorded in previous studies.     

Isolation,Identification and Efficacy of Inorganic Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria from Oxbow Lakes of West Bengal,India

Microbial mobilization of sediment calcium-bound P constitutes an important process of P cycling in aquatic environments. The present study was conducted to identify the bacterial community responsible for inorganic phosphate solubilization in tropical oxbow lakes. Fifty eight phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were isolated from bottom soil, water, and fish gut and examined for solubilization of tricalcium phosphate. Results revealed aquatic PSB to be low-to-moderately capable in P solubilization (mean: 33.5 mg P L^?1; range: 6.3–68.8 mg P L^?1), and bacteria from wetland sediment and water were more effective than those from fish gut. The PSB were identified to belong to diverse genera, viz. Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Enterobacter, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Microbacterium, Curtobacterium, Stenotrophomonas and Novosphingobium. The findings help in understanding the microbial role in inorganic P solubilization and identifying important P solubilizers in freshwater environments.     

柳杉种植对黔西南喀斯特山区金发藓沼泽植物群落和储水功能的影响

藓类沼泽对喀斯特山区生物多样性维持和水源涵养有重要作用,需加强人工林种植对喀斯特山区藓类沼泽生态功能影响的研究。以黔西南典型金发藓沼泽为研究对象,分析了人工柳杉林对林下金发藓植物群落和金发藓沼泽储水功能的影响。主要研究结果为：1）柳杉种植对金发藓植物群落有负面影响。随柳杉密度增加,林下金发藓植物群落的盖度、平均高度和物种多样性显著下降;2）表层土壤含水量是金发藓沼泽储水量的主要贡献者。柳杉种植显著提高了干季表层土壤的含水量,但高密度柳杉林显著降低了雨季表层土壤的含水量;柳杉种植未对干季金发藓含水量造成影响,低密度柳杉林显著提高了雨季金发藓植物的含水量;3）柳杉密度对金发藓沼泽生态系统储水量的影响存在明显季节差异：在雨季呈负影响,在干季呈正影响;4）柳杉种植有利于维持金发藓沼泽储水能力的稳定性,尤其是当柳杉密度较低时这种效果更明显。表明人工柳杉林对金发藓沼泽的影响是非线性的,合适密度的柳杉种植可提升金发藓沼泽的储水能力。     

Diversity,dynamics and reproduction in a community of small mammals in Upper Guinea,with emphasis on pygmy mice ecology

As part of a large survey on reservoirs of Lassa fever in Guinea, three villages were investigated in high endemic zone, close to Sierra Leone border. Biodiversity of the small mammal community is presented in this study through a standardized trapping in houses, cultivations and forest. Identification of the small mammals was based on morphology and by molecular technique for sibling species. Of the 1123 specimens collected in 2003–2005, we identified seventeen species (thirteen Muridae, four Soricidae), leading to high diversity (Shannon index = 1.6–1.8) and high equitability (evenness index = 0.7–0.8) in cultivations and forest. In houses conversely, the rodent community was dominated by Mastomys natalensis (95–98%), leading to low diversity and equitability. Dynamics and reproduction were investigated in two species of pygmy mice, Mus mattheyi and Mus minutoides, two species of Praomys, P. daltoni and P. rostratus, and in Mastomys erythroleucus. The pygmy mice were abundant in cultivations in early rainy season, and reproduced from rainy to dry season. Praomys daltoni was also found more abundant in cultivations and seemed to reproduce between rainy and dry season, whereas P. rostratus preferred forest and cultivations in late rainy season, and reproduced throughout the year. Finally, M. erythroleucus was more abundant in forest in dry season, and seemed to reproduce from late rainy to dry season. This species had a low occurrence (6.5%) in the Faranah’s zone, and probably lived at its southern limit in Guinea. The presence of other Murinae, such as M. natalensis, Praomys spp as possible competitors in the same habitats, is discussed. For the first time, this study relates population biology of pygmy mice with molecular identification.     

The effects of Daphnia on nutrient stoichiometry and filamentous cyanobacteria: a mesocosm experiment in a eutrophic lake

1. Stoichiometric theory predicts that the nitrogen : phosphorus (N : P) ratio of recycled nutrients should increase when P‐rich zooplankton such as Daphnia become dominant. We used an enclosure study to test the hypothesis that an increased biomass of Daphnia will increase the relative availability of N versus P sufficiently to decrease the abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria. The experiment was conducted in artificially enriched Lake 227 (L227) in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), north‐western Ontario, Canada. Previous studies in L227 have shown that the dominance of filamentous, N‐fixing cyanobacteria is strongly affected by changes in the relative loading rates of N and P. 2. We used a 2 × 2 factorial design with the addition or absence of D. pulicaria and high or low relative loading rates of N and P (+NH₄, –NH₄) in small enclosures as treatment variables. If Daphnia can strongly affect filamentous cyanobacteria by altering N and P availability, these impacts should be greatest with low external N : P loading rates. The phytoplankton community of L227 was predominantly composed of filamentous Aphanizomenon spp. at the start of the experiment. 3. Daphnia strongly reduced filamentous cyanobacterial density in all enclosures to which they were added. The addition of NH₄ had only a small impact on algal community composition. Hence, we conclude that Daphnia did not cause reductions in cyanobacteria by altering the N : P ratio of available nutrients. 4. Despite the lack of evidence that Daphnia affected filamentous cyanobacteria by altering the relative availability of N and P, we found changes in nutrient cycling consistent with other aspects of stoichiometric theory. In the presence of Daphnia, total P in the water column decreased because of an increase in P sedimentation. In contrast to P, a decrease in suspended particulate N was offset by an increase in dissolved N (especially NH₄). Hence, dissolved and total N : P ratios in the water column increased with Daphnia as a result of differences in the fate of suspended particulate N versus P. There was minimal accumulation and storage of P in Daphnia biomass in the enclosures. 5. Our experiment demonstrated that Daphnia can strongly limit filamentous cyanobacterial abundance and affect the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. In our study, changes in nutrient cycling were apparently insufficient to cause the changes in phytoplankton community composition that we observed. Daphnia therefore limited filamentous cyanobacteria by other mechanisms.