疏水色谱法制备缺失δ亚基的CF_1(-δ)

PreperationofCF_1DeficientintheδSubunitbyHydrophobicColumnChro－matographyRENHut－Miao，WEIJia－Mian（ShanghaiInstituteofPlantPhysiology,TheChineseAcademyofSciences.Shanghai200032）叶绿体类囊体膜上H－ATPase在光合作用的能量转换过程中起着重要的作用。光合磷酸化就是H”－ATPase利用光合电子传递产生的跨膜电化学质子梯度，把ADP和Pi合成ATP的过程。但是人们对H”－ATPase催化合成ATP的机理、CF；和CF。的连接、各个亚基的功能以及该酶的调节等几个关键性的问题还没有了解得十分清楚。而制备获得缺…     

内蒙古草原常见植物叶片δ~(13)C和δ~(15)对环境因子的响应

在中国东北样带沿线的内蒙古草原地区采集了一些常见植物的叶片样品,并测定其δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值,分析了其统计学特征以及对环境因子(年平均降雨量和温度)的响应模式。发现东北样带草原区同时存在C_3和C_4两种不同光合途径的植物,但是C_3植物占主导地位,C_4植物数量有限。C_3植物叶片δ~(13)C随着年平均降雨量和年平均温度的升高而显著降低,反映了此区域C_3植物δ~(13)C受控于降水量和温度。C_4植物的叶片δ~(13)C值随着降雨量的增多而有轻微升高的趋势,但是C_4植物的叶片δ~(13)C值对年平均温度的响应不敏感。不论对C_3植物还是C_4植物而言,叶片δ~(15)N都随降雨量增加而显著降低,即干旱区的植物叶片δ~(15)N大于湿润地区,这说明降水是影响植物叶片δ~(15)N的一个重要因素。然而两者叶片δ~(15)N对温度的响应不敏感。     

应用稳定性同位素(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)技术研究长江中游干流主要鱼类的营养级

应用稳定性同位素(δ13C、δ15N)技术对2011年3月至2013年12月采自长江中游干流宜昌、荆州、石首、监利、城陵矶、鄂州、九江和湖口江段的44种鱼类及3种水生无脊椎动物进行了营养级研究。长江中游干流鱼类的δ13C值范围﹣33.83‰(鳙Aristichthys nobilis)~﹣17.36‰(南方鲇Silurus meridionalis),δ15N值范围4.83‰(泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)~15.13‰(翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus)。以梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata)的δ15N均值5.48‰作为营养级基准线(营养级=2),计算出该江段水生动物的营养级处于2.42~4.88,主要集中在2.83~3.61之间,鱼类平均营养级为3.28。营养级大于2.83的鱼类种类数量占了总生物种数的80.85%。大刺鳅(Mastacembelus armatus)和长春鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)营养级最低,分别为2.42±0.49和2.56±0.52,营养层级大于4.0的高级消费者为太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)、短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)、鳙和长蛇(Saurogobio dumerili),分别为4.88±0.01、4.37±0.27、4.32±0.35和4.09±0.78,小黄黝鱼(Micropercops swinhonis)、(Elopichthys bambusa)、鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)、翘嘴鲌、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)和南方鲇的营养级分别3.99、3.92±0.16、3.89±0.27、3.87±0.62、3.59±0.69和3.59±0.57。本研究旨为长江中游渔业资源评估及其合理利用提供基础科学资料,为进一步研究长江中游干流渔业资源营养结构的动态变化及受人为活动干扰影响等提供科学参考依据。     

不同生境胡杨叶片δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N及其对环境因子的响应

以新疆南北疆8个不同生境林龄群体的胡杨叶片为材料,测定幼树和成熟胡杨叶片的天然稳定碳、氮同位素组成值(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)以及碳含量、氮含量和比叶面积,分析叶片δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值与海拔、经纬度、叶片碳氮含量、比叶面积以及水分利用效率之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)胡杨幼树和成熟林叶片δ~(13)C平均值分别为-27.863‰(-28.776‰～-26.695‰)和-28.230‰(-29.717‰～-26.033‰),不同生境胡杨叶片间的δ~(13)C值具有显著差异(P0.05),并且幼树林叶片δ~(13)C均大于对应成熟林;幼树和成熟林叶片δ~(15)N平均值分别为3.259‰(-1.842‰～9.082‰)和3.651‰(0.798‰～5.779‰)。(2)胡杨幼树和成熟林叶片碳含量平均值分别为46.225‰(44.573‰～49.056‰)和45.720‰(43.226‰～47.349‰),它们叶片氮含量平均值分别为1.708‰(1.327‰～2.116‰)和1.823‰(1.164‰～2.450‰);成熟林叶片碳含量与其δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值分别呈极显著负相关和极显著正相关关系(P0.01),而其氮含量与δ~(13)C值呈不显著正相关关系(P0.05),与δ~(15)N值呈显著正相关关系。(3)胡杨幼树林叶片的比叶面积平均值(91.565 cm~2/g)小于成熟林叶片(103.141 cm~2/g)。(4)幼树和成熟林胡杨叶片δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值均与纬度呈极显著正相关关系,幼树林叶片δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值与海拔也呈极显著正相关关系,幼树林叶片δ~(15)N值与经度也呈显著正相关关系。(5)幼树和成熟胡杨林水分利用率的平均值分别为77.618μmol/mol(68.070～91.069μmol/mol)和72.463μmol/mol(62.809～97.111μmol/mol),不同林龄的胡杨水分利用率均与其叶片δ~(13)C呈极显著正相关关系(P0.001),各生境中于田县(阿日系马扎)的幼树和成熟林叶片具有较高的δ~(13)C值(-26.695‰和-26.033‰)和水分利用效率(91.069和97.111μmol/mol)。     

Spatial and Temporal Variations in Stable Carbon (δ13C) and Nitrogen (δ15N) Isotopic Composition of Symbiotic Scleractinian Corals

Tropical scleractinian corals are considered autotrophic as they rely mainly on photosynthesis-derived nutrients transferred from their photosymbionts. Corals are also able to capture and ingest suspended particulate organic matter, so heterotrophy can be an important supplementary trophic pathway to optimize coral fitness. The aim of this in situ study was to elucidate the trophic status of 10 coral species under contrasted environmental conditions in a French Polynesian lagoon. Carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopic compositions of coral host tissues and photosymbionts were determined at 3 different fringing reefs during wet and dry seasons. Our results highlighted spatial variability in stable isotopic compositions of both coral host tissues and photosymbionts. Samples from the site with higher level of suspended particulate matter were ¹³C-depleted and ¹⁵N-enriched relative to corals and photosymbionts from less turbid sites. However, differences in both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N between coral host tissues and their photosymbionts (Δ^{host-photosymbionts 13}C and Δ^{host-photosymbionts 15}N) were small (0.27 ± 0.76‰ and 1.40 ± 0.90‰, respectively) and similar at all sites, thus indicating no general increases in the heterotrophic pathway. Depleted δ¹³C and enriched δ¹⁵N values of coral host tissues measured at the most turbid site were explained by changes in isotopic composition of the inorganic nutrients taken up by photosymbionts and also by changes in rate of isotopic fractionation with environmental conditions. Our results also highlighted a lack of significant temporal variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of coral host and photosymbiont tissues and in Δ^{host-photosymbionts 13}C and Δ^{host-photosymbionts 15}N values. This temporal stability indicated that corals remained principally autotrophic even during the wet season when photosymbiont densities were lower and the concentrations of phytoplankton were higher. Increased coral heterotrophy with higher food availability thus appears to be species-specific.     

Anhydrous and hydrated lanthanide(III) β,δ-triketonates

Complexes of the β,δ-triketones benzoylacetone and diacetylacetone with lanthanide(III) ions are reported. The compounds with the first ligand (formulated Ln(Hbaa)₃) are anhydrous while those with the last one (formulated Ln(Hdaa)₃·H₂O) are hydrated. IR and TGA analyses were carried out to confirm the anhydrous or hydrated character of the complexes. The anhydrous character of the lanthanide complexes with benzoylacetone is discussed in terms of the larger steric requirements in the terminal groups of the ligand with respect to those in the compounds with diacetylacetone.     

δ(13) C of leaf-respired CO(2) reflects intrinsic water-use efficiency in barley

Leaf intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of photosynthetic rate to stomatal conductance (A/g(s) ), is a key plant trait linking terrestrial carbon and water cycles. A rapid, integrative proxy for A/g(s) is of benefit to crop breeding programmes aiming to improve WUE, but also for ecologists interested in plant carbon-water balance in natural systems. We hypothesize that the carbon isotope composition of leaf-respired CO(2) (δ(13) C(Rl) ), two hours after leaves are transferred to the dark, records photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination and so provides a proxy for A/g(s) . To test this hypothesis, δ(13) C(Rl) was measured in four barley cultivars grown in the field at two levels of water availability and compared to leaf-level gas exchange (the ratio of leaf intercellular to ambient CO(2) partial pressure, C(i) /C(a) , and A/g(s) ). Leaf-respired CO(2) was more (13) C-depleted in plants grown at higher water availability, varied between days as environmental conditions changed, and was significantly different between cultivars. A strong relationship between δ(13) C(Rl) and δ(13) C of sucrose was observed. δ(13) C(Rl) was converted into apparent photosynthetic discrimination (Δ(13) C(Rl) ) revealing strong relationships between Δ(13) C(Rl) and C(i) /C(a) and A/g(s) during the vegetative stage of growth. We therefore conclude that δ(13) C(Rl) may provide a rapid, integrative proxy for A/g(s) in barley.     

δ-(D-α-Aminoadipoyl)-Cleaving Amidase of Ochrobactrum anthropi

Ochrobactrum anthropi cleaved the delta-(D-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-side chain from delta-(D-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin C analogue. In whole cell conversions up to 1 nkat g(-1) dry cell wt were achieved. O. anthropi possesses also gamma-D-glutamyltranspeptidase activity, 8 nkat g(-1) dry cell wt, the likely cause of delta-(D-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-cleavage.     

模拟增温对高寒草甸植物叶片碳氮及其同位素δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N含量的影响

基于国际冻原计划(ITEX)模拟增温效应对植物影响的研究方法,以高寒矮嵩草草甸4种植物(矮嵩草、垂穗披碱草、棘豆、麻花艽)为实验材料,设置大(OTC1)和小(OTC2)两类增温小室,测定了其叶片碳氮及其稳定性碳同位素(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)等指标在增温3年后的变化。结果表明:除矮嵩草在较小增温小室(OTC2)中C/N比值比对照降低了14.1%,其它物种C/N在两个增温处理下都有所增加,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。4种植物叶片δ~(13)C值在-24.12‰~-28.34‰之间,矮嵩草叶片δ~(13)C值随增温而升高,棘豆、麻花艽随增温而降低,且矮嵩草在OTC2的δ~(13)C值变化达到显著水平(P0.05)。矮嵩草和麻花艽的叶片δ~(15)N值在OTC1和OTC2中均比对照增加,且麻花艽增加较显著(P0.05)。垂穗披碱草在OTC1和OTC2的叶片δ~(15)N值比对照分别减少18.7%和26.9%,差异都不显著(P0.05);棘豆叶片δ~(15)N值在OTC2内比对照低11.0%(P0.05),在OTC1的内比对照高2.8%(P0.05)。可见,高寒矮嵩草草甸不同功能群植物物种碳氮含量及稳定性碳氮同位素含量对短期增温有不同的响应模式和规律。     

细有髓鞘神经纤维(Aδ)背根反射的观察

背根反射(DRR)反映了初级传入纤维的突触前抑制。本文作者用剥制腓肠神经或背根的神经细束记录单位放电的方法观察 Aδ纤维 DRR,揭示了一些以前用记录复合动作电位的方法所未能观察到的现象。多数 Aδ单位的 DRR 为重复放电。放电数2—4个,经多次刺激后有些单位可达5—6个。放电持续时间为2—9毫秒,个別单位可达13毫秒。每隔2秒钟给予一次电刺激,每次刺激皆可引起 Aδ纤维 DRR。通常 Aα-β纤维的传入冲动即足以引起 Aδ纤维 DRR。大约有20%的 Aδ纤维 DRR 必须要同时有 Aδ纤维的传入冲动才能产生。在双电脉冲刺激测试中第一个刺激引起的 Aδ纤维 DRR 对后一个刺激引起的 DRR 有长达数百毫秒的抑制作用。当两个刺激相隔5毫秒时,我们观察不到象文献中用记录复合动作电位的方法所观察到的加强作用。重复电刺激传入神经对 Aδ纤维 DRR 有长时间的后抑制效应。Aδ纤维 DRR 的脊髓内延搁时间变动范围较大,最小为3.6毫秒,大多数单位为4—6毫秒,也有长达26毫秒的。     

Evaluation of n-alkanes and their carbon isotope enrichments (δ(13)C) as diet composition markers

Plant cuticular n-alkanes have been successfully used as markers to estimate diet composition and intake of grazing herbivores. However, additional markers may be required under grazing conditions in botanically diverse vegetation. This study was conducted to describe the n-alkane profiles and the carbon isotope enrichment of n-alkanes of common plant species from the Mid Rift Valley rangelands of Ethiopia, and evaluate their potential use as nutritional markers. A total of 23 plant species were collected and analysed for long-chain n-alkanes ranging from heptacosane to hexatriacontane (C(27) to C(36)), as well as their carbon isotopic ratio ((13)C/(12)C). The analysis was conducted by gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry following saponification, extraction and purification. The isotopic composition of the n-alkanes is reported in the delta notation (δ(13)C) relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite standard. The dominant n-alkanes in the species were C(31) (mean ± s.d., 283 ± 246 mg/kg dry matter) and C(33) (149 ± 98 mg/kg dry matter). The carbon isotopic enrichment of the n-alkanes ranged from -19.37‰ to -37.40‰. Principal component analysis was used to examine interspecies differences based on n-alkane profiles and the carbon isotopic enrichments of individual n-alkanes. Large variability among the pasture species was observed. The first three principal components explained most of the interspecies variances. Comparison of the principal component scores using orthogonal procrustes rotation indicated that about 0.84 of the interspecies variances explained by the two types of data sets were independent of each other, suggesting that the use of a combination of the two markers can improve diet composition estimations. It was concluded that, while the n-alkane profile of the pasture species remains a useful marker for use in the study region, the δ(13)C values of n-alkanes can provide additional information in discriminating diet components of grazing animals.     

黑河中游春玉米叶片水δD和δ~(18)O的富集过程和影响因素

植物水的稳定同位素分馏过程是水在土壤-植物-大气连续体中循环的重要环节。以往研究由于叶片水18O同位素比值(δ~(18)O l,b)和氘(D)同位素比值(δDl,b)(合称δl,b)实测数量少只能作为模型验证数据,导致δl,b富集机制研究多集中于模型研究,缺乏基于野外试验条件的δl,b富集的控制机制研究。叶片水δDl,b和δ~(18)O l,b的富集程度(ΔDl,b和Δ18O l,b,合称Δl,b)通常表示为δl,b与茎秆水D同位素比值(δDx)和18O同位素比值(δ~(18)Ox)(合称δx)之差,即Δl,b=δl,b–δx。该研究以黑河中游沙漠绿洲春玉米(Zea mays)生态系统为研究对象,重点采集和分析了季节和日尺度δl,b和δx数据,配套开展了大气水汽δ~(18)O和δD(合称δv)等辅助变量的原位连续观测,探讨了季节和日尺度上的δl,b富集特征及其影响因素。结果表明:叶片水δl,b和Δl,b的季节变化趋势不明显,而受蒸腾作用影响表现出白天富集夜间贫化的单峰日变化特征。对于D来说,无论季节尺度上还是日尺度上,大气水汽δv和相对湿度是δDl,b和ΔDl,b的主要环境控制因素;而对于18O来说,无论季节尺度上还是日尺度上,相对湿度是δ~(18)O l,b和Δ18O l,b的主要环境控制因素。由于D和18O在热力学平衡分馏上有约8倍差异,直接分析叶片水ΔDl,b和Δ18Ol,b与影响因素的差异性,有助于理解叶片水δD和δ~(18)O富集过程以及对模型发展有一定的指导意义。     

C和δ15N)对比

对细叶小羽藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)新老组织及其根际土壤的碳氮含量和同位素组成进行了分析,探讨了苔藓衰老过程控制元素和同位 素变化的机制以及苔藓对土壤的贡献。同种组织碳氮含量之间的相关性反映了苔藓固碳能力和氮需求的相互联系。新生组织碳氮含量明显高于 衰老组织且存在相关性,反映了苔藓衰老过程体内碳氮物质向新生组织迁移的生理特征。两种组织之间同位素组成(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)没有明显差 异,说明组织间的物质迁移没有产生明显的同位素分馏,其原因可能在于细叶小羽藓形态结构简单,体内物质迁移对碳氮同位素组成的影响较 小。相反,苔藓组织与根际土壤之间的有机碳/ 氮信息没有相关性,这可能与苔藓植物长期滞留营养物质、缓慢的分解和成土速度有关,反映了 该研究区苔藓层对土壤碳氮累积的贡献较小。     

通过树木年轮δ~(13)C重建大气CO_2碳同位素比δa的可靠性探讨

工业革命以来化石燃料的大量使用和森林的过度砍伐 ,引起大气中ＣＯ2 浓度的大幅度增加 ,但同时由于Ｓｕｅｓｓ效应[5] ,大气ＣＯ2 的Ｃ同位素比δａ却在不断下降。研究δａ的变化历史 ,有助于预测其今后的趋向 ,对全球变化的研究有着重要的意义。然而δａ的直接仪器测量从 1978年才开始[6 ] ,且只是对全球几个零星站点进行测量[7] ,长期和系统性的资料十分缺乏 ,因此便产生了一系列的替代方法 ,如利用冰芯气泡的分析、生物化石资料间接推算等。由于Ｃ3和Ｃ4 植物年轮δ13Ｃ与δａ具有一定的关系[8,9] 。δ13Ｃ =δａ -ａ - (ｂ -ａ)Ｃｉ/Ｃ…     

Variability of stable isotope signatures (δC and δN) in two spider crab populations (Maja brachydactyla) in Western Europe

The ontogenic variations of nitrogen and carbon stable isotopic signatures (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) were investigated in two spider crab (Maja brachydactyla) populations inhabiting in different biotopes of Western Europe. The Iroise Sea population is localized in Western Brittany and characterized by a seasonal migration occurring on a large bathymetric and habitat gradient while the Seine Bay population, in the Eastern English Channel, remains in a more homogeneous environment during its migration. In the Iroise Sea population, δ¹³C values increased significantly both with body size and age, revealing a shift towards “benthic-component” prey with spider crab growth. On the contrary, neither body size nor ageing gave rise to a significant trophic level change (derived from the δ¹⁵N). In this M. brachydactyla population, the seasonal migrations from coastal waters in summer to offshore habitats in winter involved significant but slight differences in both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N. In the Seine Bay population, low variations for both carbon and nitrogen were recorded related to either sex or size or seasonal migration. Thus, the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N variability in the spider crab depends on the availability and diversity of prey in its different living habitats, as well as on the morphological aptitudes of individuals to feed on prey (individual's size).     

Development of highly selective casein kinase 1δ/1ε (CK1δ/ε) inhibitors with potent antiproliferative properties

The development of a series of potent and highly selective casein kinase 1δ/ε (CK1δ/ε) inhibitors is described. Starting from a purine scaffold inhibitor (SR-653234) identified by high throughput screening, we developed a series of potent and highly kinase selective inhibitors, including SR-2890 and SR-3029, which have IC₅₀ ? 50 nM versus CK1δ. The two lead compounds have ?100 nM EC₅₀ values in MTT assays against the human A375 melanoma cell line and have physical, in vitro and in vivo PK properties suitable for use in proof of principle animal xenograft studies against human cancer cell lines.     

Development of dual casein kinase 1δ/1ε (CK1δ/ε) inhibitors for treatment of breast cancer

Casein kinase 1δ/ε have been identified as promising therapeutic target for oncology application, including breast and brain cancer. Here, we described our continued efforts in optimization of a lead series of purine scaffold inhibitors that led to identification of two new CK1δ/ε inhibitors 17 and 28 displaying low nanomolar values in antiproliferative assays against the human MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cell line and have physical, in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties suitable for use in proof of principle animal xenograft studies against human cancers.     

基于GCM的中国土壤水中δ~(18)O的分布特征

土壤水中稳定同位素的大尺度空间分布是降水同位素与自然环境综合影响的结果,也是陆面过程模拟中不同水体同位素相互作用的重要环节。限于定位监测在反映大尺度土壤水同位素空间特征中的不足,GCM(General Circulation Models)则有助于深入理解土壤水同位素组成变化的空间格局。本文选用LMDZ(free)、LMDZ(nudged)和MIROC(free)3种模拟结果,对中国陆地表层土壤水δ~(18)O的时空分布特征及土壤水δ~(18)O与气温、降水δ~(18)O之间的关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)中国东南地区土壤水δ~(18)O偏大,东北、西北和青藏高原地区土壤水δ~(18)O偏小,其中青藏高原地区δ~(18)O最小;从全国尺度来看,土壤水δ~(18)O变化特征符合降水δ~(18)O的变化特征;1979—2007年,年均土壤水δ~(18)O、夏季土壤水δ~(18)O和冬季土壤水δ~(18)O均呈现上升趋势。(2)土壤水δ~(18)O与气温的相关性较好,温度效应出现在中高纬度地区,距海洋越远,正相关关系越显著。(3)在全国范围内,3种模拟结果均表明,中国土壤水δ~(18)O与降水δ~(18)O普遍呈正相关,说明大多数地区土壤水的补给来自于降水;相关系数在西北地区较大,在东北地区由南至北逐渐递减,在青藏高原地区出现环状分布,相关系数由内向外递增。     

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) in leukocyte signaling and function

PI3Kδ is a lipid kinase of the PI3K class IA family involved in early signaling events of leukocytes responding to a wide variety of stimuli. The leukocyte specificity of PI3Kδ is defined by its expression, whereas its signaling function is via the production of phosphoinositide 3,4,5-triphosphates at the proximity of activated receptors for recruiting other signaling molecules. The importance of PI3Kδ in B cell development and function is most apparent, and its role in other leukocyte cell types can be easily demonstrated as well. PI3Kδ participates in the development, activation and migration of T cells and NK cells. The role of PI3Kδ in myeloid cell activities, such as inflammation driven cell infiltration, neutrophil oxidative burst, immune complex mediated macrophage activation, as well as mast cell maturation and degranulation, has been well illustrated in various studies. As a result of the broad effects of PI3Kδ in leukocyte functions, the disruption of PI3Kδ expression or activity leads to decreased inflammatory and immune responses in vivo. The protective role of PI3Kδ inactivation in animal models of arthritis, asthma or obstructive respiratory diseases has been demonstrated. These findings suggest the potential efficacy achievable with PI3Kδ inhibitors in the treatment of autoimmune and respiratory diseases.