首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
We prospectively evaluated the use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters to provide ongoing venous access in general medical and surgical patients in a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center. Between 1985 and 1988 trained nurses successfully inserted 393 catheters in 460 suitable patients (an 85.4% success rate). Correct catheter tip placement in the superior vena cava was documented in 359 of the 393 (91.3%) catheter insertions, but an additional 30 catheters were in a position deemed adequate for the intended use. The mean duration of catheter use was 27.6 +/- 5.2 (1 standard deviation) days (median 20 days, range 1 to 370 days). A total of 65 patients left the hospital with catheters in place, with the mean length of catheter use at home being 36.2 +/- 6.0 days (range 2 to 266). In all, 79% of the catheters were in use until the successful completion of therapy or patient death; catheter-related complications led to premature catheter removal in the remaining 21%. Catheter-related complications included bland phlebitis (8.2%), occlusion (8.2%), local infection (3.6%), bacteremia or fungemia (2.1%), mechanical failure or rupture (2.6%), venous thrombosis (0.7%), and other (3.3%). One patient required vein excision for the management of suppurative phlebitis, but no deaths were attributed to catheter use. This study illustrates the use and safety of peripherally inserted central venous catheters to provide reliable vascular access over prolonged periods in an elderly veteran population. At our facility, percutaneous central venous catheters and surgically implanted (Hickman or Broviac) catheters are now reserved for use in patients in whom peripherally inserted catheters cannot be placed.  相似文献   

2.
OBITUARIES     
A study of 300 patients receiving intravenous therapy showed that 90 had associated phlebitis. Because of this high rate of complications, the use of long plastic catheters, with the tip located in a large central vessel, was investigated. One hundred and one catheters were inserted into the basilic vein through a cut-down. The patients were divided into four groups: infusions lasting one to seven days, eight to 14 days, 15 to 28 days and 29 days or longer. The most common complication was obstruction of the catheter with clotted blood. In four patients the catheters had to be removed because of phlebitis; two were pulled out by the patients themselves. Infection was not observed. Two factors probably contributed to the successful infusions: the composition of the plastic catheters (nylon) and the location of the tip in a large central vessel.  相似文献   

3.
A nonhuman primate model comprising adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with chronically indwelling subcutaneous central venous access devices provides a unique opportunity to determine plasma pharmacokinetics of new drugs such as anticancer and anti- retroviral agents. The central venous access we use is a low-profile, single-septum, titanium port that is attached to a radiopaque, indwelling catheter; the catheter is implanted in an internal jugular vein. A common complication following placement of the venous access device was migration of the catheter tip. We therefore modified the standard procedure by cutting the silicone catheter and introducing the rigid connector to secure the catheter to the vessel at the insertion site (approximately 9 to 13 cm from the distal end of the catheter). Prior to the use of the connector, three of five catheters migrated within 4 weeks after placement. In contrast, all 13 internal jugular catheters with connectors have remained patent without migration of the catheter tip. Therefore, incorporation of the catheter connector appears to have eliminated the problem of catheter migration.  相似文献   

4.
A surgical model for catheterization at multiple sites has been developed for use in long-term metabolic studies. For blood sampling, catheters were inserted into the portal and hepatic veins and the common carotid artery. The hepatic vein catheter was inserted from the margin of a liver lobe and led through the venous system, until the tip was close to the bifurcation with the inferior vena cava. A new technique was developed to ensure correct placement of the hepatic vein catheter using the specific extraction of indocyanin-green over the liver during surgery. Gastrostomy was performed using a Pezzer catheter. Catheters in the artery and hepatic and portal veins were patent for blood withdrawal for up to 4 weeks, and thus allowed repeated metabolic studies. Studies were performed in conscious animals familiar with the experimental situation.  相似文献   

5.

Background

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) in children and adolescents are being used with increasing frequency. We sought to determine the incidence and characterize risk factors of deep vein thrombosis associated with peripherally inserted central catheters in a pediatric population.

Methods

We conducted a prospective study involving consecutive patients referred to the radiology department of a tertiary care university-affiliated hospital for insertion of a peripherally inserted central catheter. We included patients aged 18 years or less who weighed more than 2.5 kg and had a peripherally inserted central catheter successfully inserted in his or her arm between June 2004 and November 2005. The primary outcome was the occurrence of partial or complete deep vein thrombosis evaluated by clinical examination, ultrasonography and venous angiography.

Results

A total of 214 patients (101 girls, 113 boys) were included in the study. Partial or complete deep vein thrombosis occurred in 20 patients, for an incidence of 93.5 per 1000 patients and 3.85 per 1000 catheter-days. Only 1 of the cases was symptomatic. In the univariable analyses, the only variable significantly associated with deep vein thrombosis was the presence of factor II mutation G20210A (odds ratio 7.08, 95% confidence interval 1.11–45.15, p = 0.04), a genetic mutation that increases the risk of a blood clot and that was present in 5 (2.3%) of the 214 patients.

Interpretation

The incidence of deep vein thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheters in our study was lower than the incidence related to centrally inserted venous catheters described in the pediatric literature (11%–50%).Most data available in the adult and pediatric literature on the incidence of deep vein thrombosis concern centrally inserted venous catheters, which are inserted directly in a central vein (jugular, subclavian or femoral). Typical symptoms of deep vein thrombosis are frequently absent in children and adolescents. Although the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis is more reliable when based on Doppler ultrasonography or venous angiography,1–10 in most studies these diagnostic tests were performed only when patients presented clinical symptoms of deep vein thrombosis or catheter dysfunction. In studies focused on the pediatric population, the frequency of deep vein thrombosis related to centrally inserted venous catheters has varied from 11% to 50%.1,5,6,8,11In the past 10 years, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) have been used with increasing frequency in children and adolescents. The catheter is inserted percutaneously via a peripheral vein, with its tip residing in the superior vena cava. The main indications for this type of catheter insertion are difficult venous access, home intravenous antibiotic therapy, administration of chemotherapy or other hyperosmolar solution and long-term parenteral nutrition. The risk of deep vein thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheters could be greater among children and adolescents than among adults, given the size of the veins. Several studies have published complications related to peripherally inserted central catheters,12–20 but few focused on the pediatric population.13–21 Furthermore, in all of these studies, screening for deep vein thrombosis was not systematic. The real incidence of deep vein thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheters and their complications in the pediatric population are therefore unknown. We conducted this study to determine the incidence and characterize the risk factors of deep vein thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheters in children and adolescents in our institution.  相似文献   

6.
The supraclavicular fossa ultrasound view can be useful for central venous catheter (CVC) placement. Venipuncture of the internal jugular veins (IJV) or subclavian veins is performed with a micro-convex ultrasound probe, using a neonatal abdominal preset with a probe frequency of 10 Mhz at a depth of 10-12 cm. Following insertion of the guidewire into the vein, the probe is shifted to the right supraclavicular fossa to obtain a view of the superior vena cava (SVC), right pulmonary artery and ascending aorta. Under real-time ultrasound view, the guidewire and its J-tip is visualized and pushed forward to the lower SVC. Insertion depth is read from guidewire marks using central venous catheter. CVC is then inserted following skin and venous dilation. The supraclavicular fossa view is most suitable for right IJV CVC insertion. If other insertion sites are chosen the right supraclavicular fossa should be within the sterile field. Scanning of the IJVs, brachiocephalic veins and SVC can reveal significant thrombosis before venipuncture. Misplaced CVCs can be corrected with a change over guidewire technique under real-time ultrasound guidance. In conjunction with a diagnostic lung ultrasound scan, this technique has a potential to replace chest radiograph for confirmation of CVC tip position and exclusion of pneumothorax. Moreover, this view is of advantage in patients with a non-p-wave cardiac rhythm were an intra-cardiac electrocardiography (ECG) is not feasible for CVC tip position confirmation. Limitations of the method are lack of availability of a micro-convex probe and the need for training.  相似文献   

7.
Behan JR  Watson PF 《Theriogenology》2006,66(2):338-343
A novel insemination catheter with a smaller polyurethane tip for deeper insertion into the cervix of gilts was compared with the conventional catheter. The novel catheter could be inserted 31.4 mm deeper than the conventional catheter into the gilt cervix, but the difference diminished with parity until the sixth parity when there was no difference in penetration depth between the catheters. In Experiment 1, cyclic gilts were inseminated upon display of oestrus (back pressure test) in the presence of a boar (0 h) and 24 h later. The control group (n = 300) were inseminated with 2 x 10(9) total spermatozoa and the treatment group (n = 300) with 1 x 10(9) total spermatozoa per inseminate, in both cases utilising the novel insemination catheter. No significant differences were observed for farrowing rate and litter size, the values of which were those expected for natural mating. In Experiment 2, 66 cyclic gilts were subjected to the same heat detection and service regime as for Experiment 1 but were served with <1 x 10(9) total sperm cells per inseminate using the new device. Conception rates and embryo counts were recorded. Conception rate declined with <500 x 10(6) spermatozoa, and number of embryos (a reflection of potential litter size) was significantly reduced. Use of the new catheter for gilts with 1 x 10(9) total sperm cells per inseminate will achieve commercially acceptable fertility and fecundity levels, and offer substantial commercial benefits with more rapid genetic gains.  相似文献   

8.
There are a limited number of methods to guide and confirm the placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) at the cavoatrial junction. The aim of this study was to design, test and validate a dual‐wavelength, diode laser‐based, single optical fiber instrument that would accurately confirm PICC tip location at the cavoatrial junction of an animal heart, in vivo. This was accomplished by inserting the optical fiber into a PICC and ratiometrically comparing simultaneous visible and near‐infrared reflection intensities of venous and atrial tissues found near the cavoatrial junction. The system was successful in placing the PICC line tip within 5 mm of the cavoatrial junction.   相似文献   

9.
Catheter-associated bacteriuria is the most common infection occurring in hospitals, where urethral catheters are generally in place for a few days, and in nursing homes, where catheters may be in place for months or years. We developed murine models with intrabladder urinary catheters for studying complications of bacteriuria in short- and long-term catheterization. In the short-term model, a catheter segment was inserted transurethrally and lay free within the bladder lumen. Half of the animals expelled segments during a 2-to-7-day period, durations similar to catheterizations in hospitalized patients. For studies of long-term catheter use, the catheter segment was secured within the bladder by a single suture for up to 12 months. Antibiotics administered for 7 days after catheter placement and housing mice in cages with wire screen floors reduced spontaneous bacteriuria to an acceptably low incidence rate of only 7%. Proteus mirabilis bacteriuria of high concentration provoked the same complications that are common in patients with long-term catheters: acute pyelonephritis, chronic renal inflammation, and struvite stone formation. These models allow inoculation of the bacteria of interest and are suitable for studies of short- and long-term foreign body-associated bacteriuria and its complications.  相似文献   

10.
Central venous catheters provide an easy access for intravenous medications. Having a central line in place will relieve a child from the discomfort and danger of multiple regular intravenous lines for chemotherapy. The use of indwelling central venous catheters has become commonplace in the management of children undergoing oncological treatment. There are two types of central lines commonly used. There are Broviac catheters and Port-A-Cath (PAC) catheters. In the last 5 years we inserted 194 catheters in 175 children. We inserted 121 Broviac catheters and 73 PAC catheters. During the follow up of 39382 catheter days 44 complications were observed. In Broviac group the median follow up was 155 days and in PAC group was 230 days. We observed differences in the incidence between two devices. In Broviac group infections were more frequent and in PAC group other complications were more frequent than infections.  相似文献   

11.
Formation of fibrin sleeves around catheter tips is a central factor in catheter failure during chronic implantation, and such tissue growth can occur despite administration of anticoagulants. We developed a novel method for monitoring catheter patency. This method recognizes the progressive nature of catheter occlusion, and tracks this process over time through measurement of changes in catheter resistance to a standardized 1 mL bolus infusion from a pressurized reservoir. Two indirect measures of catheter patency were used: (a) reservoir residual pressure and (b) reservoir discharge time. This method was applied to the study of catheter patency in rats comparing the effect of catheter material (silastic, polyurethane, Microrenathanetrade mark), lock solution (heparin, heparin/dexamethasone) and two different cannulation sites (superior vena cava via the external jugular vein, inferior vena cava via the femoral vein). Our findings reveal that application of flexible smaller-size silastic catheters and a dexamethasone lock solution resulted in prolonged catheter patency. Patency could be maintained over nine weeks with the femoral vein catheters, compared with five weeks with the external jugular vein catheters. The current method for measuring catheter patency provides a useful index for the assessment of tissue growth around the catheter tip. The method also provides an objective and quantitative way of comparing changes in catheter patency for different surgical methods and catheter types. Our method improves on the conventional method of assessing catheter occlusion by judging the ability to aspirate from the catheter.  相似文献   

12.
Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and cardiac arrest. This elevation may result in further neurological injury, in the form of transtentorial herniation1,2,3,4, midbrain compression, neurological deficit or increased cerebral infarct2,4. Current therapies are often inadequate to control elevated ICP in the clinical setting5,6,7 . Thus there is a need for accurate methods of ICP measurement in animal models to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms and to develop new treatments for elevated ICP.In both the clinical and experimental setting ICP cannot be estimated without direct measurement. Several methods of ICP catheter insertion currently exist. Of these the intraventricular catheter has become the clinical ''gold standard'' of ICP measurement in humans8. This method involves the partial removal of skull and the instrumentation of the catheter through brain tissue. Consequently, intraventricular catheters have an infection rate of 6-11%9. For this reason, subdural and epidural cannulations have become the preferred methods in animal models of ischemic injury. Various ICP measurement techniques have been adapted for animal models, and of these, fluid-filled telemetry catheters10 and solid state catheters are the most frequently used11,12,13,14,15. The fluid-filled systems are prone to developing air bubbles in the line, resulting in false ICP readings. Solid state probes avoid this problem (Figure 1). An additional problem is fitting catheters under the skull or into the ventricles without causing any brain injury that might alter the experimental outcomes. Therefore, we have developed a method that places an ICP catheter contiguous with the epidural space, but avoids the need to insert it between skull and brain. An optic fibre pressure catheter (420LP, SAMBA Sensors, Sweden) was used to measure ICP at the epidural location because the location of the pressure sensor (at the very tip of the catheter) was found to produce a high fidelity ICP signal in this model. There are other manufacturers of similar optic fibre technologies13 that may be used with our methodology. Alternative solid state catheters, which have the pressure sensor located at the side of the catheter tip, would not be appropriate for this model as the signal would be dampened by the presence of the monitoring screw. Here, we present a relatively simple and accurate method to measure ICP. This method can be used across a wide range of ICP related animal models.  相似文献   

13.

Background

Right internal jugular vein (IJV) is a preferred access route for tunneled (cuffed) dialysis catheters (TDCs), and both right external jugular vein (EJV) and left IJV are alternative routes for patients in case the right IJV isn’t available for TDC placement. This retrospective study aimed to determine if a disparity exists between the two alternative routes in hemodialysis patients in terms of outcomes of TDCs.

Methods

49 hemodialysis patients who required TDCs through right EJV (n = 21) or left IJV (n = 28) as long-term vascular access were included in this study. The primary end point was cumulative catheter patency. Secondary end points include primary catheter patency, proportion of patients that never required urokinase and incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI).

Results

A total of 20,870 catheter-days were evaluated and the median was 384 (interquartile range, 262–605) catheter-days. Fewer catheters were removed in the right EJV group than in the left IJV group (P = 0.007). Mean cumulative catheter patency was higher in the right EJV group compared with the left IJV group (P = 0.031). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of CRBSI, primary catheter patency or proportion of patients that never required urokinase use. Total indwell time of antecedent catheters was identified as an independent risk factor for cumulative catheter patency by Cox regression hazards test with an HR of 2.212 (95% CI, 1.363–3.588; p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Right EJV might be superior to left IJV as an alternative insertion route for TDC placement in hemodialysis patients whose right IJVs are unavailable.  相似文献   

14.
In order to investigate new approaches in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious complicating chemotherapy-induced granulocytopenia, we developed and prospectively evaluated a method of chronic central venous catheterization for the induction, maintenance and support of persistent granulocytopenia in rabbits. The method entails a central venous silastic catheter with a subcutaneous tunnel and a heparin lock device for repeated non-traumatic sampling of blood and administration of medications. During the course of 10 months, 226 rabbits were studied. Mean duration of catheter placement was 27 days, 17 of which were spent in granulocytopenia. Two-way flow was sustained throughout the duration of placement in 205 rabbits (91%) and for 5,845 (95%) of a total 6,163 catheter-days. All but two catheters could be flushed throughout the duration of their placement. Postoperative infectious complications related to catheter insertion developed in less than 1% of the rabbits. This method of chronic catheterization safely provides long-term venous access for studies requiring frequent venous access, including the painless induction, maintenance, and support of chronic granulocytopenia in rabbits.  相似文献   

15.

Background

Long-term central venous catheters are essential for the management of chronic medical conditions, including childhood cancer. Catheter occlusion is associated with an increased risk of subsequent complications, including bloodstream infection, venous thrombosis, and catheter fracture. Therefore, predicting and pre-emptively treating occlusions should prevent complications, but no method for predicting such occlusions has been developed.

Methods

We conducted a prospective trial to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of catheter-resistance monitoring, a novel approach to predicting central venous catheter occlusion in pediatric patients. Participants who had tunneled catheters and were receiving treatment for cancer or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation underwent weekly catheter-resistance monitoring for up to 12 weeks. Resistance was assessed by measuring the inline pressure at multiple flow-rates via a syringe pump system fitted with a pressure-sensing transducer. When turbulent flow through the device was evident, resistance was not estimated, and the result was noted as “non-laminar.”

Results

Ten patients attended 113 catheter-resistance monitoring visits. Elevated catheter resistance (>8.8% increase) was strongly associated with the subsequent development of acute catheter occlusion within 10 days (odds ratio = 6.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–21.5; p <0.01; sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 67%). A combined prediction model comprising either change in resistance greater than 8.8% or a non-laminar result predicted subsequent occlusion (odds ratio = 6.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.0–22.8; p = 0.002; sensitivity, 80%; specificity, 63%). Participants rated catheter-resistance monitoring as highly acceptable.

Conclusions

In this pediatric hematology and oncology population, catheter-resistance monitoring is feasible, acceptable, and predicts imminent catheter occlusion. Larger studies are required to validate these findings, assess the predictive value for other clinical outcomes, and determine the impact of pre-emptive therapy.

Trial Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01737554  相似文献   

16.
In multiple fields of study, access to the circulatory system in laboratory studies is necessary. Pharmacological studies in rats using chronically implanted catheters permit a researcher to effectively and humanely administer substances, perform repeated blood sampling and assists in conscious direct measurements of blood pressure and heart rate. Once the catheter is implanted long-term sampling is possible. Patency and catheter life depends on multiple factors including the lock solution used, flushing regimen and catheter material. This video will demonstrate the methodology of femoral artery and venous catheterization of the rat. In addition the video will demonstrate the use of the femoral venous and arterial catheters for blood sampling, drug administration and use of the arterial catheter in taking measurements of blood pressure and heart rate in a conscious freely-moving rat. A tether and harness attached to a swivel system will allow the animal to be housed and have samples taken by the researcher with minimal disruption to the animal. To maintain patency of the catheter, careful daily maintenance of the catheter is required using lock solution (100 U/ml heparinized saline), machine-ground blunt tip syringe needles and the use of syringe filters to minimize potential contamination. With careful aseptic surgical techniques, proper catheter materials and careful catheter maintenance techniques, it is possible to sustain patent catheters and healthy animals for long periods of time (several weeks).  相似文献   

17.
Catheter position and blood gases during constant-flow ventilation   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
We studied the effect of catheter position and flow rate on gas exchange during constant-flow ventilation (CFV) in eight anesthetized, paralyzed dogs. The distal tips of the insufflation catheters were positioned 0.5, 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 cm from the tracheal carina. Flow rates were varied between 10 and 55 l/min and steady-state arterial blood gases were measured. At a given flow rate, arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) decreased as CFV was administered further into the lung up to a distance of 3.5 cm from the carina; there were no significant differences in PaCO2 at 3.5 and 5.0 cm. For a given catheter position, PaCO2 decreased with increasing flow rate up to a flow rate of 40 l/min. Further increases in flow rate had no significant effect on PaCO2. Arterial O2 pressure (PaO2) was relatively constant at all flow rates and catheter positions. We conclude that, up to a point, CO2 elimination can be improved by positioning the catheters further into the lung; advancing the catheters further than 3.5 cm from the carina may cause over-ventilation of specific lung regions resulting in a relative plateau in CO2 elimination and relatively constant PaO2's. Positioning the catheters further into the lung permits the use of lower flow rates, thus potentially minimizing the risk of barotrauma.  相似文献   

18.
An analysis of the reports on 16 patients who developed cardiac tamponade, complicating the use of central venous catheters, showed that 14 died. The two survivors were treated by removal of the catheter and needle aspiration of the pericardial fluid. Some patients complained of warning symptoms such as nausea, pain, and dyspnoea, and the combination of tachycardia, hypotension, and raised venous pressure was common. We suggest that awareness of the hazard, radiographic visualization of the catheter tip, and expeditious treatment would reduce the mortality.  相似文献   

19.
Skin bacteria at peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion sites pose a serious risk of microbial migration and subsequent colonisation of PIVCs, and the development of catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). Common skin bacteria are often associated with CRBSIs, therefore the bacterial communities at PIVC skin sites are likely to have major implications for PIVC colonisation. This study aimed to determine the bacterial community structures on skin at PIVC insertion sites and to compare the diversity with associated PIVCs. A total of 10 PIVC skin site swabs and matching PIVC tips were collected by a research nurse from 10 hospitalised medical/surgical patients at catheter removal. All swabs and PIVCs underwent traditional culture and high-throughput sequencing. The bacterial communities on PIVC skin swabs and matching PIVCs were diverse and significantly associated (correlation coefficient = 0.7, p<0.001). Methylobacterium spp. was the dominant genus in all PIVC tip samples, but not so for skin swabs. Sixty-one percent of all reads from the PIVC tips and 36% of all reads from the skin swabs belonged to this genus. Staphylococcus spp., (26%), Pseudomonas spp., (10%) and Acinetobacter spp. (10%) were detected from skin swabs but not from PIVC tips. Most skin associated bacteria commonly associated with CRBSIs were observed on skin sites, but not on PIVCs. Diverse bacterial communities were observed at skin sites despite skin decolonization at PIVC insertion. The positive association of skin and PIVC tip communities provides further evidence that skin is a major source of PIVC colonisation via bacterial migration but microbes present may be different to those traditionally identified via culture methods. The results provide new insights into the colonisation of catheters and potential pathogenesis of bacteria associated with CRBSI, and may assist in developing new strategies designed to reduce the risk of CRBSI.  相似文献   

20.
Lesions consistent with heart failure were found in 23 of 88 adult squirrel monkeys that died between 1995 and 1999 at the Squirrel Monkey Breeding and Research Resource (SMBRR). This provided a rationale for a study surveying aged animals in the SMBRR for normal cardiac characteristics, using echocardiography (ECHO) and electro-cardiogram. In the pilot study, ECHO and electrocardiography were performed on 59 healthy female squirrel monkeys aged 10 years or older and 39 five-year-old monkeys. Parameters were heart rate, P-wave duration and amplitude, and PR, QRS, and QT intervals (electrocardiography), and ejection fraction. Two animals with cardiomyopathy were identified and received similar testing. Advanced-study animals had the same measurements, plus left ventricular internal diameter-systole (LVIDs) and -diastole (LVIDd), left atrial diameter-diastole (LADd) and aortic root diameter-diastole (AoRDd) by use of ECHO. Significant differences were found between groups in LADd, and P-wave and QRS interval durations. In a clinical context, these differences were not considered to be substantial. Normal aged female squirrel monkeys had significant increases in heart dimension and longer P- and QRS-wave durations than did monkeys of a five-year-old control group, although the increases were not considered clinically relevant. This study documents myocardial dynamics in healthy saimiri and those with cardiomyopathy.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号