西双版纳乡村河溪利用方式及变化研究

西双版纳地处中国西南横断山脉向南延伸的帚状山地,没有气势宏大的高山峡谷,却有由坝子(或沟谷)与低山山地相间排列构成的地貌格局[1].     

Prevalence of Hypertension in Rural Areas of China: A Meta-Analysis of Published Studies

Background

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of disease burden across the world. In China, the latest nationwide survey of prevalence of hypertension was ten year ago, and data in rural areas is little known. More information about hypertension prevalence could help to improve overall antihypertensive health care. We aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension in rural areas of China.

Methods

Comprehensive electronic searches of PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Chinese Web of Knowledge, Wangfang, Weipu and SinoMed databases were conducted to identify any study in each database published from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2013, reporting the prevalence of hypertension in Chinese rural areas. Prevalence estimates were stratified by age, area, sex, publication year, and sample size. All statistical calculations were made using the Stata Version 11.0 (College Station, Texas) and Statsdirect Version 2.7.9.

Results

We identified 124 studies with a total population of 3,735,534 in the present meta-analysis. Among people aged 18 years old in Chinese rural areas, the summarized prevalence is 22.81% (19.41%–26.41%). Subgroup analysis shows the following results: for male 24.46% (21.19%–27.89%, for female 22.17% (18.25%–26.35%). For 2004–2006: 18.94% (14.41%–23.94%), for 2007–2009, 21.24% (15.98%–27.01%) for 2010–2013: 26.68%, (20.79%–33.02%). For Northern region 25.76% (22.36%–29.32%), for Southern region 19.30%, (15.48%–24.08%).

Conclusions

The last decade witnessed the growth in prevalence of hypertension in rural areas of China compared with the fourth national investigation, which has climbed the same level as the urban area. Guidelines for screening and treatment of hypertension in rural areas need to be given enough attention.     

Hypertension,a Neglected Disease in Rural and Urban Areas in Moramanga,Madagascar

Background

Hypertension is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. In Madagascar, studies on hypertension in urban and rural communities are scarce.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify associated risk factors in adults living in a health and demographic system in Moramanga, Madagascar.

Methods

The study included people aged 15 years old and above living in a health and demographic system in Moramanga. A household census was performed in 2012 to enumerate the population in 3 communities in Moramanga. In addition to the questionnaire used in the initial census, a standardized questionnaire and blood pressure were taken twice after 5 and 10 minutes of rest. In urban areas, heights and weights were also measured to calculate the body mass index.

Results

There were 3621 and 4010 participants respectively in rural and urban areas. Prevalence of hypertension in rural population was 27.0% (IC95% [25.6–28.5]) and 29.7% (IC95% [28.3–31.1]) in urban population. Among hypertensive subjects, 1.7% (17/979) and 5.3% (64/1191) were on antihypertensive treatment for at least 1 month before the survey in rural and urban population, respectively. In rural areas, increasing age (65 years and older vs 18–25 years OR = 11.81, IC95% [7.79–18.07]), giving more than 3 positive responses to the usual risks factors of hypertension (OR = 1.67, IC95% [1.14–2.42]) and singles in comparison with married people (OR = 1.61, IC95% [1.20–2.17]) were associated to hypertension in a logistic regression model. In urban areas, increasing age (65 years and older vs 18–25 years OR = 37.54, IC95% [24.81–57.92]), more than 3 positive responses to the usual risks of hypertension (OR = 3.47, IC95% [2.58–4.67]) and obesity (OR = 2.45, IC95% [1.56–3.87]) were found as risk factors.

Conclusion

Hypertension is highly prevalent in rural areas although it is significantly less treated. As a result, a major epidemic of cardiovascular diseases is at risk in Madagascar’s progressively aging society.     

西双版纳乡村河溪利用方式及变化研究

西双版纳地处中国西南横断山脉向南延伸的帚状山地 ,没有气势宏大的高山峡谷 ,却有由坝子 (或沟谷 )与低山山地相间排列构成的地貌格局[1] 。贯穿在总面积 1 92 2 3× 10 4 ｋｍ2 的坝子与山地之间的是 2 76 2条大小河流 ,河网密度达 0 .6 33ｋｍ·ｋｍ- 2 。除澜沧江、罗梭江等干流和主要支流外 ,这些河流多是一些均宽不到 2 0ｍ的小河和小溪[6] 。因常年流水构成的特殊生境 ,河溪是野生动植物比较集中的地段 ,也是当地居民生活生产活动最密集的场所。河溪利用是多层次多方面的 ,如航运、水能发电 ,而使用面最广的还在乡村。西双版纳的傣族…     

Free Preconceptual Screening Examination Service in Rural Areas of Hubei Province,China in 2012

Objective

This work aims to collect and summarize the outcomes on free preconceptual screening examination in rural areas of Hubei Province in 2012. Moreover, this review promotes further understanding of the status of this activity to provide the Family Planning Commission valid scientific data upon which to construct effective policies.

Methods

Couples, who complied with the family planning policy and were the residents in agricultural areas or lived in a local rural area for more than six months, were encouraged to participate in the free preconceptual screening examination service provided by the Hubei Provincial Population and Family Planning Commission. This service included 19 screening tests. All the data, including forms, manuals, and test results, were collected from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012 in rural areas in Hubei Province.

Results

A total of 497,860 individuals participated in the free preconceptual screening examination service, with a coverage rate of 97.1%. 4.0% and 4.8% of the participants exhibited with abnormal blood levels of ALT and creatinine, respectively; 0.36% of the participants tested positive for syphilis; 0.44% and 3.6% of the female participants tested positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, respectively; and 0.84% and 1.8% of the female participants tested positive for cytomegalovirus (IgM) and Toxoplasma gondii (IgM), respectively. After risk assessment, 59,935 participants might have high-risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. In 2012, the prevalence of birth defects among the parturient who participated in the preconceptual screening examination service was 0.04%, while the prevalence was 0.08% among those who did not participate in the service.

Conclusion

Preconceptual screening examination service may help to address the risk factors that can lead to adverse pregnancy outcome. More studies on the relationship between preconceptual screening examination service and prevalence of birth defect or other adverse pregnancy outcomes should be conducted.     

Ethnic Differences in the Incidence of Hypertension among Rural Chinese Adults: Results from Liaoning Province

Background

This study was conducted to examine the differences in the incidence of hypertension and associated risk factors between Mongolian and Han populations in northeast China.

Methods

A population-based sample of 4753 Mongolian subjects and 20,247 Han subjects aged ≥35 years and free from hypertension at baseline were followed from 2004–2006 to 2010. Incident hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or current use of antihypertensive medication.

Results

During mean 4.3 years follow-up, a total of 8779 individuals developed hypertension. The age-adjusted incidence of hypertension for Mongolian subjects was 12.64 per 100 person-years, for Han subjects was 9.77 per 100 person-years (P<0.05). The incidence of hypertension was positively correlated with age, physical activity, drinking, body mass index (BMI), family of hypertension and prehypertension in the Han population. In the Mongolian population, hypertension was positively correlated with age, physical activity, education level, drinking, BMI, prehypertension and family history of hypertension. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension for newly developed cases among both Han and Mongolian populations were low. (36.5% vs. 42.3%, 13.1% vs. 18.2%, 0.7% vs. 1.3%, P<0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

The incidence rate of hypertension is higher in the Mongolian populations than that in the Han populations, and hypertension in both ethnic populations was associated with similar risk factors. Our results suggest that most newly-diagnosed cases of hypertension are not adequately treated. Improvements in hypertension prevention and control programs in rural China are urgently needed.     

大小兴安岭生态资产变化格局

利用遥感定量测量,采用Landsat 25卫星数据及其他辅助数据,结合生态学方法,对大小兴安岭的18个县市2004年和2011年两个年度的生态资产进行评估,分析其分布格局及其变化。结果表明生态资产空间格局呈现中部较高,南北部较低的特征;从2004到2011年,生态资产总量由2379.26 亿元减少到2308.53 亿元,减少了2.97%,减少幅度较小,说明总量相对稳定;然而,各县市生态资产变化趋势不同,变化幅度从-29.54%到26.38%之间,即从中度退化到中度增长;随着经济发展,国内生产总值在生态资产中的比重增高。研究表明,经济发展水平不同的区域应该采取不同的资源利用方式,提高生态资产,促进当地可持续发展。     

重引入丹顶鹤在黑龙江林甸和江苏盐城成功繁育后代

正丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,IUCN濒危物种(EN),野外种群数量仅2 600只左右(崔多英等2017)。根据2015至2017年对江苏盐城丹顶鹤越冬种群数量调查,丹顶鹤西部迁徙种群的数量呈逐年下降趋势,原因尚不得而知。中国动物园有圈养丹顶鹤1 248只(崔多英等2017),分布在中国动物园协会所属62家会员单位。开展濒危物种重引入项目是恢复、壮大野生丹顶鹤种群的有效措施,将为拯救濒危物种—     

Early-spring survey for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild Rana dybowskii in Heilongjiang Province, China

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been investigated worldwide because of its importance in population declines in multiple species of amphibians; however, little is known regarding the disease status of all native amphibian species in China. The present study is the first survey of chytridiomycosis in free-ranging amphibian populations in China, and it examined the possible presence of B. dendrobatidis in Rana dybowskii in northeastern China (Heilongjiang Province). R. dybowskii is mainly distributed in the northeast part of China and is intensively hunted for human consumption, making populations vulnerable to extirpation in the event of additional stresses from disease epidemics. The survey was performed in early spring of 2008, using a PCR assay, histological examination of skin samples, and zoospore culture. In total, 191 frogs were examined; thus, a 95% confidence limit for prevalence of 1.57% was selected. Our results demonstrate that R. dybowskii is currently free from chytridiomycosis in Heilongjiang, even though the natural conditions of the sampling sites are suitable for the occurrence of B. dendrobatidis. Central and local governments should implement strict management measures to prevent the escape of non-native commercial amphibian species into this area, which might endanger local populations of native species.     

Pattern of Drug Use and Depressive Symptoms among Amphetamine Type Stimulants Users in Beijing and Guangdong Province,China

Background

In recent years, amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) have increased dramatically in East-south Asia, especially in China. Most ATS users suffered from psychosis comorbidity, and depression is the main syndrome in ATS users.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study of depressive symptoms and associated factors among ATS users was conducted in compulsory and voluntary drug detoxification and rehabilitation centers of Beijing and Guangdong Province from March, 2010 to August, 2010. Total 402 eligible participants were recruited and investigated by trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire, the depression was measured by the short 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the impact of associated risk factors of depressive symptoms (%≥8).

Principle Finding

The mean score of BDI-13 is 8.11, and 169 participants (42.04%) have depressive symptoms, including 106 (26.37%) with moderate and 63 (15.67%) with severe depressive symptoms. Higher dose of ATS use, history of ATS relapse were associated with moderate and severe depressive symptoms, the adjusted odds ratios (OR) was 2.62, (95% CI: 1.45–4.74) and 2.01 (95% CI: 1.18–3.42) respectively. The cessation of 12 months or more had less risk of depressive symptoms than the current users, the OR was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.24–0.91), and the ATS users reporting nicotine dependence and alcohol drinking had significantly more risk of depressive symptoms for 3.11 (1.83–5.28) and 2.22 (1.35–3.65) times than those without these behaviors.

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms co-occurred frequently among ATS users in China. The efforts that facilitate drug users’ attempts to stop using ATS use and relapse, quit cigarette smoking and stop alcohol drinking during the ATS treatment and management process should be supported as they may contribute to improving the mental health among this population.     

丰林自然保护区森林可燃物模型的建立

从潜在林火行为的角度出发,依据可燃物的关键参数,利用系统聚类方法在丰林自然保护区建立标准森林可燃物模型.结果表明:丰林自然保护区可建立3个标准可燃物模型,代表性植被类型分别为阔叶红松林(模型FL-Ⅰ)、云冷杉林(模型FL-Ⅱ)和杨桦林(模型FL-Ⅲ).依据可燃物的林分结构与组成、地表覆盖类型、水平与垂直连续性等,本研究建立的FL-Ⅰ、FL-Ⅱ和FL-Ⅲ模型与加拿大CFBPS可燃物分类系统中的C-5、C-2和D-1模型相似.3个标准可燃物模型的地表和垂直结构特征,可为野外工作者判定可燃物模型提供帮助.     

黑龙江省东部矿区鸟类群落多样性的比较分析

2007年12月至2009年2月,采用样线法和样方法对黑龙江东部4个主要矿区(鸡西、鹤岗、双鸭山和七台河矿区)的鸟类群落多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类16目36科107种。其中古北种50种,东洋种11种,广布种46种;留鸟22种,夏候鸟64种,冬候鸟1种,旅鸟20种;国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类1种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类13种。4个矿区中以鸡西矿区的鸟类多样性和均匀性最高,鹤岗最低,这与煤矸石的堆积、采矿方式,以及矿区生境类型、植被演替等有关。在植被演替的不同阶段鸟类多样性存在差异,处于演替中期的针阔混交林中鸟类多样性最高,处于演替早期的阔叶林最低。     

中西药物联合应用的管理对消化内科患者临床用药合理性的影响

目的:研究药剂科积极参与下中西药联合使用对消化内科患者用药合理性的影响。方法:选取我院2014年1月至2015年12月收治且确诊为消化性疾病患者184例,通过随机数表法将患者平均分为对照组和实验组,对照组给予临床常规中西药联合治疗,观察并统计临床反应;实验组给予中西药联合治疗,由本院药剂科参与人员、临床医师联合管理。统计并分析两组疗效、用药合理性及不良反应。结果:对照组总有效率为82.60%,明显低于实验组的94.56%(X~2=5.944,p=0.015);对照组用药合理率为77.17%,明显低于实验组的89.13%(X~2=5.102,p=0.024);对照组不良反应合理率为61.96%,明显低于实验组的88.04%(X~2=18.026,p0.001)。结论:药剂科的积极参与提高了中西药联合使用对消化内科患者的疗效,也降低了不良反应的发生率。     

黑龙江青冈地区晚更新世猛犸象-披毛犀动物群生存的环境背景

更新世晚期大型哺乳动物消亡一直是科学界关注的热点科学问题,其消亡的环境背景和影响机制仍没有形成一致观点。我国东北地区晚更新世地层中保存有丰富的猛犸象-披毛犀动物群(Mammuthus-Coelodonta Fauna)化石记录,是研究更新世晚期大型哺乳动物生存环境及消亡过程的理想区域。黑龙江省青冈地区出土有典型的晚更新世哺乳动物化石种类,如真猛犸象(Mammuthus primigenius)、披毛犀(Coelodonta antiquitatis)等。本文以青冈县英贤村化石出土剖面为研究对象,通过孢粉分析,重建猛犸象-披毛犀动物群的生存环境背景。青冈地区猛犸象-披毛犀动物群出土于湖沼相沉积中,研究发现其生存环境的主要植被成分是蒿属、菊科、禾本科、莎草科和云杉属,指示草甸草原为主,局地生长有针叶林的植被景观。欧亚大陆晚更新世高纬度地区广泛分布的猛犸象草原植被曾延伸到我国东北地区。     

黑龙江省6种乔木叶片热解特性及气体释放特征

森林可燃物是森林火灾发生的基础,地表死可燃物是森林可燃物的重要组成部分,研究地表死可燃物的热解特性和气体释放对探究森林火灾对大气环境和碳平衡的影响及森林火灾的预防和扑救具有重要意义.本研究对黑龙江省6种乔木(樟子松、红皮云杉、水曲柳、胡桃楸、蒙古栎和白桦)地表凋落的叶片进行热重分析和气体释放分析,探究森林可燃物的热解过...     

黑龙江省完达山东部林区马鹿冬季环境容纳量估算

2005 年和2006 年冬季,在黑龙江省完达山东部林区采用分层抽样技术,测定马鹿生境中主要食物的生物量供给量。通过食物营养成分分析,确定野外生境食物营养供给量。经饲喂实验,测定圈养马鹿冬季的日营养需求。结合研究地区马鹿生境食物资源类型,以干物质、代谢能和氮为基础估算了完达山东部林区野生马鹿的营养容纳量。研究结果表明:以干物质为估算基础,完达山东部林区冬季马鹿容纳量为11 115 ± 1 419头,以代谢能为基础估算值为5 845 ± 1 077头,而基于氮的计算结果为16 958 ± 2 983头;显示该地区马鹿主要食物含氮量超出马鹿日平均需求量,而代谢能供给量则略显不足,成为种群增长的主要限制因子,所以本文以代谢能为基础估算的容纳量作为该地区冬季马鹿种群环境容纳量。此外,由于受雪被厚度、食物生物量、光照等环境因子的影响,两年估算的容纳量数值存在一定差异。      

Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Urban,Semi Urban and Rural Areas in and around Chennai City,India

Background

Tobacco use leads to many health complications and is a risk factor for the occurrence of cardio vascular diseases, lung and oral cancers, chronic bronchitis etc. Almost 6 million people die from tobacco-related causes every year. This study was conducted to measure the prevalence of tobacco use in three different areas around Chennai city, south India.

Methods

A survey of 7510 individuals aged > = 15 years was undertaken covering Chennai city (urban), Ambattur (semi-urban) and Sriperumbudur (rural) taluk. Details on tobacco use were collected using a questionnaire adapted from both Global Youth Tobacco Survey and Global Adults Tobacco Survey.

Results

The overall prevalence of tobacco use was significantly higher in the rural (23.7%) compared to semi-urban (20.9%) and urban (19.4%) areas (P value <0.001) Tobacco smoking prevalence was 14.3%, 13.9% and 12.4% in rural, semi-urban and urban areas respectively. The corresponding values for smokeless tobacco use were 9.5%, 7.0% and 7.0% respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of using tobacco (with smoke or smokeless forms) was significantly higher among males, older individuals, alcoholics, in rural areas and slum localities. Behavioural pattern analysis of current tobacco users led to three groups (1) those who were not reached by family or friends to advice on harmful effects (2) those who were well aware of harmful effects of tobacco and even want to quit and (3) those are exposed to second hand/passive smoking at home and outside.

Conclusions

Tobacco use prevalence was significantly higher in rural areas, slum dwellers, males and older age groups in this region of south India. Women used mainly smokeless tobacco. Tobacco control programmes need to develop strategies to address the different subgroups among tobacco users. Public health facilities need to expand smoking cessation counseling services as well as provide pharmacotherapy where necessary.     

鹮嘴鹬夜栖地报道

2010年在四川省稻城地区发现鹮嘴鹬3个夜栖地,采用样方法调查其夜栖地的生境特征,并设置对照样方15个。研究结果表明河滩宽度、河心岛面积和石头盖度为关键因子。