涝胁迫下白桦叶和茎含水量的电阻抗图谱估测

通过人工模拟涝胁迫, 在不同时期测定涝胁迫下白桦(Betula platyphylla)叶和茎的电阻抗图谱(electrical impedance spectroscopy, EIS)和相应叶和茎的含水量及细胞膜透性。对叶和茎EIS参数与其含水量以及细胞膜透性数据分别进行相关分析, 采用单变量线性和非线性回归技术, 选取部分样本数据建立涝胁迫下白桦叶和茎的含水量估测模型, 并利用其余的样本对模型进行检验。用EIS法和电导法估测其耐涝时间。取得如下结果。(1) 随着涝胁迫时间的延长, 涝处理中白桦叶和茎的含水量均呈下降趋势。(2) 涝胁迫下叶的EIS中弧顶电抗值呈降低的趋势, 而茎的EIS中弧顶电抗值呈先升高, 后降低的趋势。(3) 涝胁迫下白桦叶和茎的含水量及细胞膜透性与部分EIS参数显著相关, 并通过选取相关性最佳的EIS参数, 构建了涝胁迫下叶和茎含水量的估算模型。其中, 高频电阻率(r)对叶和茎含水量的估算效果最好, 最佳估算模型分别为y_叶=1.066 8e^−0.11x和y_茎=0.000 7x²+0.003 7x+0.525 4。对以上模型进行测试和检验, 均取得了较为理想的预测精度, 分别为84.30%和94.34%。表明可以用EIS信息估测涝胁迫下白桦叶和茎的含水量, 其估算模型有较高的可靠性与普适性。(4) 白桦实生苗可忍受30天以上涝害胁迫。该研究结果对利用EIS技术监测逆境下林木生理状况及生长趋势具有实用价值。     

白桦BpZFP4基因启动子克隆和逆境响应元件功能分析

前期研究发现白桦锌指蛋白BpZFP4基因响应多种非生物逆境胁迫。为了深入研究其调控机制,本研究利用染色体步移技术克隆了该基因上游1 360 bp的启动子区域,序列分析结果表明该区域含有多个逆境响应顺式作用元件、激素响应元件、光响应以及病原菌和损伤响应元件等。在此基础上,构建了BpZFP4启动子5'-端一系列缺失片段融合GUS报告基因的表达载体。通过对系列缺失突变体在正常条件以及渗透胁迫、盐胁迫和脱落酸（ABA）处理条件下的GUS基因表达分析,鉴定得到BpZFP4启动子对干旱、盐和ABA应答响应的主要调节区域及可能的顺式作用元件。本研究结果为进一步探究BpZFP4基因应答非生物胁迫和信号分子刺激的调控机理提供了重要的理论依据。     

苦荞SSR引物开发及其在遗传多样性分析中的应用

苦荞在中国已经成为广受欢迎的健康食品。本研究通过选择性扩增微卫星序列、体外重组扩增产物和构建SSR富集文库,开发出了一种简便的重组微卫星引物设计方法。通过这种方法,设计合成500对SSR引物,在苦荞上的有效性约50%,多态率达10.8%,PIC平均值为0.3600。利用其中的28对SSR引物,在苦荞核心种质中检测出等位基因85个,每位点的等位基因数为2～5个,平均3.0个。不同地理来源的苦荞种质资源的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数为0.3633～0.6671,来自云南、四川和西藏的苦荞材料不但遗传多样性丰富,而且亲缘关系较近,进一步证实苦荞起源于中国西南部。本研究证明重组微卫星引物设计方法开发的引物对苦荞非常有效,将有助于促进苦荞种质资源遗传多样性、有用基因发掘和分子标记辅助育种研究。     

Progressive Soil Drought Promotes the Export Function in the Birch (Betula platyphylla) Leaf

A greenhouse experiment, which imitated a short (4-day-long) and progressive (3-week-long) soil drought, was employed to assess, with an IR gas analyzer, leaf CO₂ exchange rate (CER) in intact one-year-old seedlings of Betula platyphylla as related to the flux of photosynthetically active radiation ranging from 0 to 1400 E/(m² s). The registered indices comprised leaf temperature, leaf transpiration conductivity, and the average daily increment of the leaf area. Within a week period following the transition from the short severe soil drought (20% H₂O per soil weight) to the conditions of sufficient water content (35–40%), the plants completely regained the initial leaf CER. Under the progressive soil drought, leaf CER was reduced by 30–35%, as compared to the conditions of sufficient water content, evidently due to a 3.7-fold drop in the transpiration conductivity as compared to the control plants. The apparent constant of Rubisco carboxylation and leaf respiration in the light were not affected by the drought period. The rate of leaf growth under the progressive drought was reduced by 64% as compared to the sufficient moisture conditions. Thus, under the progressive drought, the diminished stomatal conductivity reduced CO₂ concentration inside the leaf and lowered carbon photosynthetic assimilation. Meanwhile, the leaf source activity considerably increased in spite of diminished photosynthesis.     

博落回SSR引物的开发以及遗传多样性分析

根据前期由本实验室完成的博落回转录组数据设计出65对引物,以浏阳产地的博落回为材料进行筛选,得到了28对有效引物.用这些引物对来自全国4个不同主要产区的博落回进行扩增,共扩增出引物159条带,其中多态性条带121条,占76.10%,共找到特征性条带13条.统计并比较4个不同产地的数据,经研究发现不同地区的博落回的遗传多样性较低,4个不同产地的博落回相似性较高.     

薇菜SSR分子标记的开发及遗传多样性初步探讨

利用改良FIASCO法(Fast Isolation by AFLP Sequences COntaining repeats)开发出的9对多态性SSR引物评价了薇菜(Osmunda japonica Thunb.)2个野生居群(庐山和恩施)、1个栽培居群(恩施)的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平。结果显示,9个SSR标记在3个薇菜居群中共检测到47个等位基因,每个SSR位点的平均等位基因数为5.222个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.000~0.944和0.577~0.834,香农指数为0.962~1.860,表明各SSR位点多态性较高;各居群的平均期望杂合度均大于平均观测杂合度且种内近交系数均为正值,说明3个薇菜居群中都存在非随机交配现象;对各居群的相关遗传多样性参数分析表明,恩施野生居群遗传多样性最高,而其栽培居群最低;庐山野生居群与恩施野生居群间遗传分化系数为0.092,说明两地野生薇菜居群的遗传分化程度较低,AMOVA分析也表明遗传变异主要存在于野生居群内部。     

SSR分子标记检测出的花生类型内遗传变异

花生是我国重要的食用油和蛋白质来源作物,鉴定其DNA分子多态性对品种改良和资源评价具有重要的意义。从已公布的花生Genomic-SSR和EST-SSR引物中筛选出34对引物,用来分别鉴定花生4大类型各24份共96份品种资源的分子变异,其中龙生型资源全部来自广西,普通型资源中有11份从国外引进,有13份来自广西和国内其他省市,多粒型资源只有两份来自中国,其他22份分别来自印度、美国和非洲等地,珍珠豆型资源中有22份是来自中国各地的育成品种或农家品种,有2份来自国外。研究结果为:分别有10～16对SSR引物能在4大类型花生资源中扩增出多态性DNA片段;这些多态性SSR引物都具有多位点特性;首次为SSR分子标记设立了一个新的评价指标——区别指数,多态性SSR引物的区别指数最高达0.992;资源间的平均遗传距离,多粒型为0.59,普通型为0.48,珍珠豆型为0.38,龙生型为0.17。根据遗传距离采用最长距离法对4大类型花生资源分别进行了聚类分析,构建了资源间的遗传关系图,花生4大类型可进一步分成不同类群,资源间的亲缘关系与其来源相关。观察到PM15和PMc297的扩增产物具有类型特异性,PM15能在龙生型、普通型和多粒型花生资源中扩增出多态性条带,而在珍珠豆型花生中扩增条带完全相同,PMc297也有相似的扩增结果。由于在多粒型花生资源中检测出的遗传多样性最丰富,研究结果支持西班牙专家Krapovickas 1994年公布的花生栽培种分类系统。总之在花生4大类型内资源中能检测出丰富的SSR分子标记,开发出更多的SSR分子标记将能充分揭示花生分子水平的变异,从而使花生遗传图谱构建、分子标记辅助育种成为可能。     

Mining EST-Derived SSR Markers to Assess Genetic Diversity in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a very important staple and industrial crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The paucity of markers is a serious limitation in marker-assisted breeding. A total of 35,992 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from cassava, which were clustered in 13,173 unigenes, were used in this study. A total of 1,889 microsatellites were identified, with an average density of one simple sequence repeats (SSRs) every 4.40 kb. Of the 1,058 designed EST-SSRs from cultivars SC06, TMS60444, and W14, 431 were polymorphic. Then, 31 randomly selected EST-SSRs from the 431 polymorphic EST-SSRs were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 76 cassava accessions. A total of 93 alleles were identified, and the number detected for each EST-SSR ranged from one to four. Based on the 93 alleles, the 76 cassava accessions could be classified into six groups, and the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.55 to 0.94. This study demonstrated the potential of EST-derived SSRs in cassava. The resources developed in this study enriched the available molecular markers for cassava.     

利用SSR分子标记进行海岛棉遗传多样性研究

利用SSR分子标记,对20世纪50年代我国引入海岛棉以来培育的45个国内品种(系)及8个国外品种的遗传多样性进行研究.通过256对SSR引物的筛选,选择24对扩增效果好的引物对53个海岛棉种质资源进行遗传多样性的检测分析,共检测出106个等位位点,每对引物等位位点数在2～8之间,平均为4.4.其中多态性等位基因变异97个,占91.5%.位点多态性信息含量平均为0.688,最高为0.848,最低为0.245.利用NTSYSpc2.1软件,分别计算农艺经济性状的欧氏距离(Euclid)和分子标记数据的Jaccard系数矩阵,采用UPGMA法对所选材料进行聚类分析.结果表明,两个树状聚类图基本吻合,53个品种被分为两大类,与系谱来源一致.实验证明SSR分子标记在鉴别品种和品种遗传多样性研究方面具有重要作用.     

高粱抗旱种质筛选及遗传多样性的SSR分析

对61份高粱育种材料进行了抗旱性鉴定,旨在筛选既有较好抗旱性能又具较高丰产性能的高粱种质供育种利用。本研究筛选出抗旱性3级以上的材料14份,其中1级抗旱材料2份。选用109对SSR引物对61份高粱种质进行了遗传多样性分析,结果表明51对引物有较好的多态性,共扩增到508个等位变异片段,平均每个标记获得10个等位基因,多态性信息量(PIC)值平均为0.6615,变幅0.0322~0.9134。聚类分析结果表明,61份高粱材料聚成4类,聚类结果与根据地理来源、遗传背景的分类结果基本一致。中国高粱恢复系之间的遗传距离较近,说明我国目前的恢复系材料遗传基础狭窄,应在育种中拓宽恢复系的遗传基础。     

Genetic Diversity of Some Pear Cultivars and Genotypes Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers

The genetic diversity and relationships among 47 pear cultivars and genotypes (Pyrus spp.), including 4 Japanese pears (Pyrus pyrifolia), 40 European pears (Pyrus communis), 1 Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) as well as 2 wild relatives (Pyrus salicifolia and Pyrus mazandaranica) were studied using 28 microsatellite primer pairs. A total of 174 alleles were produced at the 28 SSR loci with their sizes ranging from 81 to 290?bp. The number of observed alleles for each locus ranged from 3 (TsuENH014 and TsuENH046) to 12 (NB103a), with an average of 6.21 alleles per locus. In some SSR loci, more than two alleles were amplified in some cultivars and genotypes, suggesting that duplication has occurred in those accessions. This information suggests that at least two genomic regions exist for these loci in the pear genome. The observed heterozygosity (H _o) values of amplified loci ranged from 0.17 (TsuENH006) to 0.97 (NB103a). Shannon's information index (I) value was observed to be highest (2.14) in the NB103a locus, while the TsuENH006 locus had the lowest value with an average of 1.37 among SSR loci. The Dice genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.29 (??Nijisseiki?? and P. mazandaranica) to 0.91 (??Chojuro?? and ??Nijisseiki??) among samples. UPGMA cluster analysis showed two major groups corresponding to the Japanese and European pears.     

设施用厚皮甜瓜品种SSR标记遗传多样性分析

使用分布于甜瓜12条染色体上的72对SSR引物,对我国中东部设施内栽培的30个厚皮甜瓜品种进行分析;56对SSR引物在30个品种间表现为多态性。共检测到138个等位变异,每对引物的等位变异数变幅为2～6个,平均为2.6个。有效等位变异为86.16个,平均为2.25。每个SSR位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化范围为0.045～0.725,平均为0.390。30个品种间遗传相似系数变幅为0.274～0.974之间,平均值为0.665,且90.4%的供试品种其遗传相似系数在0.474～0.824之间,亲缘关系较近;以遗传相似系数为原始数据,按UPGMA方法将30个品种划分为3大类群,结合系谱分析结果表明,我国中东部设施适宜种植的甜瓜品种遗传多样性不够丰富,多数品种间的亲缘关系较近,欲进一步提高中东部地区设施甜瓜产量和品质还需要拓宽亲本选择范围,扩大遗传背景。     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Tibetan Wild Barley Using SSR Markers

One hundred and six accessions of wild barley collected from Tibet, China, including 50 entries of the two-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (HS), 29 entries of the six-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon (HA), and 27 entries of the six-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon var. lagunculiforme (HL), were analyzed using 30 SSR markers selected from the seven barley linkage groups for studying genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of the three subspecies of Tibetan wild barley to cultivated barley in China. Over the 30 genetic loci that were studied, 229 alleles were identified among the 106 accessions, of which 70 were common alleles. H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum possesses about thrice more private alleles (2.83 alleles/locus) than HS (0.93 alleles/locus), whereas almost no private alleles were detected in HL. The genetic diversity among-subspecies is much higher than that within-subspecies. Generally, the genetic diversity among the three subspecies is of the order HS > HL > HA. Phylogenetic analysis of the 106 accessions showed that all the accessions of HS and HA was clustered in their own groups, whereas the 27 accessions of HL were separated into two groups (14 entries with group HS and the rest with group HA). This indicated that HL was an intermediate form between HS and HA. Based on this study and previous works, we suggested that Chinese cultivated barley might evolve from HS via HL to HA.     

92份棉花资源遗传多样性的SSR分析

选用均匀分布于棉花全基因组的132个SSR标记,对精选的92个棉花品种(系)进行分析,结果表明,共扩增出494个多态性条带,每个引物平均3.69个.等位基因变异的多态性信息含量(PIC)在0.010 0～0.871 4之间,平均为0.546 6.采用NTSYS-pc软件计算品种对间的相似系数, 92个品种之间的成对相似系数平均为0.729 2±0.135 0,变幅在0.411 8～0.957 5之间,其中陆地棉种内48.94%的品种对相似系数≤0.800 0,海岛棉种内50.91%的品种对相似系数≤0.800 0,表明此自然群体的遗传基础较为宽泛.根据Jaccard's相似系数所得的UPGMA聚类图和系谱追溯的结果显示,此群体中品种的选育过程复杂,血统来源多样,存在较高程度的遗传多样性.     

应用SSR标记分析鹰嘴豆种质资源遗传多样性

种质资源的遗传多样性是育种工作的基础,本研究利用SSR标记对鹰嘴豆资源进行遗传多样性分析,旨在发掘鹰嘴豆资源中丰富的遗传变异。从48对鹰嘴豆SSR引物中筛选出18对核心多态性引物,对96份不同来源的鹰嘴豆种质资源进行SSR标记的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,18对SSR引物共检测到115个等位变异,占总检测位点的52.99%,每对SSR引物可检测出3~10个等位变异,平均6.39个;平均每个位点多态信息量(PIC)为0.8107,变化范围为0.6661~0.8984。Shannon's信息指数平均为1.4769,变化范围为0.0607~1.9584。PGMA聚类结果表明,在遗传相似系数0.59处,可将96份鹰嘴豆资源分为6个类群,类群Ⅰ包含9份资源,类群Ⅱ包含2份资源,类群Ⅲ包含28份资源,类群Ⅳ包含4份资源,类群Ⅴ包含40份资源,类群Ⅵ包含13份资源。本研究对我国鹰嘴豆种质资源的评价与利用、优异基因的挖掘、育种亲本材料的选择等提供科学依据。     

应用微卫星标记研究西藏野生大麦的遗传多样性

以西藏不同地区的106份野生大麦为材料,其中包括50份野生二棱大麦（HS）,27份野生瓶形大麦（HL）和29份野生六棱大麦（HA）,用Liu等（1996）发表的SSR连锁图的每个连锁群的两个臂的不同位置上选取3～5个共30个SSR标记,研究了西藏3类野生大麦的遗传多样性。结果表明,这3类野生大麦在遗传组成及等位变异频率分布上存在着明显的遗传分化。在总样本中,共检测到229个等位变异,平均每个SSR位点检测到7．6个等位变异,其中70个为这3类野生大麦间共同的等位变异,等位变异数在这3类野生大麦间有明显的差异,亚种问的遗传多样性明显高于亚种内的遗传多样性。其遗传多样性大小顺序为HS〉HL〉HA。聚类分析表明,野生二棱大麦、野生六棱大麦分别聚在不同的两类,而野生瓶形大麦中各有约50％的材料分别聚在这两类。根据本研究及前人研究结果,我们认为中国栽培大麦是从野生二棱大麦经野生瓶形大麦向野生六棱大麦进化的。该结果支持了栽培大麦起源的“野生二棱大麦单系起源论”的观点。     

基于SSR分子标记的芋种遗传多样性分析

本研究利用SSR分子标记对来自于国家种质武汉水生蔬菜资源圃的110份芋种资源进行了遗传多样性分析.10对SSR引物在110份芋种资源中共扩增得到40条带,多态性百分率为100％,Shannon信息指数范围为0.390 5～1.426 8,反映了这110份芋种资源的遗传多样性程度较高.110份芋种资源遗传相似系数介于0.43～1,在遗传相似系数0.63处,聚类图将其分为6个类群.该研究结果为芋种资源的保护和利用奠定了基础.     

用SSR标记分析抗疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系)的遗传多样性

利用50对SSR引物对抗疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系)进行遗传多样性分析。在166份品种(系)中,50个SSR座位共产生265个等位变异,平均每个座位5.3个。采用NTSYS-pc2.10计算品种(系)间遗传相似系数,平均相似系数为0.3124,表明抗疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系)间的遗传差异较大。用UPMGA进行聚类分析,166个品种(系)在相似系数为0.33时被聚为6类,地理来源相同的品种(系)大多聚类在一起。一些具有相同或相近抗病反应型的品种(系)被聚类在同一个类群中,表明这些抗病品种(系)的遗传关系较近,应有选择地利用。W illiam s和C lark抗疫霉根腐病近等基因系构成明显不同于中国大豆的基因源,可以用于拓宽我国大豆品种的遗传基础。