心外按压复苏术救活莽山烙铁头蛇1例

蛇意外窒息,出现心跳呼吸停止后,为其行心外按压复苏术成功救活的,目前国内外尚未见报道。我们于2006年4月11日采用心外按压复苏术成功救活1例心跳呼吸停止15 min的莽山烙铁头蛇,现报告如下。     

坐式八段锦联合足三里穴位按压对社区高龄衰弱患者效果分析

摘要 目的：探讨坐式八段锦联合足三里穴位按压对社区高龄衰弱患者效果分析。方法：前瞻性纳入2021年3月至2022年3月南京某社区50例高龄衰弱患者为研究对象,分为两组,对照组进行常规治疗及健康指导,观察组以对照组为基础,进行为期12周的坐式八段锦锻炼及足三里穴位按压,应用简化营养食欲问卷（SNAQ）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数表（PSQI）、Tilburg衰弱量表、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）和抑郁量表（HAMD）和SF-36生活质量评定量表评估干预前后两组患者的食欲、睡眠、衰弱、焦虑情绪、抑郁情绪和生活质量状况。结果：干预前,两组患者HAMA、HAMD评分、躯体衰弱维度、心理衰弱维度、社会衰弱维度、总分评分、食欲、睡眠、握力和各维度生活质量评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;干预后,两组HAMA和HAMD评分均降低,且观察组较对照组低（P<0.05）;干预后,两组躯体衰弱维度、心理衰弱维度、社会衰弱维度、总分评分均降低,且观察组较对照组低（P<0.05）;干预后,两组食欲、睡眠均降低,而握力升高,且观察组食欲、睡眠均低于对照组,而握力高于对照组（P<0.05）;干预后,两组各维度生活质量评分均升高,且观察组较对照组高（P<0.05）。结论：社区高龄衰弱患者采用坐式八段锦联合足三里穴位按压干预,可有效改善食欲促进睡眠质量升高和促进衰弱病情转归,进而有利于调节患者负性情绪和促进预后生活质量改善。     

瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后按压方法的探讨

目的：探讨瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后有效按压方法。方法：采用自身对照法,对瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后采用两种不同的按压方法,左侧手背为对照组,采用传统的拇指指腹按压法;右侧手背为实验组,采用拇指挠侧面按压法。对两组静脉输液拔针后的出血及淤血的发生率进行比较。结果：对照组出血及皮下淤血的发生率明显高于实验组,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：对瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后采用拇挠侧面按压法优于传统拇指指腹按压法,值得推广应用。     

瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后按压方法的探讨

目的:探讨瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后有效按压方法。方法:采用自身对照法,对瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后采用两种不同的按压方法,左侧手背为对照组,采用传统的拇指指腹按压法;右侧手背为实验组,采用拇指挠侧面按压法。对两组静脉输液拔针后的出血及淤血的发生率进行比较。结果:对照组出血及皮下淤血的发生率明显高于实验组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:对瘦型手背掌骨间隙静脉输液拔针后采用拇挠侧面按压法优于传统拇指指腹按压法,值得推广应用。     

俯卧位腰椎交叉按压微调法（横突）作用力测量与初步分析

目的测量俯卧位腰椎交叉按压微调法（横突）的作用力和作用点,探讨其治疗腰椎疾病的力学机制。方法采用离体实验的方法采集手法作用力和作用点数据,其中作用力由2台FZ-I型推拿手法测定仪和2个三分力测力指套测得,作用点由普通数码相机测得。在此基础上,计算各主要作用力形成的力矩,从生物力学的角度分析各作用力的作用效果。结果得到了手法作用力-时间关系图和手法作用点示意图,左右手垂直作用力产生的力矩同轴,且方向相反,左右手水平作用力产生的力矩方向相同,但异轴。结论俯卧位腰椎交叉按压微调法（横突）的作用力主要具备两种作用效果,一方面,通过＂拉伸＂使相邻两椎骨产生松动,减少椎骨间的摩擦,有利于整复;另一方面,通过＂扭转＂使相邻两椎骨整复,以达到治疗疾病的目的。     

手法按摩、针罐配合中药治疗肩周炎40例

目的:"观察以手法按摩穴位针罐配合中药内服外敷治疗肩周炎的临床方法及疗效。方法:2010年2月至2011年12月。门诊接诊80例患者,采用完全随机分组。进行复合处理对照治疗组,以手法按摩穴位针罐配合中药内服外敷治疗;对照组以非留体类抗炎药配合中药内服,外敷治疗,均治疗4周。结果:治疗组优良率78.10%,总有效率97.01%,对照组优良率45.04%,总有效率80.05%,经统计学处理两组总有效率有显著性差异(P<0.01),结论:通过手法按摩针罐配合中药内服外敷治疗肩周炎比非留体类抗炎药配合中药内服外敷治疗效果非常显著。     

水稻小穗特征基因FZP的图位克隆

FZP是水稻中控制小穗分化的一个关键基因,先前已将它定位在第7染色体上。通过进一步对该基因进行精细定位和图位克隆,找到2个SSR标记NRM6和NRM8,将该基因锁定在一个遗传距离为1．2cM的范围内(两标记与目标基因的遗传距离分别为0．2cM和1．0cM),相应的物理距离为144kb。发现在预期的目标基因位置,存在一个具有类似AP2结构域的基因。已知AP2是一个控制植物花发育的重要基因。因此,这个基因应是FZP的一个候选基因。PCR扩增结果显示,突变体中该基因有一个大约4kb的插人片段,与向共分离。由此可以初步认为,该基因就是FZP。     

气压止血带在手术中的安全使用

目的:探讨自动气压止血带在四肢手术中的科学合理使用。方法:对我院2014年1月—6月196例手术病人进行规范使用气压止血带和预防性护理。结果:正确使用自动气压止血带后,术中未见再出血,术后无并发症发生,达到了安全使用目的。结论:气压止血带在在四肢手术中的规范应用及预防性护理,同时严格掌握使用适应症和禁忌症,可有效控制创面出血,暴露手术野,方便术者操作,缩短手术时间,安全可靠,实用性强。     

中药穴位贴敷联合硬膜外镇痛泵对老年髋关节骨折患者镇痛效果的影响

目的:探讨中药穴位贴敷联合硬膜外镇痛泵对老年髋关节骨折患者镇痛效果的影响。方法:选取2012年2月至2019年2月西安交通大学附属红会医院中医骨科80例老年髋关节骨折患者为研究对象,根据入院顺序,随机化原则将受试者分为对照组和研究组,每组40例,对照组患者术后均给予硬膜外镇痛泵止痛,研究组患者在对照组的基础上联合中药穴位贴敷止痛,比较两组患者术后的疼痛程度、疼痛相关指标、手术前后血清β-内啡肽水平变化及术后镇痛不良反应发生率。结果:研究组患者在术后1 d、3 d、7 d静息状态及活动状态的近期视觉模拟评分(Visual analogue scale, VAS)均显著低于对照组(P0.05),研究组患者疼痛时间、爆发痛次数、术后24 h按压镇痛泵次数、睡眠时间及止痛剂用量均显著少于对照组(P0.05),术后首次按压镇痛泵时间显著长于对照组(P0.05),术前两组患者的血清β-内啡肽水平比较无统计学差异(P0.05),术后24 h及48 h研究组患者的血清β-内啡肽水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),两组术后镇痛不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:中药穴位贴敷联合硬膜外镇痛泵可有效缓解术后疼痛,减少止痛剂用量,提高患者睡眠质量及血清β-内啡肽水平,对促进髋关节骨折患者术后康复具有积极意义。     

穴位激光照射的剂量和机理初探

穴位激光照射疗法是一种通过低强度激光束直接照射穴位的治疗方法,具有针灸作用。阐述了激光照射机体穴位在临床应用的本质,并对其使用的光剂量和作用机理做了初步讨论和分析。     

Interenvironmental Transfer of Microorganisms on the Exterior Surfaces of Jet Aircraft

The likelihood of microorganisms being transferred to new environments by jet aircraft was investigated. Initial random sampling of the aircraft surface revealed the presence of microorganisms in varying numbers on different aerodynamic surfaces. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus were the most common isolates, comprising approximately one-third of the total organisms found. The most frequently isolated fungi were Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium, and several yeasts. Sampling of surfaces before and immediately after a flight demonstrated that microorganisms were collected during flight in areas protected from the airstream and lost in those areas directly exposed to it. These experiments also showed that the majority of the organisms contaminating the aircraft were acquired from the air at ground level. The placement of microorganisms on the aircraft surface before a flight and determination of their survival after flight indicated that the test organisms were most likely to be transported in the areas protected from the airstream. The organisms showing the best chance of being transferred seem to be the sporeforming bacteria, arthrospore-forming fungi, and some yeasts. All phases of this work showed that microorganisms could be carried by jet aircraft to environments they could not reach by natural means of dispersal.     

Indirect assessment of mucosal surface temperatures in the airways: theory and tests

We developed and tested a method, based on conduction heat transfer analysis, to infer airway mucosal temperatures from airstream temperature-time profiles during breath-hold maneuvers. The method assumes that radial conduction of heat from the mucosal wall to inspired air dominates heat exchange during a breath-hold maneuver and uses a simplified conservation of energy analysis to extrapolate wall temperatures from air temperature vs. time profiles. Validation studies were performed by simultaneously measuring air and wall temperatures by use of a retractable basket probe in the upper airways of human volunteers and intrathoracic airways of paralyzed intubated dogs during breath holding. In both protocols, a good correlation was demonstrated between directly measured wall temperatures and those calculated from adjacent airstream temperature vs. time profiles during a breath hold. We then calculated intrathoracic bronchial wall temperatures from breath-hold airstream temperature-time profiles recorded in normal human subjects after cold air hyperpnea at 30 and 80 l/min. The calculations show airway wall temperatures in the upper intrathoracic airways that are below core body temperature during hyperpnea of frigid air and upper thoracic airways that are cooler than more peripheral airways. The data suggest that the magnitude of local intrathoracic heat/water flux is not represented by heat/water loss measurements at the airway opening. Both the magnitude and locus of heat transport during cold gas hyperventilation vary with changes in inspired gas temperature and minute ventilation; both may be important determinants of airway responses.     

Effects of intermittent and continuous pheromone stimulation on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

ABSTRACT. When male oriental fruit moths, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Tortricidae), casting in clean air entered an airstream permeated with pheromone their flight tracks changed immediately on initial contact with pheromone, but after a few seconds returned to casting as if in clean air. The degree of change in the flight track was directly related to the concentration of pheromone. Although little net uptunnel movement occurred in response to the continuous stimulation provided by a uniformly permeated airstream, when an intermittent stimulus provided by a point-source plume was superimposed onto the permeated airstream moths were able to 'lock on' and zigzag uptunnel in the plume. The percentage of moths doing so corresponded to the difference between the peak concentration within the plume and the background concentration of pheromone permeating the airstream. Moths also locked onto, and flew upwind along the pheromone-clean-air boundary formed along a pheromone-permeated side corridor. Because a similar response was observed along a horizontal edge between a pheromone-permeated floor corridor and clean air, we conclude that the intermittent stimulation at the edge perpetuated the narrow zigzagging response to pheromone.     

Effect of air entrainment on airway pressure during endotracheal gas injection

Turbulent jets in endotracheal tubes induce air entrainment and airway pressure changes. We attempted to understand the physical explanation for these effects, which open up to a wide range of applications in intubated patients. An in vitro study was performed on standard size endotracheal tubes with diameters of 8, 7, and 3 mm and several capillaries molded into the wall (less than 1 mm diam) allowing gas injection at approximately 1-2 cm from the tracheal end of the endotracheal tube. This produced a jet velocity-dependent gain in tracheal pressure (Ptr) during inspiration. Data have been interpreted with a theory, based on the classic momentum theorem, which indicates that the mechanisms involved resemble those of axisymmetrical confined jets: air entrainment by turbulent friction with a longitudinal increase in lateral pressure. The difference with axisymmetrical systems lies in the nonconservation of the total thrust in our system because, secondary to wall friction and to the nonaxial incidence of the jets, only a fraction of the jet momentum flux is transformed into pressure. This suggests faster mixing in the present lateral jet system, as shown by 1) the independence of Ptr on tracheal geometry and 2) the very rapid increase in lateral pressure. The present study supports the idea that pressure changes in the airways, which are potentially beneficial in intubated patients, can be satisfactorily generated by turbulent jets.     

Computer modelling of the meteorological and spraying parameters that influence the aerial dispersion of agrochemical sprays

 An insight into the nature of prevailing meteorological conditions and the manner in which they interact with spraying parameters is an important prerequisite in the analysis of the dynamics of agrochemical sprays. Usually, when these sprays are projected from hydraulic nozzles, their initial velocity is greater than that of the ambient wind speed. The flowfield therefore experiences changes in speed and direction which are felt upstream as well as downstream of the spray droplets. The pattern of the droplet flow, i.e. the shape of the streamlines marking typical trajectories, will be determined by a balance of viscous forces related to wind speed, inertial forces resulting from the acceleration of the airstream and pressure forces which can be viewed in terms of the drag forces exerted on the spray droplets themselves. At a certain distance in the ensuing motion, when the initial velocity of the spray droplets has decreased sufficiently for there to be no acceleration, their trajectories will be controlled entirely by the random effects of turbulence. These two transport processes in the atmosphere can be modelled mathematically using computers. This paper presents a model that considers the velocity of spray droplets to consist of a ballistic velocity component superimposed by a random-walk velocity component. The model is used to study the influence of meteorological and spraying parameters on the three-dimensional dynamics of spray droplets projected in specified directions in neutral and unstable weather conditions. The ballistic and random-walk velocity components are scaled by factors of (1–ξ) and ξ respectively, where ξ is the ratio of the sedimentation velocity and the relative velocity between the spray droplets and the surrounding airstream. This ratio increases progressively as the initial velocity of the spray droplet decreases with air resistance and attains a maximum when the sedimentation velocity has been reached. As soon as this occurs, the random-walk process predominates. The computed effects of the release height of spray droplets, atmospheric turbulence intensity, evaporation, drop size spectrum, wind velocity and wind direction on the transport process have been studied and an analysis of spray drift is provided. Received: 5 March 1997 / Accepted: 17 December 1997     

Signals and flexibility in the dance communication of honeybees

Progress in understanding dance communication in honeybees is reviewed. The behaviour of both dancers and follower bees contain flexible and stereotypic elements. The transfer of specific information about direction and distance probably involves more than one sensory modality. The follower bees need to stay behind the dancer (within the angle of wagging) during at least one waggle run in order to perceive the specific information. Within this zone, a small stationary air-flow receiver (like the antenna of a follower bee) experiences a well-defined maximum when the abdomen of the wagging dancer passes by. Within 1 mm from the tip of the abdomen, the maximum may be caused by oscillating flows generated by the wagging motion. At other positions and distances (up to several millimetres from the dancer) the maximum is due to a spatially narrow jet air flow generated by the vibrating wings. The time pattern of these maxima is a function of the angular position of the receiver relative to the axis of the waggle run and thus a potential cue for direction. In addition to the narrow jet air flows, the dancers can generate a broad jet. The jets are not automatic by-products of wing vibration, since they can be switched on and off when the dancer adjusts the position of her wings.     

Behavioural responses of wheat stem sawflies to wheat volatiles

1 Adult wheat stem sawflies Cephus cinctus, pests of cultivated cereals that also infests wild grasses, migrate into wheat fields where they oviposit in elongating, succulent stems.
2 Volatiles released by wheat plants at susceptible stages were analyzed to determine potential semiochemical compounds. Seven major compounds were identified and quantified.
3 A Y-tube bioassay was developed to evaluate upwind orientation of adult sawflies in response to an airstream that passed over elongated wheat plants. The bioassay was also conducted with synthetic volatile compounds. The compounds were tested using a range of concentrations spanning those identified in the airstream passing over wheat plants.
4 A significant number of adult females were attracted to wheat plants when given a choice of either purified air or the air passing over plants.
5 A significant number of female C. cinctus were attracted to ( Z )-3-hexenyl acetate, β-ocimene, and ( Z )-3-hexen-1-ol, but were repelled by 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Females did not respond to ( E )-2-hexenal, or ( E )-2-hexenyl acetate. The behavioural responses were concentration dependent; the highest tested concentration of ( Z )-3-hexenyl acetate was repellent to females of this species.
6 Adult males did not discriminate between air passing over wheat plants and air from a purified airstream. Males did not respond to any tested synthetic compound at any concentration.
7 The present study demonstrates for the first time that adult females of wheat stem sawfly display innate behaviours in response to synthetic volatiles. These results provide a basis for the potential development of resistant wheat varieties and for the development of semiochemically-based pest management.     

Influence of operating variables on liquid circulation in a 10.5-m(3) jet loop bioreactor

A 10.5-m(3) concentric tube jet loop reactor was used to study the influence of the working liquid volume, mean superficial air velocity, operating pressure, downcomer aeration, liquid jet velocity, and two ratios of draft tube/reactor diameter (D(t)/D) on liquid circulation time (T(c)). The experiments were carried out in a water-air system with the use of the acid pulse method. Results showed that circulation time was independent of the working liquid volume over a certain minimum liquid level, whereas downcomer aeration and D(t)/D ratio appeared as amenable parameters to achieve a high degree of control over liquid circulation and mixing efficiency, and to optimize the overall reactor performance. Increasing the operating pressure caused a reduction of the liquid circulation rate. However, ionger residence times of the air bubbles and the higher mass transfer driving force that result at higher pressures improve oxygen utilization. The relationship between T(c) and air load was independent of the operating pressure, provided the correlation is given as a function of the mean superficial air velocity. Neither liquid circulation nor gas holdup were significantly affected by liquid jet velocity. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.     

Low-volume jet injection for efficient nonviral in vivo gene transfer

The transfer of naked deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) represents an alternative to viral and liposomal gene transfer technologies for gene therapy applications. Various procedures are employed to deliver naked DNA into the desired cells or tissues in vitro and in vivo, such as by simple needle injection, particle bombardment, in vivo electroporation or jet injection. Among the various nonviral gene delivery technologies jet injection is gaining increasing acceptance because it allows gene transfer into different tissues with deeper penetration of the applied naked DNA. The versatile hand-held Swiss jet injector uses pressurized air to force small volumes of 3 to 10 μL of naked DNA into targeted tissues. The β-galactosidase (LacZ) reporter gene construct and tumor necrosis factor α gene-expressing vectors were successfully jet injected at a pressure of 3.0 bar into xenotransplanted human tumor models of colon carcinoma. Qualitative and quantitative expression analysis of jet injected tumor tissues revealed the efficient expression of these genes in the tumors. Using this Swiss jet-injector prototype repeated jet injections of low volumes (3–10 μL) into one target tissue can easily be performed. The key parameters of in vivo jet injection such as jet injection volume, pressure, jet penetration into the tumor tissue, DNA stability have been defined for optimized nonviral gene therapy. These studies demonstrate the applicability of the jet injection technology for the efficient and simultaneous in vivo gene transfer of two different plasmid DNAs into tumors. It can be employed for nonviral gene therapy of cancer using minimal amounts of naked DNA.