食药用真菌寡糖研究进展及展望

食药用真菌中多糖和寡糖独特的生物学活性引起了广泛的关注。寡糖一般通过多糖降解获得,与多糖相比,寡糖分子量低、结构相对简单、易于吸收。挖掘高活性寡糖链,阐明寡糖结构和活性的构效关系,有助于突破解析多糖复杂结构的技术瓶颈,揭示食药用真菌药理活性的作用机制。目前,人（乳）、动物和微生物（细菌）源的寡糖开发利用已有大量研究报道,而食药用真菌寡糖的研究还相对较少。文中系统总结了国内外食药用真菌寡糖的最新研究进展,详细评述了寡糖活性评价与结构鉴定的相关研究手段及成果。我国食药用真菌资源丰富,构建食药用真菌寡糖库,高通量筛选活性寡糖,阐明寡糖活性的作用机制对食药用真菌的产品开发,研发及临床应用食药用真菌相关保健品、药品,具有重要意义。     

从山林求索到绿色栽培——解放军军需大学基础部生物教研室的“野菜之路”

中国地域广阔，地形复杂，植物资源极为丰富。在我国的山林原野中蕴藏着形形色色的野生可食植物，几千年来，我国人民积累了丰富的采食、利用野生可食植物的经验，使其成为灾年果腹、平日健体的“绿色之友”。现代虽然农业科学发展迅速，传统栽培作物的产量和质量都较古代有较大提高，但在“回归自然”、“药食同源”等思潮的影响下，人们对野生可食植物情有独钟，而对于军人和野外考察探险者来说，野生可食植物更有其特殊的意义。 　　为了加强野生可食植物的研究，进一步开发利用我国丰富的野生可食植物资源，服务于社会，并为适应部队平…     

药食同源的历史和发展概况

"药食同源"是我国劳动人民在食物和药物发现中总结的智慧结晶,体现了食物在保健和治疗方面的功能。在我国古代,劳动者认识到药食同功、同理而亦有界限,并产生了"药食两用"物品这一类群。古代本草,尤其是食物类本草著作,记载了大量的"药食两用"中药材,并对相关原理、功效、禁忌及用法等进行详述,为今天的"药食两用"品种研究提供了宝贵的依据。卫计委(原卫生部)颁布的"按照传统既是食品又是药品物品"即是"药食同源"在当前发展的体现,但由于该目录只有名单,带来了一定的问题。本着安全和健康的原则,需结合古今应用情况对名单进行相关修订,并制定相关标准或规则,明确已有品种,并严格把控新品种的纳入。     

菊花的药食同源功效

菊花(Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.)是中国传统名花,也是世界著名花卉,多作为观赏植物被人们所熟知。然而菊花除了极高的观赏价值外,还具有很好的食用价值和药用价值。因此,菊花也是一种药食同源植物。依据用途可将菊花分为观赏菊和实用菊。实用菊依据应用方式又可划分为药用菊、食用菊和茶用菊三类。介绍了实用菊发展的历史,主要对实用菊的种质资源及其药食同源功效进行综述,旨在引起人们对菊花药食同源功效的关注,弘扬中华菊文化,提高菊花的应用价值,进而推动实用菊花种质资源的收集、保存和育种工作的开展。     

贵州省仁怀市野生药食兼用植物资源调查

目的：了解仁怀市药食兼用的野生植物资源及传统知识，为该地区药食兼用植物资源的利用与保护提供参考。方法：应用民族植物学与植物分类学的方法，对仁怀市野生药食兼用植物种类、食用部位、食用方法及药用价值等进行调查。结果：仁怀市居民常用的野生药食兼用植物共涉69科137属163种，其中以菊科和蔷薇科的植物较多，分别为26种和14种；在食用习惯上，该地区药食兼用的植物多以茶饮类和野菜类为多，分别为92种和99种；在食用部位上，以食用嫩茎叶、果实和嫩苗较多，分别为43种、25种和24种。这些药食兼用植物共涉及90种药效，多集中于清热解毒、消肿止痛、滋阴润燥、消炎等清热功效方面。结论：贵州省仁怀市的药食兼用野生植物资源丰富、资源保护和应用传承现状良好，具有较好的开发潜力。     

青果有效成分的提取工艺研究进展

青果含有丰富的有效成分,具有很好的保健功效,是国家卫生部批准的药食同源的物品之一。该文通过对青果的有效成分黄酮类化合物、多酚类化合物、三萜类化合物和挥发性芳香成分的提取工艺进行总结与分析,以期为青果有效成分的进一步提取优化研究及青果资源的开发与利用提供参考。     

分子标记在食（药）用真菌遗传多样性研究中的应用

食（药）用真菌在经济和生态方面都具有重要意义,其遗传多样性研究是资源可持续利用和生物保护学研究的基础,有利于食（药）用真菌种质资源的收集、保存、评价和利用,也有助于其分类学、系统学及进化等的研究。遗传多样性的研究方法很多,分子标记是目前最常用最有效的方法之一。综合分析了分子标记在食（药）用真菌遗传多样性研究中的应用,比较了各种标记的应用范围、优缺点,探讨了分子标记用于食（药）用真菌遗传多样性评价的前景及问题。     

益生菌联合药食同源材料改善常用抗结核药所致小鼠肝损伤和肠道菌群紊乱的作用

目的 探讨益生菌与药食同源材料补充对异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇和吡嗪酰胺4种抗结核药联用所致小鼠肝损伤及肠道菌群紊乱的影响。方法 将30只SPF级雄性ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和治疗组,每组10只,其中模型组和治疗组小鼠给予4种抗结核药建立肝损伤模型,治疗组在此基础上给予益生菌联合药食同源材料组方。持续灌胃2周后每组随机抽取5只小鼠处死取材。剩余小鼠停止抗结核药灌胃,仅继续给予组方灌胃1周。检测血清中生化指标丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、总胆红素(TBiL)、尿酸(UA)及白蛋白(Alb)水平。采用流式细胞术分析各组5只小鼠脾脏免疫细胞亚群比例。提取结肠内容物DNA,采用16S rDNA测序分析各组肠道菌群构成。结果 益生菌联合药食同源材料可显著减轻抗结核药联用导致的小鼠ALT、AST、TC及TBiL水平的增加,同时缓解抗结核药联用导致的小鼠脾脏CD3⁺ T、CD4⁺ T细胞的减少。与模型组相比,治疗组小鼠肠道乳杆菌属和拟杆菌属相对丰度略有增加,葡萄球菌属相对丰度显著降低。第...     

药食同源对更年期女性的作用探讨

探讨药食同源对更年期女性的作用,为更年期女性饮食调理提出建议。     

陈皮的化学成分与药理学作用研究进展

陈皮作为常用中药,是首批药食同源的宝贵原料之一,有多种药用价值,其应用历史悠久。陈皮的主要化学成分有挥发油、黄酮、生物碱和微量元素等。药理学研究表明,陈皮具有抑菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、促消化、祛痰、保肝、降血压和神经保护等多种作用。本文对陈皮化学成分和药理作用的研究进行系统综述,以期为陈皮的临床应用及后续研究方向提供科学依据。     

Diet and cancer prevention: Dietary compounds,dietary MicroRNAs,and dietary exosomes

Cancer is one of main health public problems worldwide. Several factors are involved in beginning and development of cancer. Genetic and internal/external environmental factors can be as important agents that effect on emerging and development of several cancers. Diet and nutrition may be as one of important factors in prevention or treatment of various cancers. A large number studies indicated that suitable dietary patterns may help to cancer prevention or could inhibit development of tumor in cancer patients. Moreover, a large numbers studies indicated that a variety of dietary compounds such as curcumin, green tea, folat, selenium, and soy isoflavones show a wide range anti‐cancer properties. It has been showed that these compounds via targeting a sequence of cellular and molecular pathways could be used as suitable options for cancer chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Recently, dietary microRNAs and exosomes have been emerged as attractive players in cancer prevention and cancer therapy. These molecules could change behavior of cancer cells via targeting various cellular and molecular pathways involved in cancer pathogenesis. Hence, the utilization of dietary compounds which are associated with powerful molecules such as microRNAs and exosomes and put them in dietary patterns could contribute to prevention or treatment of various cancers. Here, we summarized various studies that assessed effect of dietary patterns on cancer prevention shortly. Moreover, we highlighted the utilization of dietary compounds, dietary microRNAs, and dietary exosomes and their cellular and molecular pathways in cancer chemoprevention.     

Discriminating between energetic content and dietary composition as an explanation for dietary restriction effects

A reduction in dietary calories has been shown to prolong life span in a wide variety of taxa, but there has been much debate about confounding factors such as nutritional composition of the diet, or reallocation of nutrients from reduced reproduction. To disentangle the contribution of these different mechanisms to extension of life span, we study the effect of caloric restriction on longevity and fecundity in two species of sugar-feeding parasitoid wasps. They have a simple diet that consists of carbohydrates only, and they do not resorb eggs, which rules out the proposed alternative explanations for beneficial effects of caloric restriction. Two caloric restriction treatments were applied: first, dietary dilution to investigate the effect of carbohydrate concentration in the diet; and second, intermittent feeding to examine the effect of feeding frequency on longevity and fecundity. Only the dietary dilution treatment showed an effect of caloric restriction with the highest longevity recorded at 80% sucrose (w/v). No effect of dietary regime was found on fecundity. We also measured the weight increase of the parasitoids after feeding to obtain an estimate of consumption. A constant quantity of the sugar solution was consumed in all dietary dilution treatments, hence caloric intake was proportional to sucrose concentrations. Although the present study does not disqualify the relevance of nutrient composition in other species, our data unequivocally demonstrate that caloric restriction alone is sufficient to extend life span and invalidate alternative explanations.     

Absorption and metabolism of dietary carotenoids

A number of carotenoids with diverse structures are present in foods and have beneficial effects on human health due to their common antioxidant activity and their respective biological activities. The major carotenoids found in human tissues, however, are limited to several including such as β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein. We have little knowledge of whether carotenoids are selectively absorbed in intestine and metabolized discriminately in the body. Moreover, the metabolic transformation of carotenoids in mammals other than vitamin A formation has not been fully elucidated. Here, the intestinal absorption and oxidative metabolism of dietary carotenoids are reviewed with a focus on dietary xanthophylls.     

Lycopene-rich products and dietary photoprotection.

Plant constituents such as carotenoids and flavonoids are involved in the light-protecting system in plants and contribute to the prevention of UV damage in humans. As micronutrients they are ingested with the diet and are distributed into light-exposed tissues where they provide systemic photoprotection. beta-Carotene is an endogenous photoprotector, and its efficacy to prevent UV-induced erythema formation has been demonstrated in intervention studies. Lycopene is the major carotenoid of the tomato and is a very efficient singlet oxygen quencher in the group of carotenoids. Following ingestion of lycopene or tomato-derived products rich in lycopene, photoprotective effects have been demonstrated. After 10-12 weeks of intervention a decrease in the sensitivity towards UV-induced erythema was observed in volunteers. Dietary carotenoids may contribute to life-long protection against harmful UV radiation.