半夏珠芽发育过程的形态学和解剖学研究

通过形态学观察和石蜡切片方法研究了半夏[Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.]的珠芽发育过程,结果显示:半夏珠芽着生于叶柄的下部,起始于幼嫩叶柄的腹面最外轮维管束外周薄壁细胞;恢复分裂的薄壁细胞分裂形成珠芽原基细胞团,在原基生长突破叶柄表皮后分化形成具有生长点的珠芽结构,发育中的珠芽无根分化;珠芽的生长被动地终止于叶片衰老(倒苗),无明显的成熟发育过程。研究表明,半夏的珠芽是不定芽性质的无性繁殖结构,但在发育过程上明显区别于其它植物的珠芽发育。     

滴水珠珠芽发育过程研究

珠芽是滴水珠(Pinellia cordata)的营养繁殖结构,为揭示滴水珠珠芽发育过程中的特征,该研究以野外采集材料进行盆栽观察试验,通过形态观察法和石蜡切片方法,探索滴水珠叶片和叶柄处珠芽发育过程中的形态学和解剖学结构特征。结果表明:滴水珠珠芽发育过程在形态上分为叶柄无现象时期、早期珠芽结构分化和珠芽膨大成熟时期三个时期;相应的解剖学发育时期为珠芽原基启动期和形成期、原基分化期和膨大成熟期四个阶段。叶片和叶柄珠芽起始细胞均由叶柄腹面表皮下层薄壁细胞组织脱分化形成,起始细胞不断分裂形成细胞团最后发育成珠芽原基;在原基分化期的特征是生长点形成,最终分化形成芽原基和鳞片叶;膨大成熟期的特征是珠芽结构不断生长,生长点侧生分化鳞片叶增多。叶片和叶柄处珠芽成熟脱落时期为灰色椭圆形结构,测得平均直径分别为(2.79±0.40)mm和(2.69±0.36)mm,外部有鳞片包裹,内部含大量营养物质。在环境适宜条件下,珠芽遇土萌发,萌发率达75%。这表明滴水珠珠芽与同属植物半夏珠芽发育过程差别不大,都是无性克隆营养繁殖体结构。     

弥勒魔芋珠芽发育过程的形态学和解剖学研究

珠芽是弥勒魔芋的一种重要营养繁殖器官。以弥勒魔芋为材料,通过形态学观察以及解剖学研究,揭示了弥勒魔芋珠芽形成过程中的一系列特征。结果显示:弥勒魔芋珠芽生长于植株叶柄分叉以及裂叶分叉处,由主干茎或主干叶柄表皮下的薄壁细胞重新获得分裂能力后分化而来。珠芽的发育过程可分为珠芽原基启动形成期,珠芽膨大期和珠芽成熟期。珠芽的生长终止于植株衰老倒伏。研究表明,弥勒魔芋的珠芽生长位点明显区别于其他常见植物,珠芽繁殖是魔芋适应生态环境的一种重要机制。     

淡黄花百合的引种驯化与繁殖栽培技术

在武汉对从云南红河州采集的野生淡黄花百合进行引种栽培,研究其物候期、生长发育规律及繁殖栽培技术,为引种栽培提供科学依据。结果表明:淡黄花百合适应性较好,植株生长健壮,开花结实正常,观赏价值高,耐热性良好;通过鳞茎、珠芽、种子繁殖,以珠芽繁殖效果较好;开展基质、施肥对珠芽生长的试验,表明泥炭与珍珠岩比例为1∶1、氮磷钾比例为2∶1∶1的组合对植株成活率、株高以及鳞茎增长等方面均具有显著促进作用,可作为珠芽繁殖的最佳配比,为淡黄花百合的人工繁育提供技术参考。     

单芽狗脊营养器官的解剖学研究

采用离析法和石蜡切片法对单芽狗脊营养器官进行形态解剖研究。结果表明：单芽狗脊叶为异面叶,上、下表皮细胞均为不规则型,仅下表皮有气孔器分布;叶柄维管束有2~6个,自叶柄基部向上至叶轴仅有2个较大的维管束;根状茎薄壁细胞之间有多个维管束散生分布,且富含丰富的淀粉粒;皮层在根的横切结构中占比较大,木质部的发育方式为外始式;单芽狗脊珠芽的发育过程分为三个阶段,珠芽原基的形成期、珠芽原基的分化期、成熟期。     

稀子蕨胞芽发育及营养器官的形态与解剖学研究

该研究采用形态观察法、石蜡切片法以及扫描电子显微镜法对稀子蕨(Monachosorum henryi)胞芽发育过程及营养器官进行观察分析,以揭示不同蕨类植物胞芽生殖在发育生物学上的异同,为进一步探讨蕨类植物胞芽发育与被子植物珠芽发育的异同等奠定基础。结果表明：(1)稀子蕨羽叶薄,由7~8层细胞组成,气孔分布于下表皮,无明显栅栏组织和海绵组织分化。(2)稀子蕨的叶轴含1束“心”形维管束,叶柄基部至中部含2束维管束;成熟根能看到明显的维管束组织,无髓。(3)稀子蕨的复羽叶发育过程可分为萌动期、卷拳期、展叶期、成熟期和衰老期;复羽叶上的胞芽发育从展叶期开始,包括胞芽原基发育期、胞芽分化期、胞芽膨大期和胞芽成熟期。(4)稀子蕨胞芽原基起源于叶轴与羽叶分叉处表皮细胞下的薄壁细胞层;胞芽原基分化出多个叶原基,整体呈指状“锚”状;胞芽成熟后掉落土壤或在母体上萌发生长出新叶。     

多花黄精和安徽黄精叶片发育的比较解剖学研究

对多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema)和安徽黄精(P.anhuiense)不同发育时期的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究。结果表明:(1)在叶片发育过程中,气孔器指数都是由低到高,达到最高值后再逐渐降低并趋于稳定;(2)叶片长宽比在发育过程中都呈上升趋势,且与叶片形状之间有一定的相关性,叶片长宽比与表皮细胞长宽比之间没有明显的相关性;(3)两者叶片的上下表皮细胞的发育方式基本一致,都是由表皮细胞进行横向和径向生长的过程;(4)在叶片的分化过程中,首先分化出来的是表皮,其次是叶肉,最后是叶脉;(5)多花黄精的叶缘在发育早期叶肉中有大型薄壁细胞出现,但叶片成熟时,大型薄壁细胞消失或继续保存,而安徽黄精在整个发育过程中,叶肉中都未见大型薄壁细胞出现。该研究为黄精属互生叶类和轮生叶类植物的叶片发育研究积累了实验资料。     

中国野生百合叶表皮特征及系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对20个野生百合种或变种的叶表皮进行了系统观察和比较分析,结果表明:(1)20种野生百合气孔器均分布于叶片远轴面,气孔器的长轴与远轴面细胞长轴方向一致,均位于远轴面细胞的端点处。气孔器形状从长椭圆形到近圆形不等;保卫细胞均为肾形,无副卫细胞,保卫细胞表面角质层均具条纹;表皮细胞角质层近于光滑或具条纹,均具蜡质,蜡质纹饰呈膜片状晶体或颗粒状;气孔密度、气孔器大小、近轴面远轴面细胞、垂周壁样式差异较大。(2)聚类分析表明,兰州百合、川百合、卷丹百合、紫斑百合、乳头百合、宝兴百合、山丹百合、大理百合、绿花百合、毛百合和有斑百合聚为类群Ⅰ;淡黄花百合、岷江百合和玫红百合3个野生种聚为类群Ⅱ;青岛百合单独为类群Ⅲ;宜昌百合、紫脊百合、通江百合、百合和野百合聚为类群Ⅳ,聚类结果总体上支持形态学分类的结果。(3)叶表皮形态对于区分野生百合不同种具有重要的分类学价值。     

钙离子对半夏叶柄珠芽位置效应及其生长素含量的影响

研究Ca2+对半夏叶柄珠芽形成位置的影响.在MS+6-BA 1mg/L+IAA 0.5mg/L+3%蔗糖培养基中添加不同浓度Ca2+,观察正置培养的叶柄形芽形成情况并测定内源生长素(IAA含量).结果表明:对照Ca2+为3mmol/L培养基中,珠芽10.56%在其上端生成,92.22%在下端生成;低浓度和高浓度Ca2+对半夏叶柄珠芽形成位置有影响,Ca2+为1.5 mmoL/L和8 mmol/L时影响最显著,正置叶柄的珠芽大多数在叶柄的上端形成,形成率最高达87.22%.内源IAA测定表明:在Ca2+为3 mmol/L培养基中,叶柄上端的I从浓度高于下端,珠芽在下端生成.在Ca2+为1.5mmol/L和Ca2+为8mmol/L时,叶柄上端的生长素浓度低于叶柄下端,珠芽多在叶柄上端生成.因此,叶柄上下两端的生长素浓度差异影响了半夏珠芽的形成位置.     

生姜根茎的发育过程及分泌腔的超微结构

为了解生姜(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)根茎的发育过程,在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下对不同发育时期的生姜进行显微和超微结构观察,并对分泌腔的发生发育过程进行了研究。结果表明,幼嫩期的生姜,表皮以内的基本组织可大致分为皮层、拟内皮层和中柱。次生加厚分生组织起源于中柱外侧一些细胞,细胞分裂和体积增大促使生姜发育。薄壁细胞内有大量的淀粉粒且其数量、形状和大小因发育时期而不同。分泌腔广布于生姜中,其发育过程可分为3个阶段:分泌腔原始细胞团形成、分泌腔的发生和成熟分泌腔形成。生姜精油主要在线粒体、质体和细胞质中合成。本研究为生姜药用资源的开发利用提供了理论依据。     

卷丹珠芽萌发的组织学观察

以卷丹(Lilium laneifolium)珠芽为试材,采用野外调查法、石蜡切片法、徒手切片法、离析法,观察珠芽各部分形态和结构,用分光光度法测定各片鳞叶的花青素和光合色素含量,为其珠芽繁殖生物学研究提供资料。结果表明,珠芽由鳞叶、鳞茎和不定根构成,鳞叶外表皮细胞具有发达的角质层,外表皮内侧1～2层叶肉细胞含有花青素;叶肉细胞含绿色造粉体,第1～3片鳞叶基部的绿色造粉体向不定根伸长方向集中分布,鳞叶色素含量由外至内逐渐降低;鳞叶维管束为外韧维管束。鳞茎主要由皮层和维管柱构成,鳞茎上端包括顶端分生组织和芽鞘,在下端细胞部分发生程序性死亡,但未发现类似叶片脱落时叶柄基部出现的离层结构。不定根起源于第2片鳞叶基部环生的鳞茎皮层细胞,不定根与周围鳞叶组织分离。在珠芽萌发过程中鳞叶的物质供给出现分化现象。     

Vivipary in Polygonum viviparum: an adaptation to cold climate?

Populations of Polygonurn viviparurn were investigated in the Swiss Alps at 14 sites, ranging from 450 m to 2530 m above sea level. The average length of stems and the mean number of reproductive organs (flowers + bulbils) decreased significantly with increasing altitude. On average, the ratio of flowers to bulbils per inflorescence also declined so that at high altitudes, bulbil production was more pronounced. Increased allocation to vegetative reproduction is discussed as an adaptation to cold climate. It is suggested that enhanced vegetative reproduction might be controlled by incornplete floral induction in high altitudes. In addition variability within and between populations was investigated by isozyme electrophoresis and the examination of bulbil colours. A considerable amount of variability was found in alpine populations. The demonstrated genetic variability showed that in P. viviparum it is likely that minor sexual reproduction is maintained even under alpine conditions. This is reflected in different enzyme phenotypes and different bulbil colours.     

Morphology and molecular phylogeny ofTretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities

Tretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities was newly isolated from the decaying petiole and peduncle ofCocos nucifera collected in Depok, Indonesia. The species produced first a bulbil as a propagule on the top of a synnema. After the bulbil had fallen, the synnema proliferated about seven times to produce new bulbils, each time making conspicuous nodes at the upper part. By careful morphological observation, clamp connections were confirmed on the hyphae in the specimens and culture. In culture, each hyphal cell with or without a clamp was found to be dikaryotic by DAPI nuclear staining. Germination of the bulbils occurred first from projecting hyphal tips on their upper surface, which have been treated as germ pores. The inner structure of the bulbils, the hyaline mucus of the bulbils, and conidium-like hyphal fragments were also examined. Phylogenetically,T. sphaerophorus was inferred to be related to the Aphyllophorales based on the nuclear encoded small subunit (18S) rDNA using the homology search system (FASTA) and the neighbour-joining method. Part 10 in a series on the taxonomy of synnematous fungi.     

Rapid clonal propagation of Pinellia ternata by tissue culture

Adventitious buds or protocorm-like bodies were regenerated directly from excised explants without intervening callus. Differences in the ability of regeneration were observed among different plant organs with bulbils showing the highest regenerative ability followed by leaf blade and petiole. Ability of vegetative propagation of bulbil could be maintained by alternate solid-and liquid-medium culture. Theoretically, 1.7×10²⁷ plantlets could be produced from a single bulbil by this technique within one year based on the production and rapid growth of protocorm-like bodies and adventitious buds. Concentration of MS salts, NAA and sucrose influenced not only root formation from the differentiated adventitious buds, but also root number and length. For root formation, the best combination was one-half strength MS salts with 3–5% sucrose and 1 mg/l NAA. The high survival rate of 96% was recorded when plantlets were transplanted into a mixture of vermiculite:loam soil:peat moss (1:2:1). Plants from in vitro culture were morphological similar to field-grown plants. The acute toxicity of crude extracts from protocorm-like bodies was about one-fourth that of extracts from tubers of field-grown plants when tested with white mice. Tissue culture has potential for clonal propagation of Pinellia ternata plants for commercial use.Abbreviations MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - BA 6-benzylaminopurine     

Understanding the germination of bulbils from an ecological perspective: a case study on Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya)

Background and Aims

Bulbils serve as a means of vegetative reproduction and of dispersal for many plants; this latter aspect making them analogous to seeds. However, germination of bulbils may differ considerably from seeds due to dissimilar anatomical structures and perhaps environmental cue perception. The few laboratory studies done on bulbils suggest that their germination is similar to that of seeds in the same habitats and to vegetative buds of winter-dormant plants. The present study is the first to examine how bulbil germination is controlled in nature in relation to dispersal (before vs. after winter of the same cohort) and to ambient temperatures.

Methods

Under laboratory conditions, temperature and light requirements for root and shoot emergences from bulbils of Dioscorea polystachya collected in September, 2005, February, 2006 (produced in 2005) and July, 2006 were determined. Effects of cold stratification and dry storage for releasing dormancy were tested on September and July bulbils. The phenology of dormancy release and of root and shoot emergences and the persistence of bulbils in soil were followed over time under field conditions.

Key Results

Although a low percentage of bulbils collected in July or in September produced roots, but no shoots, in the laboratory and field, these roots died within approx. 1 month. Regardless of collection date, cold stratification markedly increased root and shoot emergences. Bulbils sown outdoors in October produced roots and shoots the following March and April, respectively. The soil bulbil bank is short lived.

Conclusions

Bulbils of D. polystachya are similar to seeds of many temperate plants being mostly dormant when dispersed in summer or autumn and overcoming dormancy with cold stratification during winter. Adaptively, bulbil germination primarily occurs in spring at the beginning of a favourable period for survivorship and growth.     

养分供应对3种舞花姜属植物繁殖方式的影响

该研究选用的3种舞花姜属植物中,毛舞花姜(Globba barthei)和双翅舞花姜(G. schomburgkii)自然条件下开花不结实,以珠芽进行繁殖;异果舞花姜(G. racemosa)则同时以种子和珠芽进行繁殖。在人工栽培条件下,高养分处理显著增加毛舞花姜的珠芽干重((1.11±0.10) g vs. (3.08±0.69) g,p=0.010 7)、珠芽数量((30.58±2.92) vs. (74.74±9.73),p=0.000 4)、珠芽大小((10.5±1.48) mg vs. (53.50±11.42) mg,p=0.001 5)、植株营养体重((3.99±0.23) g vs. (9.67±1.17) g,p=0.000 2)和双翅舞花姜的珠芽数量((51.74±3.64) vs. (108.71±21.52),p=0.018 1)。不同养分条件下两种舞花姜的开花数量无显著差异。人工去除珠芽、花对两种舞花姜植株当年生花和珠芽的数量无显著影响(p<0.05)。自然条件下异果舞花姜不同居群间珠芽大小、珠芽数、珠芽重、果实重、种子数和营养体重等均存在极显著差异(p<0.001)。异果舞花姜各居群植株珠芽数和营养体重(r=0.901,p<0.05)、珠芽重和珠芽大小 (r=0.849,p<0.05) 呈显著正相关;果实重和种子数(r=0.998,p<0.05) 呈显著正相关。土壤因子主成分分析表明前3个主成分提供的信息量分别为50.575%、18.204% 和11.883%,其中第一主成分中的全氮(0.959)、速效氮(0.885)和有机质(0.821)负荷量最大,第二主成分中土壤速效磷(0.824)负荷量最大。植株营养体重和土壤速效磷极显著正相关(r=0.906,p<0.01),珠芽大小与全氮(r=0.798)、速效氮(r=0.780)和有机质(r=0.821)均呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。果实重和种子数与土壤因子相关性不显著(p<0.05)。3种舞花姜的无性繁殖器官更易受到养分供应的影响,有性繁殖器官对养分供应变化响应不显著,有性和无性繁殖之间似不存在补偿关系。