Monitoring of root growth and redox conditions in paddy soil rhizotrons by redox electrodes and image analysis

The root-zone of wetland rice was monitored in a paddy soil throughout a vegetation period with the aid of a rhizotron experiment. For this purpose (a) digital images of the root-zone were taken daily, and (b) the redox potential was measured in situ every day. The images were processed by image analysis in order to display areas of oxidation and reduction in the soil. Therefore, thresholds were set to simplify the localization and quantification of discrete areas which were colourized due to the redox potential. Both, images and measured redox potentials, provide the basis for the visualization of the root and redox dynamics in the root-zone. The anaerobic root-zone of flooded paddy soils is significantly influenced by the aerenchymal transport of oxygen to rice roots. The release of oxygen into the rhizosphere, which causes different patterns of oxidized and reduced areas in the course of the vegetation period, also affects microbial communities such as methane producing archaea or methane oxidizing bacteria. The visualization of redox dynamics may, therefore, be useful to localize potential hotspots for the microorganisms in the root-zone of paddy soils. The reduced and oxidized conditions changed spatiotemporally. Oxidized areas were mostly found in the surrounding of active roots and in a distinct layer next to the soil surface. Reduced areas shifted from beneath the oxidized surface layer into sparsely-rooted soil. The ratio of the analyzed oxidized and reduced areas was oscillating with increasing intensity throughout the monitored vegetation period.     

Microbiology of flooded rice paddies

Flooded rice paddies are one of the major biogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Apart from this contribution to the 'greenhouse' effect, rice paddy soil represents a suitable model system to study fundamental aspects of microbial ecology, such as diversity, structure, and dynamics of microbial communities as well as structure-function relationships between microbial groups. Flooded rice paddy soil can be considered as a system with three compartments (oxic surface soil, anoxic bulk soil, and rhizosphere) characterized by different physio-chemical conditions. After flooding, oxygen is rapidly depleted in the bulk soil. Anaerobic microorganisms, such as fermentative bacteria and methanogenic archaea, predominate within the microbial community, and thus methane is the final product of anaerobic degradation of organic matter. In the surface soil and the rhizosphere well-defined microscale chemical gradients can be measured. The oxygen profile seems to govern gradients of other electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, iron(III), and sulfate) and reduced compounds (e.g., ammonium, iron(II), and sulfide). These gradients provide information about the activity and spatial distribution of functional groups of microorganisms. This review presents the current knowledge about the highly complex microbiology of flooded rice paddies. In Section 2 we describe the predominant microbial groups and their function with particular regard to bacterial populations utilizing polysaccharides and simple sugars, and to the methanogenic archaea. Section 3 describes the spatial and temporal development of microscale chemical gradients measured in experimentally defined model systems, including gradients of oxygen and dissolved and solid-phase iron(III) and iron(II). In Section 4, the results of measurements of microscale gradients of oxygen, pH, nitrate-nitrite, and methane in natural rice fields and natural rice soil cores taken to the laboratory will be presented. Finally, perspectives of future research are discussed (Section 5).     

不同稻作模式下稻田土壤活性有机碳变化动态

通过大田试验,研究了稻鸭复合种养(RD)、间歇灌溉(RW)、常规淹水灌溉(CK)3种不同稻作模式下稻田土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化态有机碳(ROC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)3种活性有机碳组分的动态变化规律.结果表明:3种稻作模式下土壤DOC、MBC在水稻拔节-齐穗阶段含量最高;ROC在水稻整个生育期内变化平稳,没有表现出显著的阶段性差异.MBC受水稻生育期的影响最大;DOC受水稻生育期和稻作模式的影响均较大;而ROC主要受稻作模式的影响.与CK相比,RD能显著提高土壤DOC和ROC及其有效率;而RW极显著降低了DOC及其有效率,明显提高了ROC及其有效率.3处理间MBC及微生物熵均没有显著差异.     

Methane oxidation and the competition for oxygen in the rice rhizosphere

A mechanistic approach is presented to describe oxidation of the greenhouse gas methane in the rice rhizosphere of flooded paddies by obligate methanotrophic bacteria. In flooded rice paddies these methanotrophs compete for available O(2) with other types of bacteria. Soil incubation studies and most-probable-number (MPN) counts of oxygen consumers show that microbial oxygen consumption rates were dominated by heterotrophic and methanotrophic respiration. MPN counts of methanotrophs showed large spatial and temporal variability. The most abundant methanotrophs (a Methylocystis sp.) and heterotrophs (a Pseudomonas sp. and a Rhodococcus sp.) were isolated and characterized. Growth dynamics of these bacteria under carbon and oxygen limitations are presented. Theoretical calculations based on measured growth dynamics show that methanotrophs were only able to outcompete heterotrophs at low oxygen concentrations (frequently < 5 microM). The oxygen concentration at which methanotrophs won the competition from heterotrophs did not depend on methane concentration, but it was highly affected by organic carbon concentrations in the paddy soil. Methane oxidation was severely inhibited at high acetate concentrations. This is in accordance with competition experiments between Pseudomonas spp. and Methylocystis spp. carried out at different oxygen and carbon concentrations. Likely, methane oxidation mainly occurs at microaerophilic and low-acetate conditions and thus not directly at the root surface. Acetate and oxygen concentrations in the rice rhizosphere are in the critical range for methane oxidation, and a high variability in methane oxidation rates is thus expected.     

Oxygen deficit alleviates phosphate overaccumulation toxicity in OsPHR2 overexpression plants

Overexpression of OsPHR2 increases phosphate (Pi) uptake and causes overaccumulation of Pi in rice plants, which is toxic to rice plants when they are grown in media with a sufficient Pi supply. The toxicity that results from OsPHR2 overexpression can be significantly relieved by growing the plants in a waterlogged paddy field. A comparison of the Pi uptake and growth status of OsPHR2-overexpression plants (PHR2-Oe plants) grown in paddy fields or in a laboratory setting in aerated or stagnant hydroponic conditions indicated that the oxygen limitation that is present in paddy fields and in stagnant rice culture solutions inhibits the Pi overaccumulation toxicity of PHR2-Oe plants by reducing their Pi uptake. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of Pi-starvation-induced (PSI) genes was induced by oxygen limitation in both wild-type and PHR2-Oe plants. The induction of PSI genes is the consequence of reducing the Pi concentration in stagnant plants. Thus, when evaluating the efficiency of Pi use in rice germplasm or transgenic materials under hydroponic conditions, the impact of the low oxygen condition that exists in waterlogged paddies should be considered.     

直播旱作水稻的吸氮特征与土壤氮素表观盈亏

水稻旱作是水稻节水栽培中最有效的方式。通过田间试验研究旱作直播条件下水稻对氮素的吸收利用特征以及土壤矿质氮的动态变化 ,并对土壤氮素的表观盈亏量进行了估算。结果表明 ,直播旱作水稻较水作水稻更注重中后期对氮素养分的吸收 ,尤其是对土壤氮素的吸收 ;幼穗分化后水稻的土壤吸氮量占阶段吸氮总量的 6 9.5 % ,比水作水稻多 17.8%。对 0～ 4 0 cm土层土壤矿质氮含量时空变化的研究表明 ,直播旱作水稻生育前期土壤表层矿质态氮大量累积 ,在灌水和降雨的影响下 ,向下层的迁移增加 ,基肥施用后裸地处理 2 0～ 4 0 cm土层的矿质氮高达 10 4 kg N/hm2 。对水稻各生育期土壤氮素盈亏的计算结果表明 ,自分蘖盛期后旱作各处理都表现出土壤氮素不同程度上的表观亏缺 ,然而就全生育期土壤氮素盈余量而言 ,旱作处理平均高达 12 7kg N/hm2 ,生育前期氮肥的大量投入是氮素盈余的主要原因。本试验结果表明 ,直播旱作水稻生育前期对施用的肥料氮吸收很少 ,提高直播旱作水稻氮肥利用效率的关键在于减少生育前期肥料氮的投入     

Root attributes affecting water uptake of rice (Oryza sativa) under drought

Lowland rice roots have a unique physiological response to drought because of their adaptation to flooded soil. Rice root attributes that facilitate growth under flooded conditions may affect rice response to drought, but the relative roles of root structural and functional characteristics for water uptake under drought in rice are not known. Morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular attributes of soil-grown rice roots were measured to investigate the genotypic variability and genotype×environment interactions of water uptake under variable soil water regimes. Drought-resistant genotypes had the lowest night-time bleeding rates of sap from the root system in the field. Diurnal fluctuation predominated as the strongest source of variation for bleeding rates in the field and root hydraulic conductivity (Lp (r)) in the greenhouse, and was related to expression trends of various PIP and TIP aquaporins. Root anatomy was generally more responsive to drought treatments in drought-resistant genotypes. Suberization and compaction of sclerenchyma layer cells decreased under drought, whereas suberization of the endodermis increased, suggesting differential roles of these two cell layers for the retention of oxygen under flooded conditions (sclerenchyma layer) and retention of water under drought (endodermis). The results of this study point to the genetic variability in responsiveness to drought of rice roots in terms of morphology, anatomy, and function.     

Novel anaerobic ultramicrobacteria belonging to the Verrucomicrobiales lineage of bacterial descent isolated by dilution culture from anoxic rice paddy soil.

The use of dilution culture techniques to cultivate saccharolytic bacteria present in the anoxic soil of flooded rice microcosms allowed the isolation of three new strains of bacteria, typified by their small cell sizes, with culturable numbers estimated at between 1.2 x 10(5) and 7.3 x 10(5) cells per g of dry soil. The average cell volumes of all three strains were 0.03 to 0.04 microns3, and therefore they can be termed ultramicrobacteria or "dwarf cells." The small cell size is a stable characteristic, even when the organisms grow at high substrate concentrations, and thus is not a starvation response. All three strains have genomic DNA with a mol% G+C ratio of about 63, are gram negative, and are motile by means of a single flagellum. The three new isolates utilized only sugars and some sugar polymers as substrates for growth. The metabolism is strictly fermentative, but the new strains are oxygen tolerant. Sugars are metabolized to acetate, propionate, and succinate. Hydrogen production was not significant. In the presence of 0.2 atm of oxygen, the fermentation end products or ratios did not change. The phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence comparisons indicates that the new isolates belong to a branch of the Verrucomicrobiales lineage and are closely related to a cloned 16S rDNA sequence (PAD7) recovered from rice paddy field soil from Japan. The isolation of these three strains belonging to the order Verrucomicrobiales from a model rice paddy system, in which rice was grown in soil from an Italian rice field, provides some information on the possible physiology and phenotype of the organism represented by the cloned 16S rDNA sequence PAD7. The new isolates also extend our knowledge on the phenotypic and phylogenetic depths of members of the order Verrucomicrobiales, to date acquired mainly from cloned 16S rDNA sequences from soils and other habitats.     

稻田水氮氧环境因子对水稻生长发育、光合作用和氮利用的调控研究进展

水分和氮素是影响水稻生长发育的两个重要环境因子。适宜的水氮耦合模式可通过“以水调氮、以水控氧”调控稻田根际氮形态和溶氧量等环境因子,促进良好根系形态构建,提高叶片光合速率和光合产物“源-库”分配平衡,提高水稻群体质量和产量形成。同时,稻田水氮氧环境因子驱动的微生物调控机制在水稻-土壤系统氮高效利用方面也发挥重要作用。本文重点阐述了水氮耦合下水分、氮形态和溶氧量对水稻生长发育、光合作用、碳氮代谢、稻田氮转化过程及其微生物调控机制等方面的研究进展,展望并提出了未来亟待加强的研究方向:1)开展水氮耦合下水稻根际溶氧量时空动态分布特征及氧环境调控关键因子研究;2)明确不同基因型水稻根源信号增氧响应特征及其对水稻生长发育的影响调控机制;3)阐明根际氧环境驱动的关键微生物过程对稻田氮转化和氮素利用的影响。     

Effects of Flooding and Drainage and their Alternation on the Growth and Uptake of Nutrients by Rice (Oryza sativa L., indica, var. IR-8)

Continuous flooding of the soil (‘flooded’ treatment)gave best growth of IR-8 variety of rice whereas soil drainedfor 4 weeks and then flooded for 8 (‘drained and flooded’treatment) resulted in poorest growth and chlorotic plants.Plants grown in the continuously drained soil (‘drained’treatment) and those in the soil flooded for 4 weeks and thendrained for 8 (‘flooded and drained’ treatment)showed intermediate growth. There were no differences in therelative water content of plants growing in the various treatments.Analyses of plant tissues showed that a consideration of therelative concentration of Fe, Mn, and P in the shoots is mostclosely related to the performance of rice under various culturalconditions. An increase in the concentration of Fe in the planttissues following flooding was correlated with the best growth(‘flooded’ treatment) unless it was accompaniedby high level of Mn (as in the ‘drained and flooded’treatment) which may have proved toxic, e.g. by interferencewith Fe metabolism as was evidenced by chlorosis. Measurementsof oxidation-reduction potentials, oxygen diffusion rates, andthe concentration of exchangeable and soluble Fe and Mn in thesoils have shown that the ‘drained and flooded’treatment caused the most extreme reducing conditions. Floodingaccompanied by the development of extreme reducing conditionsled to a greater accumulation of Mn in the shoots (‘drainedand flooded’ treatment) whereas flooding accompanied bythe maintenance of oxidizing conditions (‘flooded’treatment) resulted in a lower uptake of Mn. Growth of riceplants for 4 weeks in the drained soil did not fit them forthe reduced conditions which developed during subsequent flooding(‘drained and flooded’ treatment).     

Phosphorus nutrition of rice in relation to flooding and temporary loss of soil-water saturation in two lowland soils of Cambodia

In the rainfed lowlands, temporary loss of soil-water saturation during crop growth is a common factor limiting rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield but its effects on phosphorus (P) availability are poorly understood. Rice plants were transplanted into pots containing soils that were either continuously flooded, maintained at field capacity or flooded and then dried to field capacity for 3 weeks during the vegetative stage. A black clay soil (Kandic Plinthaquult) and a sandy soil (Plinthustalf) from south-east Cambodia were compared with or without amendments by rice straw and P fertilizer. Under continuously flooded conditions, the growth of rice was vigorous without straw addition and there was a strong response of rice growth to the addition of P fertilizer. The soil underwent reduction, which increased pH from 4.2 to 5.5 or 6.0, in the black clay or sandy soil, respectively. By contrast, a loss of soil-water saturation 3 weeks before panicle initiation (PI) markedly impaired the growth of rice. This was not through any effect of water stress, and the growth reductions were not as strong as with continued loss of soil-water saturation from transplanting to PI. Fluctuations in soil pH and Eh corresponded closely to changes in soil-water regimes. Growth reductions were attributed to reduced shoot P levels resulting from the decline in P availability during the loss of soil-water saturation. The addition of rice straw stimulated soil reduction and lessened changes in soil pH and Eh during the loss of soil-water saturation in both soils. Straw addition enhanced P uptake by the rice plants during loss of soil-water saturation, but its beneficial effects could not be attributed to the direct addition of P, N or K to the soils. Thus the application of rice straw may be effective in lessening the effects of temporary loss of soil-water saturation on rice growth in lowland rice soils by minimising the decline in P availability. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

转cry1 Ac/cpti基因水稻对土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成和丰度的影响

【背景】氨氧化细菌是驱动硝化作用的关键微生物,其群落多样性变化对土壤氮素转化具有重要意义。转基因作物可能通过根系分泌物和植株残体组成的改变对土壤微生物群落产生影响。【方法】本研究通过田间定位试验,利用特异引物进行PCR-DGGE（聚合酶链反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳）和荧光定量PCR,分析了种植转cry1 Ac/cpti双价抗虫基因水稻第3、4年土壤中氨氧化细菌群落组成和丰度的变化。【结果】水稻各生育期（分蘖期、齐穗期和成熟期）内,转cry1 Ac/cpti基因杂交稻Ⅱ优科丰8号（GM）的土壤氨氧化细菌16S rRNA基因群落组成、多样性指数与其对应的非转基因杂交稻Ⅱ优明恢86（CK）间均没有显著差异;以DGGE条带为基础的氨氧化细菌群落组成的冗余分析（RDA）显示,GM和CK的土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成只与水稻生育期存在显著相关性（P=0.002和0.018）;同时,水稻各生育期内土壤氨氧化细菌16S rRNA基因丰度在GM和CK间也没有显著差异,但均随水稻生长而变化且在齐穗期达到最高（P〈0.05）。【结论与意义】稻田土壤氨氧化细菌的群落组成与丰度在水稻不同生育期存在差异,但在转cry1 Ac/cpti基因水稻和非转基因水稻间没有显著差异,即一定时期内种植转cry1 Ac/cpti抗虫基因水稻不会影响土壤氨氧化细菌的群落组成和丰度。     

Methane Oxidation and the Competition for Oxygen in the Rice Rhizosphere

A mechanistic approach is presented to describe oxidation of the greenhouse gas methane in the rice rhizosphere of flooded paddies by obligate methanotrophic bacteria. In flooded rice paddies these methanotrophs compete for available O₂ with other types of bacteria. Soil incubation studies and most-probable-number (MPN) counts of oxygen consumers show that microbial oxygen consumption rates were dominated by heterotrophic and methanotrophic respiration. MPN counts of methanotrophs showed large spatial and temporal variability. The most abundant methanotrophs (a Methylocystis sp.) and heterotrophs (a Pseudomonas sp. and a Rhodococcus sp.) were isolated and characterized. Growth dynamics of these bacteria under carbon and oxygen limitations are presented. Theoretical calculations based on measured growth dynamics show that methanotrophs were only able to outcompete heterotrophs at low oxygen concentrations (frequently <5 μM). The oxygen concentration at which methanotrophs won the competition from heterotrophs did not depend on methane concentration, but it was highly affected by organic carbon concentrations in the paddy soil. Methane oxidation was severely inhibited at high acetate concentrations. This is in accordance with competition experiments between Pseudomonas spp. and Methylocystis spp. carried out at different oxygen and carbon concentrations. Likely, methane oxidation mainly occurs at microaerophilic and low-acetate conditions and thus not directly at the root surface. Acetate and oxygen concentrations in the rice rhizosphere are in the critical range for methane oxidation, and a high variability in methane oxidation rates is thus expected.     

覆盖旱作水稻群体发育特征分析

通过田间试验,研究了不同覆盖旱作水稻处理与水作处理水稻的群体生育特征。结果表明,旱作水稻营养生长期较水作长,叶片变短、变窄,群体LAI变小,光合生产能力下降,最终粒数变少、粒重变轻,不同旱作处理之间表现为地膜覆盖旱作处理分蘖发生多,成穗率低,穗分化和籽粒形成与灌浆时间缩短,半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作和裸地旱作分蘖发生少,成穗率高,穗分化时间缩短,籽粒形成与灌浆的时间延长,产量表现为水作处理>地膜覆盖旱作>半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作>裸地旱作。     

Options for mitigating methane emission from a permanently flooded rice field

Permanently flooded rice fields, widely distributed in south and south‐west China, emit more CH₄ than those drained in the winter crop season. For understanding CH₄ emissions from permanently flooded rice fields and developing mitigation options, CH₄ emission was measured year‐round for 6 years from 1995 to 2000, in a permanently flooded rice field in Chongqing, China, where two cultivations with four treatments were prepared as follows: plain‐cultivation, summer rice crop and winter fallow with floodwater layer annually (convention, Ch‐FF), and winter upland crop under drained conditions (Ch‐Wheat); ridge‐cultivation without tillage, summer rice and winter fallow with floodwater layer annually (Ch‐FFR), and winter upland crop under drained conditions (Ch‐RW), respectively. On a 6‐year average, compared to the treatments with floodwater in the winter crop season, the CH₄ flux during rice‐growing period from the treatments draining floodwater and planting winter crop was reduced by 42% in plain‐cultivation and by 13% in ridge‐cultivation (P < 0.05), respectively. The reduction of annual CH₄ emission reached 68 and 48%, respectively. Compared to plain‐cultivation (Ch‐FF), ridge‐cultivation (Ch‐FFR) reduced annual CH₄ emission by 33%, and which was mainly occurred in the winter crop season. These results indicate that draining floodwater layer for winter upland crop growth was not only able to prevent CH₄ emission from permanently flooded paddy soils directly in the winter crop season, but also to reduce CH₄ emission substantially during the following rice‐growing period. As an alternative to the completely drainage of floodwater layer in the winter crop season, ridge‐cultivation could also significantly mitigate CH₄ emissions from permanently flooded rice fields.     

太湖地区典型水稻土稻-麦轮作地表径流中磷的变动规律

为了了解来自农田土壤径流磷浓度对太湖水体富营养化的贡献状况,采用田间小区试验的方法,研究了太湖地区安镇爽水型水稻土和常熟囊水型水稻土2000～2002年度磷素流失浓度变化及其原因。结果表明:太湖地区农田水稻土磷素流失的主要形态是颗粒态磷;施磷处理对地表径流磷浓度有显著影响;两种水稻土的径流中磷浓度呈现出随时间而降低的趋势;稻季土壤磷素流失的最大风险时期约在水稻移栽后一个月内,而麦季约在磷肥施用后1～2个月内;对于同期地表径流事件,囊水型水稻土径流中DP和TP浓度均高于爽水型水稻土;土壤类型对地表径流次数有明显的影响,并且随季节表现不同。     

Soil Water Content and Organic Carbon Availability Are Major Determinants of Soil Microbial Community Composition

Exploration of environmental factors governing soil microbial community composition is long overdue and now possible with improved methods for characterizing microbial communities. Previously, we observed that rice soil microbial communities were distinctly different from tomato soil microbial communities, despite management and seasonal variations within soil type. Potential contributing factors included types and amounts of organic inputs, organic carbon content, and timing and amounts of water inputs. Of these, both soil water content and organic carbon availability were highly correlated with observed differences in composition. We examined how organic carbon amendment (compost, vetch, or no amendment) and water additions (from air dry to flooded) affect microbial community composition. Using canonical correspondence analysis of phospholipid fatty acid data, we determined flooded, carbon-amended (+C) microcosm samples were distinctly different from other +C samples and unamended (–C) samples. Although flooding without organic carbon addition influenced composition some, organic carbon addition was necessary to substantially alter community composition. Organic carbon availability had the same general effects on microbial communities regardless of whether it was compost or vetch in origin. In addition, flooded samples, regardless of organic carbon inputs, had significantly lower ratios of fungal to bacterial biomarkers, whereas under drier conditions and increased organic carbon availability the microbial communities had higher proportions of fungal biomass. When comparing field and microcosm soil, flooded +C microcosm samples were most similar to field-collected rice soil, whereas all other treatments were more similar to field-collected tomato soil. Overall, manipulating water and carbon content selected for microbial communities similar to those observed when the same factors were manipulated at the field scale.     

A Simple Evaluation of Soil Quality of Waterlogged Purple Paddy Soils with Different Productivities

Evaluation of soil quality can be crucial for designing efficient farming systems and ensuring sustainable agriculture. The present study aimed at evaluating the quality of waterlogged purple paddy soils with different productivities in Sichuan Basin. The approach involved comprehensive analyses of soil physical and chemical properties, as well as enzyme activities and microbial community structure measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). A total of 36 soil samples were collected from four typical locations, with 12 samples representing high productivity purple paddy soil (HPPS), medium productivity purple paddy soil (MPPS) and low productivity purple paddy soil (LPPS), respectively. Most measured soil properties showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among HPPS, MPPS and LPPS. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to identify appropriate soil quality indicators. A minimum data set (MDS) including total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), acid phosphatase (ACP), total bacteria (TB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was established and accounted for 82.1% of the quality variation among soils. A soil quality index (SQI) was developed based on the MDS method, whilst HPPS, MPPS and LPPS received mean SQI scores of 0.725, 0.536 and 0.425, respectively, with a ranking of HPPS > MPPS > LPPS. HPPS showed relatively good soil quality characterized by optimal nutrient availability, enzymatic and microbial activities, but the opposite was true of LPPS. Low levels of TN, AP and soil microbial activities were considered to be the major constraints limiting the productivity in LPPS. All soil samples collected were rich in available N, K, Si and Zn, but deficient in available P, which may be the major constraint for the studied regions. Managers in our study area should employ more appropriate management in the LPPS to improve its rice productivity, and particularly to any potential limiting factor.     

长期施肥对双季稻田土壤微生物学特性的影响

为探明不同施肥处理对早稻和晚稻各个生育时期稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,以湖南宁乡长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K_2SO_4提取法和化学分析法系统分析了定位长达29年5种施肥处理之间(化肥、秸秆还田+化肥、30%有机肥+70%化肥、60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥)双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的差异。结果表明,早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,长期施肥均能提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期达到最低值;其中,以60%有机肥和30%有机肥处理双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均为最高,均显著高于其他处理,其大小顺序表现为60%有机肥30%有机肥秸秆还田化肥无肥。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵,有机肥与化肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物熵可以反映土壤质量的变化,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

稻鸭、稻鱼共作生态系统土壤可溶性有机N的动态和损失

通过田间试验研究了稻鸭、稻鱼共作生态系统土壤可溶性有机N(SON)的动态和损失,及其与土壤微生物量N和水稻吸N量的相关性.结果表明,(1)土壤SON是稻田土壤主要的可溶性N,其中处理CK,RD和RF土壤SON库分别为121.16, 109 30 和113.71 kg/hm2,高于土壤无机N库.(2)土壤SON与土壤可溶性无机N显著正相关(p<0.01);在水稻生育期间,土壤SON含量随水稻的生长而逐渐降低;同时由于鸭和鱼的存在,处理RD和RF土壤SON含量显著低于处理CK;土壤SON与水稻累积吸N量呈显著负相关(p<0.01),表明水稻生长强烈影响着土壤SON.(3)在水稻生长前期,渗漏水各形态N含量最大;溶解性有机N(DON)是稻田渗漏水N素的主要形态;同时,统计分析显示,相对于处理CK,RF土壤SON的下渗淋失量显著降低,RD土壤SON的下渗淋失量则略为降低.(4)水稻生育期间,土壤微生物量N不断地变化着,此外,由于鸭和鱼的存在,相对与处理CK,处理RD和RF土壤显著的提高了土壤MBN.同时,由于水稻吸收和N的淋失,土壤微生物量N与土壤SON不相关.总之,在水稻生长期间,土壤可溶性有机N受水稻吸N、微生物吸N与分解和N淋失的共同作用.