642株自胆道分离病原菌的病原学分析

目的调查引起胆道感染的主要致病细菌群分布及耐药性状况。方法用WHONET统计软件回顾性分析2000年1月至2004年12月5年问引起胆道感染的致病细菌的特点。结果5年问共分离出642株细菌,阳性率为20．1％;其中革兰阴性杆菌354株,革兰阳性球菌288株。分离率最高的革兰阴、阳性细菌分别为：肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和屎肠球菌。药敏统计结果显示各主要致病革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦和头孢吡肟总的敏感率最高。各主要革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁的总的敏感率最高。结论引起胆道感染的致病细菌发生明显的变迁．革兰阳性球菌的构成比有逐渐升高的趋势,胆道手术应合理进行预防性用药,以有效控制胆道感染。     

677例新生儿咽拭子细菌培养及病原菌的耐药性分析

为观察首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院新生儿重症监护室(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)患儿主要定植细菌及其抗生素耐药情况,以便采取相应措施及时控制医院内感染,本研究选择2014年8月1日-2015年5月31日住院患儿的咽试子标本进行细菌培养,同时进行耐药性分析。677例新生儿咽拭子培养结果显示,230例阳性(34.0%),其中革兰阳性球菌159例(69.1%),革兰阴性杆菌71例(30.9%)。定植细菌中,革兰阳性球菌主要为草绿色链球菌、克氏库克菌及表皮葡萄球菌,革兰阴性杆菌主要为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌及肺炎克雷伯菌。各细菌对常用抗生素的耐药率不同,同时进行药敏试验有助于指导临床用药。     

静脉插管相关感染的病原学分析

目的调查静脉插管相关感染的病原微生物分布及其体外药敏试验的情况,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析我院2006年1月至2007年12月期间实施静脉插管的患者发生感染的情况,同时对分离的病原微生物及其耐药性进行分析。结果106例阳性标本中革兰阳性球菌53株（50％）,革兰阴性杆菌33株（31．1％）,真菌16株（15．1％）;革兰阳性球菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（31．1％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（11．3％）为主,在葡萄球菌感染中耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占75％,耐苯唑西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRSCON）占87．9％;革兰阴性杆菌中以鲍曼不动杆菌（9．4％）、铜绿假单胞菌（6．6％）为主;真菌以白色念珠菌（4．7％）及热带念珠菌（3．8％）为主。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺及替考拉宁敏感性高;革兰阴性杆菌较敏感的药物为头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、美罗培南、亚胺培南及阿米卡星,耐药率分别为5％、9．1％、14．8％及15．4％。结论静脉插管相关感染病原微生物以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌多见,细菌耐药比较严重,应重视抗生素的合理使用。     

临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解我院患者常见病原菌分布及其耐药情况,指导临床治疗,合理使用抗生素。方法将我院2006年~2008年分离的临床病原菌分布及其耐药情况进行回顾性分析。结果我院病原菌分布以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占40.9%,革兰阳性球菌占34.4%,真菌占24.7%,居于革兰阴性杆菌前3位的菌群是大肠埃希菌、变形杆菌属和克雷伯菌属;居于革兰阳性球菌前3位的菌群是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌属和链球菌属;各菌群中抗菌药物的耐药率均有上升,部分菌株呈多重耐药。结论革兰阴性杆菌已成为医院感染的最常见病原菌,对抗生素耐药日益严重,医院应重视病原菌的耐药性监测,及时掌握细菌耐药的动态,指导临床合理使用抗生素,防止医院感染的发生。     

慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期下呼吸道病原菌感染及药敏结果分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)下呼吸道病原菌群的分布及分析药敏试验结果。方法对仙居县人民医院呼吸病房收治的128例AECOPD患者的痰细菌培养和药敏试验结果进行分析。结果 AECOPD患者感染的病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占61.95%,以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主;革兰阳性球菌占21.43%,以金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主;真菌占14.88%;2种以上病原菌混合感染占20.31%。体外药敏试验发现:亚胺培南对大部分革兰阴性杆菌有较好敏感性,万古霉素对大部分革兰阳性球菌有较好敏感性,检出的真菌对氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素、氟康唑、依曲康唑均保持较高敏感性。结论 AECOPD患者下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,真菌感染率和混合感染率较高,应引起重视,应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

临床微生物检验的数字化和自动化

传统的病原微生物鉴定方法首先是进行革兰染色,以区分革兰阴性菌还是阳性菌.革兰阴性杆菌进一步做氧化酶试验,革兰阳性球菌做触酶试验和凝固酶试验,再按不同类型进行生化学和血清学鉴定.     

住院患者导管相关性血流感染病原菌分布与耐药分析

目的 探讨住院患者血管导管相关性血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为医院感染的控制提供依据.方法 对2011年1月至2012年2月住院患者中导管相关性血流感染病例的643株细菌的耐药性进行统计分析.结果 导管相关性血流感染发生率为4.1％,其中多重耐药细菌感染发生率为3.0％,分离病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占55.4％,革兰阳性球菌占43.2％.革兰阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌为主,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率低,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率增高;革兰阳性球菌以耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,未出现耐万古霉素肠球菌.结论 加强细菌耐药检测,合理使用抗菌药物,对减少医院导管相关性血流感染的发生和耐药菌株产生有重要意义.     

兔肠道正常微生物群的研究

本研究利用稀释滴种的方法,对健康成年家兔回肠及结肠中消化球菌、韦荣氏球菌、梭状芽胞杆菌、优杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠球菌、酵母菌和肠杆菌等１０种正常微生物群进行了计数分析,并获得其微生态数值,结果显示：结肠中微生物群的总体平均菌数显著高于小肠（Ｐ＜０．０１）;同一菌种在结肠内容物中的在有数量多于回肠;结肠中韦荣氏球菌、肠杆菌为优势菌群;回肠中双歧杆菌、酵母菌为优势菌群。     

重度颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的病原菌及耐药性研究

目的:观察重度颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的病原菌特点及耐药性,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法:对我院2010年2月~2012年2月收治的62例重度颅脑损伤患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,观察其病原菌分布特点及药敏检查结果。结果:重度颅脑损伤患者62例,发生肺部感染者28例,肺部感染发生率45.16%。共分离病原菌31株,其中革兰阴性杆菌21株,占67.74%;革兰阳性球菌6株,占19.35%;真菌4株,占12.9%。经药敏试验分析,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南高度敏感;革兰阳性球菌对利福平、万古霉素、呋喃妥因高度敏感。经单因素分析,气管切开操作史、住院天数延长、基础疾病、休克、呼吸机使用均是导致重度颅脑损伤发生肺部感染的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:重度颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床发生率较高,针对病原菌特点采用敏感抗生素对提高治疗效果具有重要作用。     

血液科感染患者致病菌的临床资料分析

目的：探讨血液病患者的感染特点,为临床治疗提供病原学依据。方法：回顾性分析北京友谊医院2008年7月至2011年7月血液科住院患者临床分离出病原菌的情况。结果：原发病以血液系统恶性肿瘤为主。共培养出致病菌357株,包括革兰阴性杆菌（40.8%）;革兰阳性球菌（24.1%）;真菌（35.1%）。引起感染最常见的革兰阴性杆菌为铜绿假单胞菌,最常见的革兰阳性球菌为粪肠球菌,最常见的真菌为白色假丝酵母菌。革兰阴性杆菌来源为血29.4%,痰46.6%,尿10.3%;革兰阳性球菌来源为血14%,痰47.7%,尿10.4%;真菌来源为血8%,痰60.8%,尿4%。66.4%真菌感染患者中性粒细胞〈1.5×109/L。结论：血液病感染的致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,呼吸道是主要感染部位。对于中性粒细胞减少的血液病感染患者,真菌感染的几率明显增加,经验性抗真菌治疗具有一定的意义。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

贵州疣螈繁殖生态的研究

贵州疣螈（Tylototritonkweichowensis）是一年繁殖一次的有尾两栖动物。繁殖期肥满度、肝脏系数、脂肪系数、性腺成熟系数、性腺体积均具一定的生物学意义。繁殖期一般为5月上旬至7月上旬,窝卵数平均121．5±7．81枚,孵化期21．6天,孵化率44．33％。每窝印数与雌体头体长成正相关。幼体不同日龄的形态特征变化明显。其全长的Logistic生长方程为：     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

温度对棉蚜繁殖速度的影响

作者于1981—1983年在棉花苗龄一致、棉蚜试验基数一致、隔离天敌动物及有翅蚜条件下,利用4—7月份的棉田不同温、湿度条件,研究了棉田温度对棉蚜繁殖速度的影响。结果证明:棉田五日平均温度(以下简称温度)17.6—24.0℃,棉蚜繁殖速度最快,五日内繁殖21.9—46.0倍;温度低于和高于此范围,达12.7℃和25.0—31.2℃时,棉蚜繁殖速度减慢,同期分别繁殖4.2倍和6.3—19.2倍。同时证明:在伏期7月份当温度在上述适温范围内时,棉蚜繁殖速度快,而当温度高至26.7—30.9℃处于适温范围以外时,其繁殖速度同样减慢,同期繁殖4.5—19.2倍。由此说明,确利于棉蚜繁殖的适温范围大体为17—24℃;棉蚜繁殖在5月份苗期和7月份伏期的适温范围基本一致。