人皮肤成纤维细胞中α1(Ⅰ)前胶原基因转录调控研究

为寻找纤维化形成中调控人Ⅰ型前胶原基因高水平转录的启动序列及其DNA结合蛋白 ,以人皮肤成纤维细胞α1(Ⅰ )前胶原基因转录起始点上游 - 2 5kb至 + 4 2bp的片段为靶序列 ,采用PCR、基因重组、报告基因测活、细胞基因转染技术比较不同长短启动子活性 .凝胶滞留实验 (EM SA)研究高启动活性片段相应的DNA结合蛋白 .基因转染高活性转录因子识别序列至靶细胞 ,探讨前胶原基因激活阻断的新手段 .结果表明 ,- 2 4 83～ + 4 2bp、 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列具有强启动调控活性 ,而 - 10 5～ + 4 2bp片段启动活性最低 .EMSA对高启动活性小片段DNA结合蛋白的分析提示 ,- 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列中存在转录因子Ap 1、Sp 1、NF 1的特异结合位点 .转染高活性转录因子识别序列Ap 1、Sp 1至靶细胞可竞争性阻断胶原基因启动转录激活 .研究提示 ,人α1(Ⅰ )前胶原基因 - 2 4 83～ + 4 2bp、 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp片段有高启动活性 .转录因子Ap 1、Sp 1、NF 1与 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列中相应识别序列的结合与其基础高转录活性有关 .转染高活性转录因子识别序列Ap 1、Sp 1可从转录水平阻断胶原基因的激活     

Mg2+和Na+对多核酶系统体外切割反应的影响

为了进一步了解2价Mg2+和1价Na+存在与否的情况下,多核酶系统对底物RNA的切割效率,构建了pGEM-Coat'A,pGEM-Coat'A196Rz质粒和pGEM-MDR1靶质粒,通过用SP6/T7转录试剂盒在体外转录RNA,在无细胞系统进行切割反应,反应产物通过6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,干胶、x光片曝光自显影,利用Image J生物图像分析软件分析,结果表明,多核酶系统的切割效率依赖于二价Mg2+的浓度,切割产物随Mg2+浓度的增加而增加,而且具有反应时间的依赖性,在Na+浓度低于200 mmol/L且单独存在时,没有切割产物生成,相反,在Na+和Mg2+共存时,表现出Na+抑制Mg2+诱导的切割活性,切割效率明显低于Mg2+单独存在时的结果.这些结果提示,在生理环境下,Mg2+对于多核酶系统对底物的切割反应是必需的,而Na+则不是.     

Ser84是spindlinl定位与功能发挥的关键位点

spindlinl为作者所在研究组克隆并命名的肿瘤相关新基因,之前研究表明spindlin1蛋白定位丁细胞核,并有可能通过对TCF-4通路的调节参与对肿瘤细胞生长和周期的调控.为进一步探索spindlin1的作用机制,明确spindlin1结构与功能的关系,在生物信息学分析及晶体结构解析的基础上,构建系列突变表达载体,首先以spindlin1蛋白亚细胞定位为指标,观察野生犁及系列突变体spindlin1蛋白的亚细胞定位,并进一步检测野生型及突变体spindlin1对TCF-4荧光素酶报告基因转录活性的渊控作用,以明确spindlin1定位与功能的关键位点.结果表明:Ser14+Ser84、Ser84+Ser99、Serl4+Ser84+Ser99位点Ser到Ala的联合突变能使野生犁融合蛋白在细胞核内集中分布的特性消失,成为全细胞弥散分布,而Ser14、Ser84、Ser99各位点的单独突变或Ser14+Ser99联合突变对spindlin1蛋白的细胞核内分布没有影响.与此同时,对TCF-4荧光素酶报告基因活性的分析表明,Ser14+Ser84、Ser84+Ser99、Ser14+Ser84+Ser99的联合突变使spindlin1对其活性的激活作用消失 或降低.上述结果表明,Ser84是spindlin1细胞定位与功能发挥的关键位点,其作用发挥需要Ser14与Ser99的协助.     

γ-线辐射对大鼠肝脾染色质及转录活性染色质模板活性的影响

 本文从染色质及转录活性染色质的模板效率探讨辐射对核转录活性影响的机制。实验结果表明:(1)肝脾染色质模板功能的变化分别平行与肝脾细胞核转录活性的变化提示,辐射至少部份是通过改变染色质的模板功能而影响细胞核的转录活性;(2)体外照射下,活性染色质模板活性较非活性染色质改变明显,提示射线可能主要是通过影响活性染色质区域的模板功能而改变核合成RNA的能力。     

从转录水平研究SATB1表达调控的分子机制

目的:研究SATB1 5'转录调控区及3'UTR的调控作用,以阐明SATB1在各肿瘤细胞系中的表达和调控机制.方法:采用半定量RT-PCR分析人乳腺癌细胞系BT549和MCF7、人肺癌细胞系NCI-H-446、QG56和SPC-A1中SATB1的转录水平.并利用Western Blot方法检测各肿瘤细胞系中蛋白表达水平.分别构建SATB1两个转录本5'上游序列驱动的报告基因载体.将栽体瞬时转染QG56及SPC-A1.构建含SATB1基因3'非翻译区(3'UTR)的报告载体,瞬时转染NCI-H446、QG56及SIC-A1.运用双通道荧光素酶报告系统检测荧光素酶活性.结果:在BT549、NCI-H-446、QG56和SPC-A1中检测到SATB1的转录本2,仅在BT549及QG56有转录本1表达;但在NCI-H-446、QG56及SIC-A1中,未检测到蛋白水平的表达.在QG56中,转录本1上游-638～+404序列段荧光素酶活性最高,而在SPC-A1中转录本2上游-1218～+48序列段的荧光素酶活性最高.运用生物信息学分析-638～+404和-1218～+48两个序列段的转录因子结合位点.在NCI-H-446中,含有SATB1 3'非翻译区(3'UTR)报告载体的荧光素酶活性显著低于PGL3 control的活性(P＜0.05).结论:在肺癌细胞中,SATB1的表达与细胞转移能力的高低无关.RT-PCR、荧光素酶活性及生物信息学分析结果的一致表明SATB1的两个转录本分别受其5'上游序列调控.在NCI-H-446中,SATB1的表达受其3'UTR的调控.     

TBK1通过增强雌激素受体α的转录活性参与乳腺癌发生的分子机制

目的:研究乳腺癌细胞中TANK结合激酶1(TBK1)的功能及分子机制。方法:利用含有雌激素应答元件(ERE)的萤光素酶报告基因检测TBK1对雌激素受体α(ERα)转录活性的影响;将TBK1参与激活先天免疫途径的关键位点突变,使其丧失激活先天免疫的功能,再用同样方法检测TBK1突变体对ERα转录活性的影响;采用RT-PCR检测TBK1通过磷酸化修饰对ERα下游基因表达水平的影响。结果:TBK1增强ERα的转录活性,从而增强其下游基因的表达。结论:TBK1能以不依赖于其激活先天免疫途径功能的方式增强ERα的转录活性。     

儿童孤独症相关基因NRXN1β启动子功能分析

Neurexins是神经特异性突触蛋白,Neurexin1β结构的异常与孤独症密切相关。为分析孤独症相关基因NRXN1β最小启动子和调节基因转录的功能元件,本文构建了含NRXN1β基因上游调控区不同区域的荧光素酶报告基因质粒,转染HEK293细胞后,利用检测双荧光素酶报告基因的转录活性以确定NRXN1β基因最小启动子区,进而筛选出相应的显著增强或抑制报告基因活性的功能区;同时,为鉴定顺式作用元件,利用基因定点突变技术对基因功能区内和临近DNA序列进行连续的碱基突变;最后,采用转录因子预测工具对启动子功能区内的转录调控元件进行分析。结果首次发现NRXN1β最小启动子区位于?88~+156 bp,?88~?73 bp和+156~+149 bp可增强启动子活性,+229~+419 bp可抑制启动子活性,且?84~?63 bp为能够显著性增强启动子活性的顺式作用元件,该区域可能存在DBP(Albumin D-site-binding protein,DBP)和ABF1(Autonomously replicating sequence-binding factor 1,ABF1)两个转录因子结合位点。     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜幼苗生长的影响

研究了外源ATP处理对盐胁迫下油菜幼苗生长的影响,探讨了过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和钙离子(Ca~(2+))作为信号分子在ATP对油菜幼苗耐盐性调控过程中的作用。结果表明:与单独Na Cl处理相比,ATP+Na Cl处理降低了油菜幼苗死细胞数量、ROS(■和H_2O_2)含量、离子(Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-)含量、MDA含量及Na~+/K~+比和相对电导率,增加了叶片中叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性,提高了抗氧化酶基因(CAT、SOD、APX、GR)、NADPH氧化酶基因(RBOHD、RBOHF)、P5CS1基因、MAPK激酶基因(MAPK3、MAPK6)、耐盐基因(NHX1、SOS1)转录;与ATP+Na Cl处理相比,ATP+Na Cl+抑制剂(DPI、DMTU和EGTA)处理下油菜幼苗中相对电导率、MDA、叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性及上述基因表达量均呈不同程度降低,表明外源ATP可提高Na Cl胁迫下油菜叶片细胞活性、ROS含量、离子含量、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性及相关基因的表达量,缓解膜质损伤。此外,H_2O_2和Ca~(2+)信号分子也参与了ATP增强油菜幼苗耐盐性过程的调控。     

EWS蛋白质抑制核因子κB的转录活性

目的:研究EWS蛋白质是否参与核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路,以及EWS蛋白质对NF-κB转录活性的影响。方法:在真核细胞中表达Flag-EWS,利用Western印迹检测其表达;通过双萤光素酶光报告系统,研究EWS蛋白质对NF-κB转录活性的影响及其发挥作用的分子水平。结果:Western印迹检测到相对分子质量为95×103的Flag-EWS能够在真核细胞中正确表达,过表达EWS蛋白质能够抑制TNFα、IL-1β及poly(I:C)激活的NF-κB转录活性;EWS蛋白质能够抑制由过表达HA-TRAF2或HA-p65激活的NF-κB转录活性,其抑制NF-κB转录活性发生在p65转录因子水平。结论:过表达EWS能够抑制多种刺激激活的NF-κB转录活性,这种抑制作用发生在p65转录因子水平。     

Mg2+和Na+对多核酶系统体外切割反应的影响

为了进一步了解2价Mg^2＋和1价Na+存在与否的情况下,多核酶系统对底物RNA的切割效率,构建了pGEM Coat′A,pGEM Coat′A196Rz 质粒和pGEM MDR1靶质粒．通过用SP6/T7转录试剂盒在体外转录RNA, 在无细胞系统进行切割反应,反应产物通过6％变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,干胶、X光片曝光自显影,利用Image J 生物图像分析软件分析. 结果表明,多核酶系统的切割效率依赖于二价Mg^2＋的浓度,切割产物随Mg^2＋浓度的增加而增加,而且具有反应时间的依赖性. 在Na+浓度低于200 mmol/L且单独存在时,没有切割产物生成．相反,在Na⁺和Mg^2+共存时,表现出Na⁺抑制Mg2+诱导的切割活性,切割效率明显低于Mg²⁺单独存在时的结果.这些结果提示,在生理环境下,Mg²⁺对于多核酶系统对底物的切割反应是必需的,而Na⁺则不是．     

Heterogeneous binding of high mobility group chromosomal proteins to nuclei

A dramatic difference is observed in the intracellular distribution of the high mobility group (HMG) proteins when chicken embryo fibroblasts are fractionated into nucleus and cytoplasm by either mass enucleation of cytochalasin-B-treated cells or by differential centrifugation of mechanically disrupted cells. Nuclei (karyoplasts) obtained by cytochalasin B treatment of cells contain more than 90 percent of the HMG 1, while enucleated cytoplasts contain the remainder. A similar distribution between karyoplasts and cytoplasts is observed for the H1 histones and the nucleosomal core histones as anticipated. The presence of these proteins, in low amounts, in the cytoplast preparation can be accounted for by the small percentage of unenucleated cells present. In contrast, the nuclei isolated from mechanically disrupted cells contain only 30-40 percent of the total HMGs 1 and 2, the remainder being recovered in the cytosol fraction. No histone is observed in the cytosol fraction. Unike the higher molecular weight HMGs, most of the HMGs 14 and 17 sediment with the nuclei after cell lysis by mechanical disruption. The distribution of HMGs is unaffected by incubating cells with cytochalasin B and mechanically fractionating rather than enucleating them. Therefore, the dramatic difference in HMG 1 distribution observed using the two fractionation techniques cannot be explained by a cytochalasin-B-induced redistribution. On reextraction and sedimentation of isolated nuclei obtained by mechanical cell disruption, only 8 percent of the HMG 1 is released to the supernate. Thus, the majority of the HMG 1 originally isolated with these nuclei, representing 35 percent of the total HMG 1, is stably bound, as is all the HMGs 14 and 17. The remaining 65 percent of the HMGs 1 and 2 is unstably bound and leaks to the cytosol fraction under the conditions of mechanical disruption. It is suggested that the unstably bound HMGs form a protein pool capable of equilibrating between cytoplasm and stably bound HMGs.     

Release of nucleosomes from nuclei by bleomycin-induced DNA strand scission

Mononucleosomes were released from both isolated mammalian (hog thyroid) and protozoan (Tetrahymena) nuclei by the bleomycin-induced DNA-strand breaking reaction. Trout sperm nuclei, on the other hand, were protected from the bleomycin-mediated DNA degradation. The mononucleosomes released from the bleomycin-treated nuclei contained the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4; while HMG1 and HMG2 proteins, in addition to the core histones, were detected in the mononucleosomes obtained by micrococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei. HMGs, but not H1 histone, were dissociated into the supernatant by cleavage of chromatin DNA with bleomycin, whereas both HMGs and H1 were found in that fraction by digestion of nuclei with micrococcal nuclease. HMG1 and HMG2 were exclusively dissociated from chromatin with 1 mM bleomycin under the solvent condition where the DNA strand-breaking activity of the drug is repressed. These observations suggest the possibility that bleomycin preferentially binds to linker DNA regions not occupied by H1 histone in chromatin and exclusively dissociates HMG proteins and breaks the DNA strand. The results of the effects on bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage of nuclei of various drugs including polyamines, chelating agents, intercalating antibiotics such as mitomycin C or adriamycin, and radical scavengers are also presented.     

The high mobility group of nuclear proteins as biomarkers of age and caloric restriction in rats.

The quantitative levels and phosphorylation states of the high mobility group (HMG) of proteins were investigated in bone marrow, brain, heart, kidney, liver, pancreas, spleen, testis and thymus of three groups of male Fischer 344 rats. Two groups of rats, young ad libitum (Y/AL - 1 1/2 mo.) and old ad libitum (O/AL - 28 mo.), had free access to rat chow, and a third group of old rats were maintained on a caloric restricted intake (O/CR - 28 mo.). The quantities of HMGs 1,2,14 and 17 were significantly reduced in O/AL rats compared with Y/AL rats in all tissues examined, and in many cases, the amount of HMGs of O/CR rats were increased by varying degrees from O/AL animals. In G2-phase nuclei of bone marrow, spleen and testis, phosphorylation of HMG proteins was reduced significantly in O/AL rats, but was enhanced in O/CR animals (especially HMG14). These levels of HMGs in O/CR animals, altered by age and diet dependent factors, reflect a condition which is more reminiscent of Y/AL than O/AL animals.     

Independent control during myogenesis of histone and high-mobility-group (HMGs) chromosomal protein heterogeneity

The ontogeny of high-mobility-group chromosomal protein and histone heterogeneity was followed in differentiating chicken skeletal muscle. The high-molecular-weight, high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins (HMGs 1, 2A, and 2B) showed a substantial change in their relative amounts during the period from 8 to 18 days. During this period HMG 2A decreases relative to HMG 1. There is also a decrease in the high-molecular-weight HMGs relative to the low-molecular-weight HMGs (HMGs 14 and 17). The microheterogeneity of the histones extracted from purified nuclei isolated from 8-, 11-, and 18-day embryonic myogenic tissue was analyzed by: (1) NaDodSO₄, (2) acid-urea, and (3) Triton acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast to the HMGs, the pattern of histone microheterogeneity for both H1 and H2A remained remarkably constant, despite the dramatic changes occurring in the rates of proliferation and the quality of gene expression in muscle cells during this developmental period. As would be expected from the decrease in cell proliferation occurring between days 8 and 18, increased amounts of phosphorylated H1 subspecies could be identified at the earlier stage. There was no change, however, in the proportion of the 4 major H1 parental variants. Thus, since the tissue-specific distribution of the H1s and HMGs are established at different times during myogenesis, it is likely that the two groups of chromatin proteins are involved in different events required for the establishment of the tissue-specific pattern of gene expression.     

Comparison of the high mobility group proteins and their chromatin distribution in trout testis and liver

The trout testis contains two major high mobility group (HMG) proteins HMG-T and H6 which, although related to the four mammalian HMGs, exhibit distinct variation as evidenced by differences in electrophoretic mobility and amino acid sequence. Previous work using various endonucleases as probes has shown that HMG-T and H6 are located at specific sites in the testis chromatin. The differentiation of testis cells during spermatogenesis is characterized by a unique transition from a histone-packaged genome to one bound by a class of small molecular weight, highly basic proteins, the protamines. Questions arise as to whether any of the HMG variability may be unique to the process of spermatogenesis and whether the histone-protamine transition occurring in most testis cells affects the HMG protein distribution and/or the specificity of the probe. In an attempt to answer these questions, the distribution of the HMG proteins in the chromatin of trout liver, a tissue lacking protamine, has been studied and comparisons made with testis. Liver HMGs exhibit the same electrophoretic characteristics as the testis HMGs indicating that the variability when compared to mammalian HMGs is primarily phylogenetic in origin rather than tissue-specific. Furthermore, micrococcal nuclease digestion of liver nuclei and its effect on the subsequent HMG protein distribution during chromatin fractionation yields a pattern very similar to that for testis, suggesting that the interaction of the HMGs with the remaining testis nucleohistone is not significantly altered by the ongoing transition to nucleoprotamine. Finally, the HMGs represent an unusually high proportion of the total testis non-histone protein population; the implications of this are discussed.     

High-mobility group and other nonhistone substrates for nuclear histoneN-acetyltransferase

A variety of nonhistone proteins and polyamines has been studied for their substrate activity for nuclear histone N-acetyltransferase. Nonhistone chromatin high-mobility group (HMG) proteins are found to be as good a substrate for the enzyme as histones. The enzyme also acetylates spermidine and spermine. However, protamine, bovine serum albumin, and ubiquitin are not substrates. Chymotryptic peptides of histone and HMGs retained about 64% of the substrate activity, but trypsin treatment reduced the substrate activity by more than 85%. Both N-acetyltransferase activities for HMGs and histones are copurified through salt extraction, polyethylene glycol fractionation, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose columns, and a HPLC anionic-exchange column. The highly purified nuclear histone acetyltransferase shows similar optimal pH and ping-pong kinetics for both HMGs and histones. The Km for HMG is 0.25 mg/ml. HMGs are able to accept the acetyl group from isolated acetyl-enzyme intermediate. Denatured gel analysis shows that HMG 1 and HMG 2 are the major proteins acetylated. High salt concentrations, mononucleotides, and DNA, which inhibit histone substrate activity of the enzyme, also inhibit HMG substrate activity. These observations suggest that there is a major nuclear N-acetyltransferase which is responsible for the acetylation of both histones and HMGs and perhaps also of spermine and spermidine. Thus the regulation of the structure and function of chromatin through postsynthetic acetylation can be achieved by a single nuclear N-acetyltransferase.     

Age-dependent effects of sodium butyrate and hydrocortisone on acetylation of high mobility group proteins of rat liver

The in vitro acetylation of high mobility group (HMG) proteins and its modulation by sodium butyrate and hydrocortisone have been studied using liver slices of young (13-) and old (114-week-old) rats. Acetylation of total HMG proteins was significantly higher in young than old rats. HMG 1, in particular, showed greater acetylation than others. Whereas acetylation of HMG 1 and 2 decreased drastically, that of HMG 14 and 17 increased in old age. In young rats, sodium butyrate and hydrocortisone stimulated acetylation of HMG 14 and 17, and decreased that of HMG 2. Butyrate had no effect on HMG 1, but hydrocortisone decreased it. In old rats, butyrate and hydrocortisone decreased acetylation of all HMGs, except HMG 17, which was stimulated to a slight extent by butyrate.     

Phosphorylation of high-mobility-group proteins by the calcium-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase and the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

Purified lamb thymus high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins 1, 2, and 17 have been investigated as potential substrates for the Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. HMG proteins 1, 2, and 17 are phosphorylated by the Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase; the reactions are totally Ca2+ and lipid dependent and are not inhibited by the inhibitor protein of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. HMG 17 is phosphorylated predominantly in a single seryl residue, Ser 24 in the sequence Gln-Arg-Arg-Ser 24-Ala-Arg-Leu-Ser 28-Ala-Lys, with the second seryl moiety, Ser 28, modified to a markedly lesser degree. HMGs 1 and 2 are also phosphorylated in only seryl residues but with each there are multiple phosphorylation sites. HMG 17, but not HMG 1 or 2, is also phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase with the site phosphorylated being the minor of the two phosphorylated by the Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase; the Km for phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent enzyme is 50-fold higher than that by the Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent enzyme. HMG 17 is an equally effective substrate for the Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase either as the pure protein or bound to nucleosomes. Preliminary evidence has indicated that lamb thymus HMG 14 is also a substrate for the Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent enzyme. It is phosphorylated with a Km similar to that of HMG 17 (4-6 microM), and a comparison of tryptic peptides suggests that it is phosphorylated in a site that is homologous with Ser 24 of HMG 17 and distinct from the sites phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.