垃圾填埋场渗滤液尾水灌溉下百慕大草抗氧化系统的反应

通过盆栽试验,研究了渗滤液尾水灌溉下百慕大草的膜脂过氧化及酶促、非酶促抗氧化系统的反应.结果表明,低稀释比的渗滤液尾水(<25%)灌溉下,随着稀释比增大,百慕大草叶绿素a/b提高,丙二醛(MDA)、H₂O₂含量及膜透性降低,膜脂过氧化水平较轻;但中、高稀释比(>25%)下,随稀释比的增大则显示出一定的负效应,表现为叶绿素a/b降低,MDA、H₂O₂含量及膜透性提高,从而导致膜脂过氧化水平提高.非酶抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的变化趋势相同,即低稀释比下含量升高,中高稀释比胁迫下明显降低.抗氧化酶中,超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性变化同抗氧化剂变化趋势相似,但POD对胁迫的反应更敏感;而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化趋势则先减弱后增强;MDA含量和抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性间的显著负相关,表明3种抗氧化剂和SOD、POD在防止百慕大草膜脂过氧化上可能起到更重要的作用.     

外源α-萘乙酸对花期长期干旱大豆叶片抗氧化系统的影响

以不同耐旱型品种‘南农99-6’和‘科丰1号’大豆为材料,2012年在南京农业大学牌楼试验站进行为期110 d的盆栽试验,研究大豆花期叶面喷施α-萘乙酸(NAA)对长期干旱条件下大豆植株抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明: 干旱胁迫显著降低了大豆地上部干物质量,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量及活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高,同时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性,还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及AsA/DHA(双脱氢抗坏血酸)和GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽)比值显著升高,其中‘科丰1号’大豆的抗氧化能力更高,从而维持较低的ROS水平和MDA含量.NAA可显著提高叶片中的APX、POD、CAT、MDHAR活性及AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值,其中‘科丰1号’大豆叶片的脱氢抗坏血栓还原酶（DHAR）活性和AsA含量极显著增加.     

抗坏血酸对高温胁迫下猕猴桃苗抗热性相关生理指标的影响

以美味猕猴桃组培苗品种秦美为试材,研究抗坏血酸（AsA）对高温胁迫下猕猴桃苗抗热性相关生理指标影响的结果表明,抗坏血酸可抑制高温胁迫下猕猴叶细胞膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的增大,但增强超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性。     

外源H_2S对NO_3~-胁迫下番茄幼苗生理生化特性的影响

采用营养液水培方法,通过外源施加H2S供体NaHS(100μmol/L),研究了信号分子H2S对100mmol/L NO3-胁迫下番茄幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:(1)NO3-胁迫下,随着处理时间的延长,番茄幼苗的株高、根长、鲜重和干重显著降低,叶绿素(a、b)含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均显著降低,而胞间CO2浓度以及丙二醛(MDA)、H2O2含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著降低,抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著降低。(2)与NO3-胁迫处理相比,外源NaHS处理1、3、5d后,番茄幼苗的株高、根长、鲜重和干重显著增加,叶绿素(a、b)含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均显著升高,而胞间CO2浓度显著降低;MDA和H2O2含量降低,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性显著增强,AsA和GSH含量显著增加,而且幼苗的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合酶的活性显著增强;L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶活性和内源H2S含量增加。研究认为,外源H2S可能通过提高抗氧化物酶的活性和增加抗氧化物质含量来缓解NO3-对番茄幼苗造成的伤害,从而增强其对NO3-胁迫耐性。     

梭鱼草叶片抗氧化酶、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环与乙二醛酶系统对铅胁迫的响应

本研究以液培法考察了不同浓度Pb2+胁迫下梭鱼草叶片丙二醛（MDA）与叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及乙二醛酶系统的变化规律。结果表明：经5.0 mg L-1 Pb2+胁迫14 d和21 d时,梭鱼草叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性[过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）]、抗氧化剂含量[抗坏血酸（AsA）、脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、非蛋白巯基总肽（NPT）和植物螯合肽（PCs）]没有明显变化;同时,21 d时叶片细胞中甲基乙二醛（MG）含量显著增加,而MDA含量无明显增加。经10.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理21 d时,梭鱼草叶片MDA、MG、GSH及NPT含量及过氧化物酶（POD）活性明显增加,而脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、甲基乙二醛酶Ⅱ（GlyⅡ）活性呈相反变化趋势。在15.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理期间,叶片MDA含量显著增加,此时GSH、NPT、PCs被诱导合成以螯合细胞中过量积累的Pb2+;同时,叶片POD、SOD、APX活性和AsA含量显著增加。经15.0 mg L-1 Pb2+处理21 d时,虽然梭鱼草叶片甲基乙二醛酶I（GlyI）活性明显增加,但是MG含量仍然增加,且GlyⅡ活性明显下降,此时乙二醛酶系统已经不能缓解高浓度Pb2+胁迫诱发的羰基胁迫。梭鱼草叶片对5.0 mg L-1 Pb2+具有良好的耐受性。在较高浓度（≧10.0 mg L-1）Pb2+胁迫下,梭鱼草叶片细胞膜脂过氧化作用加剧,此时其主要通过合成非蛋白巯基化合物、增加抗氧化酶活性及AsA含量以减缓氧化损伤。在试验期间,梭鱼草叶片乙二醛酶系统没有表现出明显的解毒作用。     

锌胁迫对彩色豆马勃体内锌的分布和活性形态及其抗氧化系统的影响

彩色豆马勃Pisolithus tinctorius可广泛与林木建立外生菌根,其共生可促进植物生长,提高植物对重金属的耐受性。然而,关于彩色豆马勃对重金属锌(Zn)胁迫的生理响应还不完全清楚。本研究在纯培养条件下,测定了Zn胁迫对彩色豆马勃生物量、Zn的活性形态和亚细胞分布,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(AsA)和黑色素含量的影响。结果表明,Zn胁迫抑制了彩色豆马勃的生长,在浓度为563 μmol/L时,达到半数最大抑制浓度(IC₅₀),在浓度为600 μmol/L时,生物量降低42.6%。Zn在彩色豆马勃中以活性较低的草酸盐、难溶于水的磷酸盐、果胶酸盐以及与蛋白质呈结合态或吸着态的形式为主。Zn胁迫显著提高了彩色豆马勃菌丝中CAT、POD和SOD活性,增加了GSH和黑色素含量,但对AsA的含量没有显著影响。本研究表明,彩色豆马勃主要通过调节Zn的分布及抗氧化系统,增加黑色素含量,增强对Zn的耐受性,为外生菌根真菌修复重金属污染土壤提供了理论支持。     

苦瓜采后某些生理生化变化与其衰败的关系

对采后常温贮藏的蓝山大白苦瓜的呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率及SOD、POD、CAT活性和AsA、GSH的含量进行了测定。结果表明,适期采收的食用苦瓜呼吸速率呈下降趋势,第8天叶绿素消失、瓜皮转黄前后转为上升,一直延续至苦瓜衰败,其呼吸类型属晚峰型;苦瓜采后乙烯释放呈上升趋势,初期乙烯释放微弱,增加缓慢,从第6天开始急剧增加。乙烯释放速率上升早于呼吸上升,二者在采收6d后迅速同步上升。苦瓜采后1～4d,保护酶系统的SOD、POD、CAT活性出现适应性上升,非保护酶系统的AsA、GSH含量也上升;在4～8d,除POD活性迅速下降后又急剧上升及AsA含量在6d后下降外,SOD、CAT活性和GSH含量均稳中有降,保持相对稳定;在叶绿素消失、瓜皮转黄的第8天后,AsA、GSH含量急剧减少,而SOD、POD、CAT活性急剧增强,视为衰老迅速恶化的结果。     

外源抗坏血酸对镉胁迫下黑藻抗氧化系统的保护作用

研究了不同浓度抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AsA)对5 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺胁迫下黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）体内超氧阴离子(O₂^-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量、抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、超氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响.结果表明,与单一Cd²⁺胁迫相比,随着外源AsA浓度的升高,黑藻体内活性氧生成速率逐步降低;抗氧化物质AsA先升后降,GSH缓慢升高;抗氧化酶APX和CAT活性先升后降,POD活性逐步下降,并接近正常状态,对SOD活性影响不大.可见AsA能够有效缓解Cd²⁺对黑藻的毒害,且60 mg·L^-1浓度下的缓解效果最好.     

光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中抗氧化系统的影响

以云烟87植株为材料,通过覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,于大田条件下研究了光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性,抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,在烟草植株第11片叶生长发育的7~70 d内,其抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势.与白光(对照)相比,黄光诱导烟草叶片SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性升高,以及AsA和GSH含量增加;而红光诱导APX和GR活性上升,以及GSH和AsA含量升高;但紫光却使SOD、CAT、POD、GR和GPX活性下降,GSH和AsA含量降低,而蓝光则使所有抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量降低.紫光和蓝光处理的烟草叶片中MDA含量较高,而黄光和红光处理的则较低.总体而言,在大田条件下,相对红光和黄光而言,蓝光和紫光处理下的烟草叶片更容易发生光氧化胁迫.     

碳酸钙胁迫下枳壳愈伤组织的某些生理生化指标变化

测定碳酸钙(CaCO3)胁迫下枳壳愈伤组织的某些生理生化指标的结果表明:除全Fe含量外,CaCO3浓度与过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、活性Fe含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、愈伤组织增重均呈显著或极显著负相关,与培养液pH值呈显著正相关;随着培养的进程,POD活性、活性Fe和可溶性蛋白质含量、愈伤组织增重呈降低趋势,SOD和CAT活性先升后降,含高浓度CaCO3的培养液pH值仅在20日左右略有降低.     

Choosing tree genotypes for phytoremediation of landfill leachate using phyto-recurrent selection

Information about the response of poplar (Populus spp.) genotypes to landfill leachate irrigation is needed, along with efficient methods for choosing genotypes based on leachate composition. Poplar clones were irrigated during three cycles of phyto-recurrent selection to test whether genotypes responded differently to leachate and water, and to test whether the methodology had merit as a tool for plant selection during remediation. Fifteen below- and above-ground traits were evaluated. Twenty-five clones were tested in cycle 1, while the best l2 genotypes were evaluated in cycles 2 and 3. Eight clones were selected and subsequently tested in an in situ landfill study (cycle 4). Results from cycles 1, 2, and 3 are presented here. Overall, clones responded differently to irrigation treatments, with certain genotypes exhibiting better below- and above-ground growth with water than leachate. However, growth was greater with leachate irrigation for some clones. In addition, differences between treatments within clones decreased with days after planting (DAP). There were no treatment differences for number of leaves, height, and root length at the end of cycle 2 (45 DAP) or cycle 3 (30 DAP). These results detail the extensive variation in clonal responses to leachate irrigation, along with the need and efficacy of using phyto-recurrent selection to choose superior genotypes.     

Evaluation of Populus and Salix continuously irrigated with landfill leachate II. soils and early tree development

Soil contaminant levels and early tree growth data are helpful for assessing phytoremediation systems. Populus (DN17, DN182, DN34, NM2, and NM6) and Salix (94003, 94012, S287, S566, and SX61) genotypes were irrigated with landfill leachate or municipal water and tested for differences in (1) element concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B, Mn, Fe, Cu, Al, and Na) of a topsoil layer and a layer of sand in tanks with a cover crop of trees or no trees and (2) height, diameter, volume, and dry mass of leaves, stems, and roots. Trees were irrigated with leachate or water during the final 12 wk of the 18-wk study. Differences in most soil element concentrations were negligible (P > 0.05) for irrigation treatments and cover main effects. Phosphorous, K, Mg, S, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Al concentrations were greater in topsoil than sand (P = 0.0011 for Mg; P < 0.0001 for others). There was broad variation between genera and among clones for all growth traits. The treatment x clone interaction governed height, volume, and root dry mass, with (94012, SX61), (NM2, S566, SX61), and (S287, S566) exhibiting the greatest levels, respectively,following leachate application. Given the broad amount of variability among and within these genera, there is great potential for the identification and selection of specific genotypes with a combination of elevated phytoremediation capabilities and tree yield. From a practical standpoint, these results may be used as a baseline for the development of future remediation systems.     

Mediating N2O emissions from municipal solid waste landfills: Impacts of landfill operating conditions on community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in cover soils

Chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) can produce N₂O, a highly potent greenhouse gas. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses of the ammonia monooxygenase structural gene (amoA) and 16S rDNA gene were used to investigate the AOB community structure in the cover soils of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills under three operating conditions: (a) MSW with soil cover, (b) MSW with soil cover, irrigation piping and vegetation, and (c) MSW covered with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liner, soil cover, irrigation piping and vegetation. AOB species in MSW cover soils were significantly distinguished by the operation of HDPE liner isolation. The community structures of the Nitrosomonas europaea-like AOB species dominated in soils without HDPE liner isolation, whether vegetation and irrigation with landfill leachate existed or not, whereas Nitrospira-like AOB species dominated in soils with HDPE liner isolation. Lower N₂O flux from the soils with HDPE liner isolation would be partially related to these special community structures.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉及覆土土质对填埋场氧化亚氮释放的影响

采用静态箱法,现场监测黏土和砂土覆盖层生活垃圾填埋场N₂O释放通量的春夏季节及昼夜变化,研究渗滤液灌溉、覆土土质对填埋场N₂O释放的影响.结果表明：砂土和黏土覆盖层填埋场N2O夏季的释放通量均值分别为（242±576）和（591±767） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1,是春季［分别为（74.4±314）和（269±335） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］的3.2（P>0.05）和2.2倍（P<0.05）.渗滤液灌溉促进了砂土填埋场覆土N₂O的释放,填埋场中灌溉区N₂O的释放通量为无灌溉区的2倍（P>0.05）.渗滤液灌溉的砂土覆盖层填埋场N₂O春夏两季释放通量均值［（211±460） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］仅为无渗滤液灌溉的黏土覆盖层填埋场［（430±605） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］的1/2（P>0.05）.无论渗滤液灌溉与否,选择贫瘠的砂性覆盖土均有助于减少生活垃圾填埋场N₂O释放.     

Phytodesalination of landfill leachate using Puccinellia nuttalliana and Typha latifolia

Abstract

Landfilling has been widely used for solid waste disposal; however, the generation of leachate can pose a major threat to the surrounding environment in the form of soil salinity. Two native plants of North America Puccinellia nuttalliana (alkaligrass) and Typha latifolia (cattail) were selected in this study to investigate bioaccumulation of sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) under controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments include irrigation of the plants using fertilizer (F), landfill leachate (LL), and tap water (control, C). Plants cultivated after one season (12?weeks) were harvested by separating aboveground tissues and roots, and soil from each treatment was collected for analysis. The results show that alkaligrass irrigated with LL had 2.13% more biomass yield than control, but 17.63% less than that with F. However, cattail yielded 19.70% more biomass with the irrigation of LL than C and 3.04% less compared to F. Alkaligrass and cattail accumulated 6.85 and 7.00?g Na⁺/Kg biomass with the irrigation of LL, respectively. Alkaligrass and cattail irrigated with LL accumulated 120.14% and 94.47% more Cl^? than C. When alkaligrass and cattail were irrigated with LL, the electrical conductivity of soil was reduced by 71.70% and 45.36%, respectively. This study demonstrated that using North American native halophytes could be a cost-effective and promising approach for phytoremediation of landfill leachate.     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

以甜瓜品种‘西域一号’幼苗为材料,采用营养液水培方法,设置正常通气(对照)、正常通气+GABA(5mmol.L-1)、低氧胁迫、低氧胁迫+GABA(5mmol.L-1)4个处理,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:与正常通气处理相比,低氧胁迫处理导致甜瓜幼苗体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量显著增加,同时SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR等抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量显著提高。低氧胁迫下外源GABA能显著提高甜瓜幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、APX、GR等酶活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低了植株体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量;而正常通气条件下添加外源GABA处理对甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响较小,仅CAT、GR活性和AsA、GSH含量显著提高,而H2O2、MDA含量显著降低。结果证明,添加外源GABA可以通过显著提高低氧胁迫下抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量来降低甜瓜幼苗活性氧积累,维持其细胞膜结构稳定性,从而有效减轻低氧胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的伤害。     

水稻幼苗冷锻炼过程中钙的效应

冷锻炼处理提高了水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）幼苗叶片中抗氧化剂（还原型谷胱甘肽,ＧＳＨ;抗坏血酸,ＡｓＡ）含量和膜保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶,ＳＯＤ）的活性,同时也提高了可溶性蛋白质中热稳定蛋白的含量。ＣａＣｌ２ 浸种处理对上述冷锻炼的作用有加强的效果,且明显地提高了过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）的活性。有无ＣａＣｌ２ 处理的冷锻炼处理均减轻冷胁迫引起的ＧＳＨ 及ＡｓＡ 含量、ＳＯＤ 活性及热稳定蛋白质含量的下降程度,有利于幼苗在恢复过程中ＧＳＨ、ＡｓＡ、ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ及热稳定蛋白质水平迅速回升。结合ＣａＣｌ２ 处理的冷锻炼苗在冷胁迫恢复生长时增长迅速,且苗健壮浓绿,说明ＣａＣｌ２浸种对冷锻炼处理提高水稻幼苗的抗冷力有明显的促进作用,这与ＣａＣｌ２ 浸种结合冷锻炼能更有效的提高细胞膜保护能力有关     

Calcium Effect on the Process of Cold-Hardening of Rice Seedlings

Rice seedlings for cold-hardening were germinated from seeds treated with or without immersion in 30 mmol/L of CaCl2 solution. Change of membrane system protectivity in leaves at various periods (viz: following cold-hardening, chilling stress and on the 3rd day of recovery); the ratio of seedling survival and the ability of recovery were investigated. The results showed that cold-hardening increased the contents of endogenous antioxidants (the reduced form of glutathione, GSH; ascorhic acid, ASA), SOD activity and the content of heat stable protein in soluble protein. Cold-hardening combined with the CaC12 treatment of seeds enhanced the above-mentioned effects of cold-hardening, and obviously increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). Both cold-hardening with or without the CaCl2 treatment reduced the declining degree of GSH, AsA content, the SOD activity and the heat stable protein content caused by chilling stress, augmented the increase in the level of GSH, AsA, CAT, SOD, POD and heat stable protein in the recovery periods. The CaC12 pretreatment especially had more effect on the level of heat stable protein, augmenting the A protein to rise to the level in normal seedlings. Furthermore, cold-hardened seedlings from seeds pretreated with CaClz grew faster and better in the recovery period of chilling stress than those from seeds without CaClz pretreatment. This promotive effect of CaC12 treatment on seeds prior to cold-hardening of seedling could be associated with an aug- mentation of membrane protectivity induced by the combined treatment.