高温胁迫对柑橘光合速率和光系统Ⅱ活性的影响

用红外CO2分析仪和叶绿素荧光仪测定了温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、初始荧光(Fo)、最大光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)及电子传递速率(ETR)．结果表明,与常温(25℃)相比,高温胁迫(38～40℃)使温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的Pn、Fv／Fm及ETR下降,Fo升高．胁迫25d后温州蜜柑和脐橙叶片的Pn分别下降55．6％和39．8％．Fv／Fm下降22．0％和6．7％,ETR下降55．0％和41．5％,Fo分别上升了113．8％和14．9％．柑橘经高温胁迫后,在25℃下处理10d,叶片的Pn、Fv／Fm、Fo及ETR恢复明显．这些结果说明柑橘的光合速率下降与PSⅡ反应中心失活有关．     

外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞光合功能的改善

研究了外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞扦插苗叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使盐胁迫下的枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm、Fm／Fo和Fv／Fo增高,使光合色素叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量明显增加,叶绿素a与b的比值(Chla／Chlb)升高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(Car／Chl)降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获、吸收、传递和转换,提高叶片的光合活性,降低盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO2浓度升高[CO2浓度平均为(550+60) μmol·mo1-1]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:与对照[ CO2浓度平均为(389+40) μmol·mol-1左右]相比,大气CO2浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率(Pn)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)分别升高11.7％和9.8％,气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)分别下降32.0％和24.6％,水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5％;在蕾期,CO2浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo没有显著影响;在鼓粒期,CO2浓度升高使绿豆叶片Fo增加19.1％,Fm和Fv分别下降9.0％和14.3％,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm分别下降25.8％和6.2％.表明大气CO2浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏,叶片的光合能力下降.     

热带雨林下砂仁叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数在雾凉季和雨季的日变化

于雾凉季和雨季研究了自然条件下透光率不同的3块雨林样地下砂仁叶片光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的日变化。结果表明：(1)砂仁叶片净光合速率(Pn)与叶表光量子通量密度(PFD)和气孔导度(Gs)呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈负相关,PFD是影响Pn的主导因素。雾凉季砂仁叶片Pn和Gs及其日变幅均低于雨季,相同光强下雾凉季Pn及表观光能和CO2利用效率也低于雨季,这与雾凉季的光强和温度较低有关。(2)随日间光强的增加光系统Ⅱ最大光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)、光系统Ⅱ光能捕获效率(Fv‘／Fm’)和电子传递量子效率(ΦPSI)下降,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和电子传递速率则上升,黄昏各参数都能恢复到黎明时的水平。表明随光强的增加,砂仁热耗散增多,日间光抑制加重,这种光抑制是光合功能下调的保护性反应而非光破坏。(3)Fv／Fm、Fv‘／Fm’和ΦPSI与PFD呈负相关,NPQ与PFD呈正相关。相同光强下雾凉季Fv／Fm、Fv’／Fm’和ΦPSI低于、NPQ则高于雨季,这与雾凉季Pn较低有关。(4)随栽培时间的延长砂仁衰老和产量降低均不明显,砂仁的产量随生长环境光强的增加而呈升高趋势。各季节不同光强下生长的砂仁在午间高光强时均未发生光合机构的破坏,且随光强的升高其Pn呈上升趋势,说明砂仁具有适应更高光强并获得高产的潜力。     

缺硫对脐橙叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用营养液培养的方法,对缺硫脐橙叶片的光合特性进行了研究。结果表明,在缺硫情况下,脐橙叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、光呼吸速率(Pr)、光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、初始荧光(Fo)、光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、最大荧光(Fm)和电子传递速率(ETR)显著下降,而光呼吸/光合比(Pr/Pn)显著升高。缺硫脐橙植株的光合能力降低,可能是叶绿体发育不全或特性功能蛋白含量不足所致。     

温州蜜柑叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光对低温的响应

研究了低温对温州蜜柑叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光的影响 ,结果表明 :(1) 8℃低温处理 18h对气体交换和叶绿素荧光影响不大。 (2 ) 2℃低温处理 15h后 ,净光合速率 (Pn)、气孔导度 (Gs)、羧化效率 (CE)下降 ,胞间CO2 浓度 (Ci)升高 ,表观量子效率 (AQY)和叶绿素荧光参数F0 及Fv/Fm没有显著变化。 (3)室外自然低温处理 2和 7d ,Pn、Gs、CE、饱和CO2 光合速率、AQY及Fv/Fm显著下降 ,Ci及F0 显著升高 ;在 2 0℃室内 ,Fv/Fm、F0 和AQY比CE和Pn恢复快。 (4 )低温胁迫使Jf(依据叶绿素荧光参数计算所得的电子传递速率 )和Jc(依据CO2 同化测定所得的电子传递速率 )下降 ,Jf/Jc 值升高。 (5 )低温处理降低了Pn和光呼吸速率 (Pr) ,但Pr下降的速率小于Pn下降的速率     

草莓叶片光合作用对强光的响应及其机理研究

用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪和光合仪研究了强光下草莓叶片荧光参数及表观量子效率的变化.结果表明,Fm、Fv/Fm、PSⅡ无活性反应中心数量和Q_A的还原速率在强光下降低,在暗恢复时升高;而PSⅡ反应中心非还原性Q_B的比例在强光下增加,在暗恢复时降低.上述荧光参数的变化幅度均以强光胁迫或暗恢复的前10 min最大.强光下Φ_PSII、ETR和qP先升高后降低,但qN先大幅度降低,然后小幅回升.强光处理4 h后,丰香和宝交早生的表观量子效率(AQY)分别降低了20.9%和37.5%;qE(能量依赖的非光化学猝灭)为NPQ(非光化学猝灭)的最主要成分.强光胁迫下丰香的Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Φ_PSII、ETR和AQY的变化幅度均明显比宝交早生小.DTT处理后,草莓叶片的Fm和Fv/Fm明显降低,Fo显著升高.可以认为,依赖叶黄素循环和类囊体膜质子梯度两种非辐射能量耗散在草莓叶片防御光损伤方面起着重要作用,丰香的光合机构比宝交早生更耐强光.     

银杏叶片光合作用对强光的响应

银杏叶片遭受光量子通量密度（PFD）为1200μmolm-2s-1的强光胁迫后,净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）、PSⅡ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）和表现量子效率（AQY）都下降,而叶片在505nm处的光吸收（A505）、初始荧光水平（Fo）和荧光的非光化学猝灭（qN）上升。在去除强光胁迫数小时之后,这些参数都不能完全恢复。这就表明,虽然强光能引起严重的光抑制,可能涉及依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散和一部分PSⅡ反应中心的失活及破坏,但是导致光合速率降低的主要因素仍然是气孔导度的降低。     

西宁和海北麻花艽净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数的日变化比较

以青藏高原药用植物麻花艽为材料,研究了西宁和海北两个地区麻花艽叶片的净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数的日变化进程。结果表明：在中午太阳辐射较强时两地麻花艽叶片的净光合速率（Pn）均下降,下午随日间光强的减弱逐渐上升,形成双峰曲线;海北麻花艽叶片的净光合速率（Pn）及其日变幅均低于西宁。随日间光强的增加麻花艽叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）、PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）下降,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）则上升,黄昏各参数都恢复到接近早晨的水平,表明未发生光合机构的破坏;一天中海北麻花艽叶片的Pn、Fv／Fm、Fv／Fo均低于西宁,表明随海拔的升高、光强的增加,海北麻花艽热耗散增多,午间光抑制加重。     

供镁水平对油桐幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

采用营养液砂培试验,研究不同供镁水平对油桐幼苗生长、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数等的影响。结果表明,低镁浓度(Mg2+2 mmol·L-1)显著抑制了油桐的生长,叶绿素含量、Ru BP羧化酶及PEPC活性、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用效率(WUE)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)及光化学淬灭系数(q P)显著下降(P0.05),胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)有所升高;高镁浓度(Mg2+4 mmol·L-1)也抑制了油桐幼苗的生长,导致叶片叶绿素含量、Ru BP羧化酶活性、Pn、Gs、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo及q P均下降(P0.05);随着供镁水平的增加,油桐的生长量、叶绿素含量、Ru BP羧化酶及PEPC活性、Pn呈先增加后降低的趋势;当镁离子浓度为2~4 mmol·L-1时,有利于油桐幼苗正常生长,缺镁胁迫下油桐光合速率的下降主要是由光合机构活性降低的非气孔因素引起的。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.