酵母细胞渗透压调节与甘油代谢

酵母甘油代谢与调控的信息主要来自于酿酒酵母和酿酒酵母细胞对高渗应答的研究。本文综述了酵母细胞非胁迫条件下的甘油合成与分解代谢特征;甘油在酵母细胞渗透压调节过程中的作用与酵母耐高渗机理;增强甘油合成的外环境及其甘油合成的途径工程;以及酵母感受上高渗信息及控制在高渗协迫条件下甘油合成的高渗甘油应答途径。     

酵母细胞渗透压调节与甘油代谢

酵母甘油代谢与调控的信息主要来自于酿酒酵母和酿酒酵母细胞对高渗应答的研究。本文综述了酵母细胞非协迫条件下的甘油合成与分解代谢特征;甘油在酵母细胞渗透压调节过程中的作用与酵母耐高渗机理;增强甘油合成的外环境及其甘油合成的途径工程;以及酵母感受胞外高渗信息及控制在高渗协迫条件下甘油合成的高渗甘油应答途径。     

渗透压对产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成与胞内磷积累的影响

研究了不同磷浓度时渗透压对产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成与胞内磷积累的影响。结果表明,不同磷含量时,产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成越多,分泌至胞外和积累于胞内的甘油也越多,其最大甘油合成量存在一个最适渗透压。同样;在相同渗透压下,其最大甘油合成量也存在一个最适磷浓度。在相同磷含量时,渗透压增高能够促进胞内聚磷酸盐积累;当渗透压相同时,培养基中磷含量增加,胞内游离磷和聚磷酸盐均增加。在生长稳定期后期,富磷可以促进胞内游离磷和聚磷酸盐积累显著增加。经分析发现,产甘油假丝酵母胞内积累甘油与聚磷酸盐,可能对克服对数生长期细胞数量少而渗透压胁迫大的困境发挥了极其重要的作用,从而能维持其生长稳定期较高的生物量、细胞存活率和甘油产量。     

酵母细胞甘油代谢与生理功能研究进展

甘油是酵母细胞生长代谢过程中常见的多元醇物质。尽管甘油的结构简单,代谢途径并不复杂,但是其在细胞内的生理功能十分重要。甘油代谢过程主要参与细胞的高渗透压生理调节和厌氧条件下的胞内氧化还原平衡调节。近年来许多学者在酵母细胞的甘油代谢及生理功能方面开展了深入的研究。在扼要介绍甘油生理代谢的基础上,重点阐述甘油代谢参与细胞高渗压甘油应答信号途径和氧化还原平衡调节的生理机制,同时就酵母细胞甘油合成的代谢工程进行归纳和评述。     

产甘油假丝酵母胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因（CgGPD）功能分析

【目的】从高产甘油生产菌株产甘油假丝酵母（Candida glycerinogenes）基因组中克隆了NAD+依赖3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶编码基因（CgGPD）,但是该基因及其上游调控序列具体的功能还是未知的。本文研究了CgGPD基因及其上游调控序列的功能。【方法】本文以酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）及其渗透压敏感型突变株为宿主,构建3种不同的酵母表达载体导入酵母细胞,研究了不同酵母转化子在渗透压胁迫条件下CgGPD基因表达对细胞的耐高渗透压胁迫应答及其细胞的甘油合成能力的影响。【结果】实验结果表明无论是以来源于S. cerevisiae 的TPI启动子还是来源于CgGPD基因的启动子,过量表达CgGPD基因的转化子均能够显著加速葡萄糖消耗速度和提高甘油合成能力,在gpd1/gpd2突变株中表达CgGPD基因能够消除细胞对外界高渗透压的敏感性,同时转化子胞内甘油大量积累。【结论】CgGPD基因在野生型酵母S. cerevisiae W303-1A表达显著提高细胞的甘油合成能力,在gpd/1gpd2突变株中能够互补GPD1基因的功能,CgGPD基因表达受渗透压诱导 调控。     

产甘油假丝酵母胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶编码基因的克隆

当酵母细胞处于高渗压环境时,甘油被诱导合成以提高其胞内渗透压,这一过程受ＨＯＧ途径的调控。ＧＰＤ１基因为ＨＯＧ途径的重要靶基因,高效表达使胞内３磷酸甘油脱氢酶酶活水平提高可极大地提高甘油的产量。本研究将产甘油假丝酵母（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｇｌｙｃｅｒｏｌｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ）染色体ＤＮＡ经Ｓａｕ３ＡＩ部分酶解后的５～１０ｋｂＤＮＡ片段与经ＢａｍＨＩ线性化及ＣＩＰ处理过的酵母大肠杆菌穿梭质粒ＹＥｐ５１连接,以大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α为受体,构建产甘油假丝酵母的染色体基因文库。通过遗传互补法,在含５０ｇ／Ｌ氯化钠的培养基上筛选出１５个转化子,对转化子０６０１进行了进一步鉴定,转化子０６０１所含质粒ＹＥｐ０６０１带有ＹＥｐ５１的标记并可以消除Ｓａｃｃｂａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ６４２菌株由于其ＧＰＤ１,ＧＰＤ２两基因的缺失突变而表现出的渗透压敏感性,表明已克隆到产甘油假丝酵母的编码胞浆３磷酸甘油脱氢酶的基因     

不同渗透压调节剂对Candida krusei生理代谢的影响

比较了氯化钠、氯化钾、甘露醇存在的高渗环境下克鲁氏假丝酵母(Candida kru-sei)的生理代谢。3种渗透压调节剂对C.krusei生理代谢影响有显著差异。与甘露醇相比,氯化钠和氯化钾对细胞生长的影响更为显著,而氯化钾对细胞的毒性则又小于氯化钠。细胞对糖的消耗速率依次为甘露醇>氯化钾>氯化钠。甘油和海藻糖是C.krusei在高渗环境下的主要相容性溶质。氯化钠和氯化钾对甘油合成的促进作用明显高于甘露醇。在0.6mol/L氯化钠、氯化钾、甘露醇存在时,细胞甘油浓度较对照提高了74%、63%、57%;胞内甘油最大含量也分别达到对照的3.1,2.4和1.8倍。高渗环境下胞内海藻糖含量在发酵前期均有所降低,但发酵后期在0.6mol/L氯化钾和甘露醇存在时海藻糖迅速积累,其含量分别达对照的1.6和1.4倍。     

渗透压敏感和耐高渗酵母菌在海藻酸钠-壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微囊中的生长和代谢

为了研究微囊微环境中渗透压对微囊内不同渗透压敏感性细胞生长、代谢的影响, 分别以渗透压敏感型酿酒酵母Y02724与耐高渗酵母Hansel为细胞模型, 考察了有氧条件下这两种细胞在海藻酸钠-壳聚糖-海藻酸(Alginate-chitosan-alginate, ACA)微胶囊中的生长、代谢状态。主要检测了细胞比生长速率、最大产物生成量以及代谢物乙醇、甘油分泌量等的变化。实验结果分析表明, 渗透压胁迫可能是导致不同渗透压敏感性细胞在微囊微环境中生长代谢特征变化的因素之一, 即微囊微环境内可能存在渗透压胁迫。     

产甘油假丝酵母胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶编码基因的克隆

当酵母细胞处于高渗压环境时,甘油被诱导合成以提高其胞内渗透压,这一过程受ＨＯＧ途径的调控。ＧＰＤ１基因为ＨＯＧ途径的重要靶基因,高效表达使胞内３磷酸甘油脱氢酶酶活水平提高可极大地提高甘油的产量。本研究将产甘油假丝酵母（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｇｌｙｃｅｒｏｌｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ）染色体ＤＮＡ经Ｓａｕ３ＡＩ部分酶解后的５～１０ｋｂＤＮＡ片段与经ＢａｍＨＩ线性化及ＣＩＰ处理过的酵母大肠杆菌穿梭质粒ＹＥｐ５１连接,以大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α为受体,构建产甘油假丝酵母的染色体基因文库。通过遗传互补法,在含５０ｇ／Ｌ氯化钠的培养基上筛选出１５个转化子,对转化子０６０１进行了进一步鉴定,转化子０６０１所含质粒ＹＥｐ０６０１带有ＹＥｐ５１的标记并可以消除Ｓａｃｃｂａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ６４２菌株由于其ＧＰＤ１,ＧＰＤ２两基因的缺失突变而表现出的渗透压敏感性,表明已克隆到产甘油假丝酵母的编码胞浆３磷酸甘油脱氢酶的基因     

产甘油假丝酵母HOG1 MAPK同源基因CgHOG1的克隆及特征分析

摘要:【目的】获得产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)耐高渗和过量合成甘油的关键调控基因—丝裂原活化蛋白激酶基因(CgHOG1),并考察其渗透压调节功能。【方法】运用简并PCR 结合Self-Formed Adaptor PCR技术从产甘油假丝酵母基因组中克隆CgHOG1基因并进行生物信息学相关分析,将CgHOG1基因在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A)hog1Δ缺失突变株中互补表达,考察菌株耐渗透压能力变化。【结果】所获得CgHOG1基因全长1164 bp,编码387个氨基酸序列(GenBank No. KC480066);氨基酸序列与来源于Ogataea parapolymorpha的Hog1p同源性最高,为86%;该基因在酿酒酵母hog1Δ缺失突变株中异源表达能够显著提高菌株的抗盐耐高渗和甘油合成能力。【结论】本文所获得的基因CgHOG1是一个具有耐高渗和过量合成甘油调控功能的新基因,研究结果为产甘油假丝酵母超高渗应答机制的研究及抗盐耐旱作物改造提供了新的基因。     

Metabolic surprises in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during adaptation to saline conditions: questions, some answers and a model

This review describes the metabolic alterations and adaptations of yeast cells in response to osmotic stress. The basic theme of the cellular response is known to be exclusion of the extracellular stress agent salt and intracellular accumulation of the compatible solute glycerol. Molecular details of these basic processes are currently rather well known. However, analysis of expression changes during adaptation to salt has revealed a number of metabolic surprises. These include the induced expression of genes involved in glycerol dissimilation as well as trehalose turnover. The physiological rationale for these responses to osmotic stress is discussed. A model is presented in which it is hypothesised that the two pathways function as glycolytic safety valves during adaptation to stress.     

Osmotic pressure effects and intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast during fermentation

Summary The intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast and its potential effects on growth and fermentation have been topics of controversy for the past several years. The determination of intracellular ethanol based on the exclusion of [¹⁴C]sorbitol to estimate aqueous cell volume was used to examine the question of intracellular ethanol accumulation. An intracellular accumulation of ethanol inSaccharomyces cerevisiae was observed during the early stages of fermentation. However, as fermentation continued, the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ethanol became similar. Increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium with glucose or sorbitol was observed to cause an increase in the intracellular ethanol concentration. Associated with this was a decrease in yeast growth and fermentation rates. In addition, increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium was observed to cause an increase in glycerol production. Supplementation of the media with excess peptone, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate was found to relieve the detrimental effects of high osmotic pressure. Under these conditions, though, no effect on the intracellular and extracellular ethanol distribution was observed. These results indicate that nutrient limitation, and not necessarily intracellular ethanol accumulation, plays a key role during yeast fermentations in media of high osmolarity.     

Natural abundance 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of acyclic polyol and trehalose accumulation by several yeast species in response to salt stress

Abstract: Analysis of seventeen yeast strains by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy has confirmed the significance of glycerol as the sole osmoregulatory solute under salt-stressed conditions, and has shown arabitol to be present in most of the osmotolerant species. Ribitol was detected in some species, including Debaryomyces hansenii , although ribitol accumulation did not correlate with the osmotic pressure of the medium. Relative amounts of arabitol and ribitol decreased in relation to glycerol when the external osmotic pressure was increased. Trehalose was present during exponential growth of some species.     

Yeast aquaglyceroporins use the transmembrane core to restrict glycerol transport

Aquaglyceroporins are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of aquaporins, which facilitate the passage of specific uncharged solutes across membranes of cells. The yeast aquaglyceroporin Fps1 is important for osmoadaptation by regulating intracellular glycerol levels during changes in external osmolarity. Upon high osmolarity conditions, yeast accumulates glycerol by increased production of the osmolyte and by restricting glycerol efflux through Fps1. The extended cytosolic termini of Fps1 contain short domains that are important for regulating glycerol flux through the channel. Here we show that the transmembrane core of the protein plays an equally important role. The evidence is based on results from an intragenic suppressor mutation screen and domain swapping between the regulated variant of Fps1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the hyperactive Fps1 ortholog from Ashbya gossypii. This suggests a novel mechanism for regulation of glycerol flux in yeast, where the termini alone are not sufficient to restrict Fps1 transport. We propose that glycerol flux through the channel is regulated by interplay between the transmembrane helices and the termini. This mechanism enables yeast cells to fine-tune intracellular glycerol levels at a wide range of extracellular osmolarities.     

Accumulation of methylglyoxal in anaerobically grown Escherichia coli and its detoxification by expression of the Pseudomonas putida glyoxalase I gene.

Anaerobic glycerol fermentation by Escherichia coli strains expressing genes from the Klebsiella pneumoniae dha regulon showed that cell growth and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) production are significantly inhibited when 5 g/L or higher of glycerol is initially present. One reason for this inhibition may be methylglyoxal (MG) accumulation. Assays of both intracellular and extracellular MG levels indicated an accumulation of MG in anaerobic glycerol fermentation of transgenic E. coli. Pseudomonas putida glyoxalase I was expressed in the transgenic E. coli to enhance MG detoxification. The activity of glyoxalase I in the transgenic E. coli with the P. putida glyoxalase I under anaerobic conditions was 12-fold higher than that in the control cells. Compared to the control cells, the transgenic cells with the P. putida glyoxalase I displayed a reduction of 35-43% in intracellular MG and a decrease of 30% in extracellular MG. These decreases were statistically significant (P>94). Furthermore, the expression of the P. putida glyoxalase I in the transgenic E. coli markedly improved cell growth and resulted in a 50% increase in 1,3-PD production.     

Effects of freezing and thawing on glycerol mutants of Escherichia coli

The effects of freezing and thawing on the viability of three glycerol mutants of Escherichia coli were determined when glycerol was absent or present in either the intracellular, extracellular, or both intra- and extracellular milieux.The recovery of nonglycerolated cells was related to the combination of freezing and thawing rates. Cell survival was significantly increased when subjected to the same rates of freezing and thawing.The ability of glycerol to protect against irreversible freeze-thawing injury was related to its cellular localization. Survival was markedly enhanced by extracellular glycerol and further increased by the presence of intracellular glycerol. However, intracellular glycerol alone failed to increase cell recovery. The rate of recovery, in respect to extracellular glycerol, was dependent upon both the rate of freezing and the combination of freezing and thawing rates.     

克鲁氏假丝酵母在高渗环境中海藻糖和胞内甘油积累的研究

Brown[1]在1976年提出了相容溶质(Compatible solutes)的概念,尽管有关它们功能的确切机制尚不是非常清楚,但是通常它们被认为是具有渗透调节作用和对细胞中生物活性物质具保护功能的物质.海藻糖和甘油在这方面所表现出的特殊功能已被国内外广泛关注[2].Brown[3]和Crowe[4]还分别报道了甘油和海藻糖在保护胞内可溶性酶和细胞膜稳定性方面的功能.Crowe[5]在研究几种不同碳水化合物对动物肌细胞的保护功能时发现,海藻糖和甘油都在不同程度上表现出这种特性.关于酵母细胞在加盐培养基中的生长代谢情况Kuniho Nakata[6]和Sukesh [7]分别进行了报道,发现酵母细胞内有海藻糖的积累,并且海藻糖的量与细胞对外界不利环境的耐受性有密切关系.     

限磷对产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成与胞内磷积累的影响

研究了磷酸盐限量对产甘油假丝酵母甘油合成与胞内磷积累的影响。结果表明, 当酵母细胞从适磷或富磷培养基转接入低磷培养基时, 发酵过程中胞内积累的磷逐渐减少; 而当菌体从低磷培养基转接入适磷或富磷培养基时, 发酵过程中胞内聚磷酸盐的积累量迅速增加。当细胞在第14小时和第38小时从适磷培养基转接入低磷培养基时甘油得率分别高达60.9%和61.4%, 而甘油产率则分别为2.03 g/(L·h)和2.23 g/(L·h)。这些现象说明限制发酵培养基中的磷浓度是产甘油假丝酵母高产甘油的必要条件, 并为其反复分批发酵法生产甘油提供了重要依据。     

Implications of FPS1 deletion and membrane ergosterol content for glycerol efflux from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The deletion of the gene encoding the glycerol facilitator Fps1p was associated with an altered plasma membrane lipid composition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The S. cerevisiae fps1delta strain respectively contained 18 and 26% less ergosterol than the wild-type strain, at the whole-cell level and at the plasma membrane level. Other mutants with deficiencies in glycerol metabolism were studied to investigate any possible link between membrane ergosterol content and intracellular glycerol accumulation. In these mutants a modification in intracellular glycerol concentration, or in intra- to extracellular glycerol ratio was accompanied by a reduction in plasma membrane ergosterol content. However, there was no direct correlation between ergosterol content and intracellular glycerol concentration. Lipid composition influences the membrane permeability for solutes during adaptation of yeast cells to osmotic stress. In this study, ergosterol supplementation was shown to partially suppress the hypo-osmotic sensitivity phenotype of the fps1delta strain, leading to more efficient glycerol efflux, and improved survival. The erg-1 disruption mutant, which is unable to synthesise ergosterol, survived and recovered from the hypo-osmotic shock more successfully when the concentration of exogenously supplied ergosterol was increased. The results obtained suggest that a higher ergosterol content facilitates the flux of glycerol across the plasma membrane of S. cerevisiae cells.