北方城市蛇伤的护理

近年来,随着市场经济的迅猛发展及蛇类资源的开发,城市蛇咬伤病人呈倍数逐年增加。蛇伤的病情复杂,发展快,数量增加,成为急诊科常见病之一。从各地捕捉到的蛇及人工喂养的蛇随着交通的便利而“南来北往”,所以不能单从区域来判断蛇伤的种类,又由于被蛇咬伤的病人常因惊慌失措或在夜间不能断定蛇的种类,给临床诊断带来困难。因此,蛇咬伤初期根据皮肤伤口牙痕的数目、大小、距离、深浅、局部感觉等情况来判断蛇伤的种类以及进行快速、准确、有效的处理是救治蛇伤的一个不可忽视的重要环节。我院从1999年在急诊科成立蛇伤急救中心后,逐步把北京地区的蛇伤患者由单纯用民间中药救治改进为在正规医院进行救治护理。现将我院急救部蛇伤救治中心近年来对蛇伤救治的护理方法报告如下。     

龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征与综合救治

目的探讨龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征和综合救治措施。方法回顾性分析我院2006-2011年资料完整的458例蛇伤住院患者的临床资料。结果458例急诊蛇伤患者中,死亡6例,病死率1．3％,致伤蛇种以竹叶青蛇、烙铁头、眼镜蛇、银环蛇、眼镜王蛇为主,近年来还发现一些罕见蛇类如白头蝰蛇、红脖颈槽蛇咬伤病例;掌握了我市蛇伤的发病季节、致伤人群、致伤部位及转归。结论初步掌握了龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征,并提出了有效的综合救治措施,为今后开展蛇伤的防治、教学、科研提供了科学依据。     

中华眼镜蛇伤致局部组织损伤的临床研究

目的 探讨中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的最佳治疗方法。方法 对蛇伤患者分别采用蛇伤药酒外敷、胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶局部封闭、抗眼镜蛇毒血清局部封闭共3种处理方法进行局部治疗,观察其疗效。结果 3种治疗方法从优到劣依次是：抗眼镜蛇毒血清局部封闭、胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶局部封闭、蛇伤药酒外敷。结论 中华眼镜蛇咬伤致局部组织损伤的治疗方法应首选抗眼镜蛇毒血清局部封闭,其次是胰蛋白酶或糜蛋白酶局部封闭,最差的是采用蛇伤药酒外敷。     

可疑蛇伤：急诊科一年前瞻性研究简报

目的 :蛇咬伤并不普遍 ,但其具有潜在的生命威胁。较普遍的临床情况是可疑的蛇咬伤。我们的目的是描述可疑蛇咬伤病人的流行病学、诊断及处理特征。方法 :在澳大利亚北部热带地区由一个服务于广大农村的三级医疗医院 (在那里对可疑蛇咬伤病人有标准入院协议可用 )提供可疑蛇咬伤病人 ,对他们进行前瞻性队列研究。结果 :70例可疑蛇咬伤病人中 ,45例确诊为咬伤 :3例剧毒蛇 ( 2例是西方棕蛇 [假眼镜蛇 Pseudonajanuchalis]1例岩蕨蛇咬 [澳洲黑蛇 Pseudechisaustralis]) ;7例被轻 /中等毒性的其它蛇伤 ;2例被证实为假眼镜蛇伤而无毒液 ;5例证实…     

眼镜蛇咬伤致组织溃疡的临床护理

目的总结86例眼镜蛇咬伤致组织溃疡患者的护理措施。方法对86例眼镜蛇咬伤致组织溃疡患者局部采用中西医结合处理,并密切观察病情变化,实施心理护理与正确饮食指导等措施。结果除1例患者需行植皮手术、1例患者因急腹症转外院诊治、1例老年患者自动出院放弃治疗外,其余均创口愈合出院。结论蛇伤后对伤口的密切观察、肿胀的正确护理,可加速溃疡愈合,避免肢体致残。     

眼镜王蛇咬伤的救治体会

眼镜王蛇（Ophiophigus hannah,Kingcobra）是世界上最大的毒蛇,又名山万蛇、过山风,多见于我国西南部及南亚各国,被咬者若不及时、正确救治,往往很快死亡。我院近期在广西医科大学一附院急诊蛇伤研究中心李其斌教授指导下,救治了5例眼镜王蛇咬伤的患者,均治愈出院,现将救治情况报告如下。     

竹叶青蛇咬伤中毒机制及临床研究新进展

竹叶青的毒素成分主要为血液毒素.被竹叶青蛇咬伤后的主要临床表现为出凝血功能障碍,其中最突出的表现是纤维蛋白原(Fib)严重消耗.根据2018年中国蛇伤救治专家共识,在治疗竹叶青蛇咬伤时,主要治疗措施有抗蛇毒血清的应用以及消肿止痛、预防破伤风、使用糖皮质激素等,并根据患者纤维蛋白原情况使用血制品如"新鲜冰冻血浆"及"冷沉...     

双黄蛇伤散治疗竹叶青蛇咬伤96例体会

目的探讨双黄蛇伤散对竹叶青蛇咬伤的临床疗效．方法将96倒竹叶青蛇咬伤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各48侧,均给予常规治疗,治疗组加外敷双黄蛇伤散．结果两组息肢肿胀开始消退时间、肿胀完全消退时间、疼痛缓解时间和住院时间比较均有极显著性差异（P〈0．01）．治疗组局部坏死和功能受限发生事与对照组比较均有极显著性差异（P〈0．01）．结论双黄蛇伤散外敷治疗竹叶青蛇咬伤有显著疗效．     

中华眼镜蛇咬伤患者的心理分析及护理策略

目的分析中华眼镜蛇咬伤患者的心理状态及护理策略。方法总结2016年1月~2017年7月桂中桂北蛇伤救治基地收治的305例中华眼镜蛇咬伤患者的心理特征,包括否认、忽视,精神紧张、惊慌,焦虑、恐惧,孤独、不信任感等4个方面,并提出了心理护理相关的针对性策略。结果在对中华眼镜蛇咬伤患者的观察、护理过程中,通过针对性心理护理策略的有效、积极实施,使患者的不良情绪得以纠正,并改善其治疗依从性。305例患者中,痊愈300例,行植皮治疗5例,无致残病例。结论中华眼镜蛇咬伤患者治疗过程中普遍受不良情绪影响,护理人员及时进行心理疏导,对增强患者战胜疾病的信心、促进蛇伤康复等方面起到关键性作用。     

浅谈蛇伤“肢体结扎法”

毒蛇咬伤后 ,立即进行急救处理是治疗蛇伤极重要的一环。笔者在近 5年的临床和蛇场工作中 ,通过诊治本场工人及外来就诊的蛇伤患者 2 0例 ,对蛇伤急救处理“肢体结扎法”有了新认识 ,现介绍如下。1　临床资料　　本组 2 0例 ,男性 1 9例 ,女性 1例 ,受伤部位均为上肢腕关节以下远端 ,其中五步蛇咬伤 1 8例 ,眼镜蛇咬伤 2例 ,发生肢体远端坏死 7例 ,死亡 1例 ,肢体完全康复 1 2例 ,肢体坏死和死亡病例中 ,6例采用过“肢体结扎法”。2　讨论　　被毒蛇咬伤后 ,立即对伤口用不同的方法进行处理 ,使大部分蛇毒排出体外和局部破坏 ,对治疗蛇伤和…     

Snake Bite in South Asia: A Review

Snake bite is one of the most neglected public health issues in poor rural communities living in the tropics. Because of serious misreporting, the true worldwide burden of snake bite is not known. South Asia is the world''s most heavily affected region, due to its high population density, widespread agricultural activities, numerous venomous snake species and lack of functional snake bite control programs. Despite increasing knowledge of snake venoms'' composition and mode of action, good understanding of clinical features of envenoming and sufficient production of antivenom by Indian manufacturers, snake bite management remains unsatisfactory in this region. Field diagnostic tests for snake species identification do not exist and treatment mainly relies on the administration of antivenoms that do not cover all of the important venomous snakes of the region. Care-givers need better training and supervision, and national guidelines should be fed by evidence-based data generated by well-designed research studies. Poorly informed rural populations often apply inappropriate first-aid measures and vital time is lost before the victim is transported to a treatment centre, where cost of treatment can constitute an additional hurdle. The deficiency of snake bite management in South Asia is multi-causal and requires joint collaborative efforts from researchers, antivenom manufacturers, policy makers, public health authorities and international funders.     

毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭38例救治分析

目的探讨毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭的发病机制和治疗措施。方法选择毒蛇咬伤患者38例,应用抗蛇毒血清、机械通气等综合治疗。结果经综合救治措施治疗,38例全部痊愈出院。结论综合救治措施是抢救毒蛇咬伤致急性呼吸衰竭最有效的方法。     

血必净注射液联合季德胜蛇药片救治烙铁头蛇咬伤的临床分析

目的研究血必净注射液联合季德胜蛇药片救治烙铁头蛇咬伤的临床效果。方法将我院收治的69例烙铁头蛇咬伤患者随机分为治疗组34例和对照组35例,两组患者均给予季德胜蛇药片治疗,治疗组同时加用血必净注射液治疗,观察比较两组治疗效果。结果治疗组的痊愈时间、肢体消肿时间均短于对照组,而且凝血功能指标、血小板计数均优于对照组,差异均具有显著统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论血必净注射液联合季德胜蛇药片救治烙铁头蛇咬伤的临床效果显著,有利于减轻患者中毒症状,并能有效缩短痊愈时间,改善凝血功能,增加血小板数量,值得临床推广运用。     

Herbs and herbal constituents active against snake bite

Snake bite, a major socio-medical problem of south east asian countries is still depending on the usage of antisera as the one and only source of treatment, which has its own limitations. In India, mostly in rural areas, health centres are inadequate and the snake bite victims mostly depend on traditional healers and herbal antidotes, as an alternative treatment. The present review has been focussed on the varied folk and traditional herbs and their antisnake venom compounds, which might be a stepping stone in establishing the future therapy against snake bite treatment and management.     

Annual incidence of snake bite in rural bangladesh

Background

Snake bite is a neglected public health problem in the world and one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in many areas, particularly in the rural tropics. It also poses substantial economic burdens on the snake bite victims due to treatment related expenditure and loss of productivity. An accurate estimate of the risk of snake bite is largely unknown for most countries in the developing world, especially South-East Asia.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We undertook a national epidemiological survey to determine the annual incidence density of snake bite among the rural Bangladeshi population. Information on frequency of snake bite and individuals'' length of stay in selected households over the preceding twelve months was rigorously collected from the respondents through an interviewer administered questionnaire. Point estimates and confidence intervals of the incidence density of snake bite, weighted and adjusted for the multi-stage cluster sampling design, were obtained. Out of 18,857 study participants, over one year a total of 98 snake bites, including one death were reported in rural Bangladesh. The estimated incidence density of snake bite is 623.4 / 100,000 person years (95% C I 513.4–789.2 /100,000 person years). Biting occurs mostly when individuals are at work. The majority of the victims (71%) receive snake bites to their lower extremities. Eighty-six percent of the victims received some form of management within two hours of snake bite, although only three percent of the victims went directly to either a medical doctor or a hospital.

Conclusions/Significance

Incidence density of snake bite in rural Bangladesh is substantially higher than previously estimated. This is likely due to better ascertainment of the incidence through a population based survey. Poor access to health services increases snake bite related morbidity and mortality; therefore, effective public health actions are warranted.     

蛇伤凉血合剂治疗毒蛇咬伤致急性肾损伤临床观察

目的探讨中西医结合救治毒蛇咬伤所致急性肾损伤（AKI）的临床疗效．方法将毒蛇咬伤致AKI病人49例随机分成两组,对照组（n=25）和治疗组（n=24）．对照组给予西医常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加服蛇伤凉血合剂．疗程7～14天。结果治疗组少尿持续时间（5±3）天。对照组为（8±5）天,组间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）;治疗组4例（16％）行透析治疗,对照组10例（41％）行透析治疗,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）,两组疗效比较差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论蛇伤凉血合荆能显著提高毒蛇咬伤致AKI的疗效。     

Snake bite envenomation in Riyadh province of Saudi Arabia over the period (2005–2010)

The present investigation is a retrospective review of snake bites in Riyadh province over the period (2005–2010). A total of 1019 cases of bites admitted to the Ministry of Health medical centers in Riyadh province were analyzed on the basis of age, sex, time of bite and its site on the body, outcome of treatment, antiserum dose and type of snake. Bites occurred throughout the six years with the highest frequency in 2005 and least in 2006 where most of the bite cases were mild and all evolved to cure except four patients who died following the administration of antivenom during 24 h after snake bite. Most of the patients were males (81.7%) and the most attacked age was within the range of 11–30 years (51.5%). All the bites were mainly in the exposed limbs and the most frequently bitten anatomical regions were the lower limbs (427 cases, 41.9%), principally the feet. The study incriminates Cerastes cerastes gasperettii in most of the bites indicating it as the snake of medical importance in Riyadh province. Also, the study indicates low degree of threat in spite of high rate of snake bites as a result of the availability of the medical facilities and the antivenin use in medical centers in Riyadh province.     

儿童毒蛇咬伤的特点与程序化救治的疗效观察

目的通过分析儿童毒蛇咬伤的特点,评价程序化综合救治方法对儿童毒蛇咬伤的疗效。方法通过观察17例毒蛇咬伤儿童的临床特点,尽早进行病情预测,同时根据毒蛇咬伤的临床病情分型予程序化综合救治。监测病情变化、伤口愈合情况及平均住院时间。结果儿童毒蛇咬伤的特点为不明种类毒蛇咬伤多,症状较成人严重,易发生并发症。经过早期程序化综合救治总有效率100%,伤口渗血、肿胀明显缓解,无1例死亡,平均留观时间4.5天。结论根据儿童毒蛇咬伤特点,早期准确预测和尽快应用程序化救治能提高毒蛇咬伤疗效。