预负荷／共同负荷联合血管收缩药对腰麻剖宫产术血流动力学变化

目的探讨预负荷／共同负荷联合小剂量血管收缩药盐酸麻黄碱注射液（上海信谊金朱药业有限公司）、盐酸去氧肾上腺索注射液（上海禾丰制药有限公司）对腰麻剖官产术中血流动力学的变化及预防低血压的有效性及安全性。方法选择剖官产术90例,随机分为3组,每组30例．ASAI～Ⅱ级。预负荷晶体液乳酸林格氏注射液（石家庄西药有限公司）6～8ml／kg联合共同负荷输入羟乙基淀粉130／0．4氯化钠溶液（万汶,北京费森尤斯卡比医药有限公司）10ml／kg。术中监测记录SBP、DBP、HR、ECG、SpO2。结果预负荷／共同负荷联合血管收缩药预防剖宫产术腰麻后低血压。P组和E组的低血压发生率明显低于C组（P〈0．05）;P组术中HR低于E组和C组。预防恶心、呕吐给于盐酸昂丹司琼注射液（齐鲁制药有限公司）,不良反应少,无明显呼吸抑制、无术后头痛现象。结论预负荷／共同负荷联合小剂量血管收缩药,有效降低腰麻后低血压的发生率,去氧肾上腺素比麻黄碱能更好维持产妇血流动力学的稳定。对新生儿无不良影响,安全。     

三种不同麻醉方式对产妇血流动力学及新生儿的影响

目的;探讨硬膜外麻醉、蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外麻、气管插管全麻三种不同麻醉方式对剖宫产产妇血流动力学及胎儿的影响。方法:纳入行择期剖宫产产妇152例,采用随机表法将其分为硬膜外组(48例)、腰硬联合麻醉组(52例)、气管内插管全麻组(52例)。观察麻醉前正常状态时(T1)、麻醉成功后5 min(T2)、胎儿娩出时(T3)三个时间点产妇SBP、DBP、HR、SV、CO、SVR及胎儿相关指标,包括出生后1 min、5 min Apgar评分、脐动脉血pH、PCO_2、PO_2。结果:硬膜外麻、腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉、全麻三组间麻醉起效时间有明显统计学差异(P0.05),气管内插管全麻组起效时间最快。三组间在T1时间点SBP、DBP、HR、SV、CO、SVR差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在T2时间点,硬膜外麻、联合麻醉、全麻三组SBP、DBP、HR、SVR水平均较T1时间点明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。T2时间点,全麻组SBP、DBP、HR、SVR水平高于硬膜外、联合麻醉组(P0.05)。T3时间点三组SBP、DBP、HR、SV、CO水平均较T2时间相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。T3时间点,全麻组SBP、DBP、SVR高于其他两组,心率低于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组间新生儿出生后1 min Apagr、5 min Apgar评分、脐动脉血学pH、PCO_2无统计学差异(P0.05)。三组间脐动脉血PO_2有明显统计学差异(P0.05),气管内插管全麻组脐动脉血PO_2最高。结论:三种麻醉均可以用于剖宫产术,全麻剖宫产术对产妇血流动力学影响最小,起效快,但对胎儿脐动脉血氧浓度有一定的影响。     

吸氧对椎管内麻醉下剖宫产术后疼痛的影响

目的:评价麻醉前和术中持续吸氧对椎管内麻醉下剖宫产术后疼痛的效果。方法:选择ASAI-II级择期行剖宫产手术的初产妇100例,将其随机分为面罩吸氧组和空气吸入组(对照组)。吸氧组于术前30 min及术中通过面罩全程给氧,吸入氧浓度为60%,空气组则不给予特殊处理。检测和比较两组产妇不同时点的心率、血压及SpO2的变化,手术时间,视觉模拟评分(VAS),新生儿Apgar评分,胎儿氧饱和度,新生儿脐动静脉血气,产妇血气以及术后24 h内恶心呕吐的发生率。结果:两组产妇各时间点心率、血压、SpO2、手术时间及新生儿Apgar评分、胎儿氧饱和度比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。吸氧组术后6 h、12 h、24 h的VAS评分分别为(4.07±0.10)、(2.13±0.12)和(0.42±0.08),均明显低于对照组的(6.10±0.11)、(4.02±0.13)及(1.10±0.22)(P0.05)。吸氧组新生儿脐动静脉血气、产妇血气氧分压均显著高于对照组(P0.05),术后24h内恶心呕吐的发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:麻醉前和术中持续吸氧能显著减轻椎管内麻醉下剖宫产术后疼痛,同时有效降低术后恶心呕吐的发生率。     

全身麻醉与腰麻对剖宫产术产妇和新生儿的影响

目的:比较分析全身麻醉与腰麻对剖宫产术产妇和新生儿的影响。方法:选择2018年1月～2018年12月在我院进行剖宫产术的81例产妇,随机分为两组。对照组的40例产妇在剖宫产术中采用腰麻,观察组的41例产妇在剖宫产术中采用全身麻醉。记录两组的切皮至娩出时间、手术时间和新生儿体质量;比较两组新生儿的Apgar评分、动脉血气分析检测值和神经行为评分;并比较两组产妇的平均动脉压以及心率。结果:两组的切皮至娩出时间、手术时间和新生儿体质量没有明显的差异(P0.05);两组胎儿娩出之后1 min和5 min的Apgar评分没有明显的差异(P0.05);两组新生儿出生后30 min的二氧化碳分压、pH值、氧分压、红细胞压积以及血氧饱和度没有明显的差异(P0.05);两组新生儿出生后1 d、3 d和5 d的神经行为评分没有明显的差异(P0.05);与麻醉前相比,两组产妇切皮时和取出胎儿时的平均动脉压以及心率均明显降低(P0.05),且观察组产妇切皮时和取出胎儿时的平均动脉压以及心率均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:全身麻醉和腰麻都适用于剖宫产手术,全身麻醉不仅可以维持剖宫产产妇血流动力学稳定,而且对新生儿Apgar评分、动脉血气分析和神经行为评分无明显的影响,具有较高的临床价值。     

臀位分娩方式的选择对新生儿的影响

目的探讨单胎臀位分娩方式与新生儿窒息发生率、新生儿体重、新生儿死亡情况及产次之间的关系。方法将251例单胎臀位妊娠产妇按分娩方式分为阴道分娩组及剖宫产组,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果新生儿体重剖宫产组显著高于阴道分娩组（P〈0．01）．新生儿窒息率剖宫产组显著低于阴道分娩组（P〈0．05）。新生儿死亡率剖宫产组显著低于阴道分娩组（P〈0．05）。结论正确选择单胎臀位妊娠分娩方式,将有助于降低新生儿窒息率、新生儿死亡率。     

不同上肢预负荷对腰部肌肉自愿收缩力量的影响

目的：本研究探索不同上肢预负荷方式和强度对腰部肌肉最大自愿收缩力量的影响。方法：本研究共招募20名被试者,每名被试者以随机的顺序先后参加4组实验。在实验过程中,被试者保持中立正直坐姿,分别在无预负荷、举臂预负荷、手拉预负荷和手握预负荷方式下进行腰部和腹部力量全力共激活,每组预负荷方式的预负荷强度设置为20%和40%最大负荷力量,同时记录双侧腰部多裂肌和竖脊肌的肌电信号。结果：在双侧多裂肌中,举臂和手拉预负荷方式的均方根值（RMS）和积分肌电值（IEMG）均大于无预负荷组（P<0.05）,手握预负荷方式和无预负荷组之间的RMS值和IEMG值无统计学差异（P>0.05）;在双侧竖脊肌中,三种预负荷方式和无预负荷组之间的RMS值和IEMG值均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。在不同预负荷方式比较中,举臂和手拉预负荷方式的RMS值和IEMG值均大于手握预负荷方式（P<0.05）,举臂预负荷的RMS值和IEMG值均大于手拉预负荷方式（P<0.05）。结论：举臂和手拉预负荷方式带来的肌肉预激活均可以有效提高腰部多裂肌的自愿收缩力量,预负荷强度越大,肌肉收缩力量可能也越大,...     

高频振荡通气在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征治疗中的应用

目的探讨高频振荡通气（HFOV）治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的疗效及安全性。方法将62例NRDS患儿随机分为常频机械通气（CMV）组30例和高频振荡通气（HFOV）组32例,比较两组患儿治疗前后的血气分析,吸入氧浓度（FiO2）,氧合指数（OI）及并发症等指标。结果 HFOV组患儿吸入氧分数明显低于CMV组,PaCO2及氧合指数下降,pH及PO2明显上升;HFOV组发生肺气漏及慢性肺部疾病（CTD）等并发症低于CMV组（P〈0.05）。结论 HFOV治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效肯定、安全性好。     

南京某大型医院剖宫产及其影响因素的初步分析

目的：分析某医院剖宫产的现状,初步探讨其影响因素及控制策略。方法：整理分析了南京某大型医院2009年共1411名入院产妇的病历资料,按分娩方式分为自然分娩组（经阴道分娩）和剖宫产组,比较两组产妇的一般信息、身体状况、产时情况等,采用多因素Logistic回归分析了剖宫产的影响因素。结果：该医院2009年度剖宫产产妇为608人,占总产妇的43．09％。剖宫产产妇的年龄和体重明显高于自然分娩产妇（P〈0．01）,既往身体状况相对较差。入院时多无产兆、宫口未开,且产妇宫高、腹围、胎心率明显较高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。B超检查也显示,羊水异常（过多或过少）、巨大儿、胎位不正（主要为臀位）以及脐带绕颈的比例也明显高于自然分娩产妇（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,产妇高龄（〉35岁）、入院产兆、胎位不正、产妇腹围过大、胎儿窘迫及新生儿超重等皆为剖宫产的独立影响因素。此外发现19．24％的剖宫产产妇无临床指征（即社会因素）。结论：该医院剖宫产的比例不低,要根据影响因素合理选择剖宫产,尤其要有效控制无指征的剖宫产选择,降低剖宫产率。     

ANH自体输血在完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产术中的应用

目的:研究急性等容血液稀释(ANH)自体输血在完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入剖宫产术中的应用价值。方法:选择2012年1月~2015年12月在我院进行诊治的完全性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入患者80例,随机分为三组,对照组(n=26)进行常规处理,ANH组(n=27)进行急性等容血液稀释,AHH(急性高容血液稀释)组(n=27)进行急性高容血液稀释。比较三组产妇的体重、年龄、手术时间、术中出血量、输注异体血例数,ANH组和AHH组血液稀释前后和三组产妇术后的动脉血气分析值、术后2 h血常规,三组新生儿娩出后1min、5min Apgar评分及脐动脉血血气分析值。结果:血液稀释后,两组的血红蛋白、红细胞比容和碱剩余均较血液稀释前明显降低(P0.05),两组血气分析无明显差异(P0.05);ANH组输注异体血的比例明显低于AHH组和对照组(P0.05),剖宫产术后2h,ANH组的血红蛋白、红细胞比容和血小板均明显高于AHH组和对照组(P0.05);三组新生儿的血红蛋白、红细胞比容、碱剩余、血乳酸和Apgar评分均无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:ANH自体输血能减少异体血的输注和产妇剖宫术中红细胞的丢失,节约临床用血,对产妇和新生儿的影响较小。     

脐动脉血流对预测子痫前期新生儿和产妇结局的价值分析

目的:探讨应用脐动脉血流用于预测子痫前期新生儿和产妇结局的临床价值。方法:选择在我院产科建档分娩的120例孕产妇作为研究对象,根据子痫前期发病情况分为子痫前期组60例与对照组60例,记录和比较两组孕产妇的一般资料、血脂、血糖水平、分娩前脐动脉血流与新生儿体重、胎盘的重量及Apgar评分,并进行相关性与危险因素分析。结果:两组孕产妇的年龄、孕次、产次、流产次数、孕周等对比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。子痫前期组的血清HDL-C水平低于对照组(P0.05),血清TC、TG、LDL-C、FBG水平高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组比较,子痫前期组脐动脉S/D、RI与PI值显著升高(P0.05)。所有孕产妇都顺利完成分娩,孕产妇与新生儿都存活,子痫前期组的新生儿出生体重及Apgar评分和胎盘的重量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。在子痫前期组中,脐动脉S/D、RI、PI值与新生儿出生体重呈现显著负相关性(P0.05)。多重线性回归分析显示子痫前期孕产妇的脐动脉S/D、RI、PI值为影响新生儿出生体重的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:脐动脉血流与子痫前期新生儿出生体重显著相关,脐动脉S/D、RI、PI值为影响新生儿出生体重的独立危险因素,子痫前期脐动脉血流监测可为预测新生儿和产妇结局以及预后提供参考。     

Development of cardiovascular responses to sympathomimetic amines and autonomic blockage in the unanesthetized fetus

The cardiovascular effects of phenylephrine or ephedrine alone and after autonomic blockade was studied in the chronically cannulated fetal lamb (100-145 days), the newborn lamb, and adult sheep. As gestation advanced, phenylephrine and ephedrine produced an increasing pressor response before and after pretreatment with atropine (1 mg/kg). Compared with the fetus, the magnitudes of the pressor responses were somewhat greater in the newborn and much larger in the adult. Both drugs produced a reflex bradycardia in the unatropinized fetus which in the case of ephedrine was followed by a tachycardia. Pretreatment with atropine resulted in an immediate tachycardia after ephedrine but not after phenylephrine administration. Pretreatment with phentolamine (0.15 mg/kg) produced about a 55% inhibition of the phenylephrine pressor response in both the fetus and adult, suggesting a linear relationship between body weight and number of alpha-adrenergic receptors. Pretreatment with metoprolol blocked the tachycardia associated with ephedrine administration to unatropinized fetuses. In summary, the increase in the magnitude of the pressor response to phenylephrine suggested development of the receptor-effector system. The greater development of the response to ephedrine suggested that there was an increasing amount of noradrenaline being released with advancing gestation.     

Comparative effects of alpha-receptor stimulation and nitrergic inhibition on bronchovascular tone.

Adrenergic agonists are known to influence bronchial blood flow and bronchovascular resistance. Recently, the nitrergic system has also been implicated in the control of bronchovascular tone. In this study, we compared the effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and the alpha(1)-receptor agonist phenylephrine on bronchovascular resistance in anesthetized sheep (n = 9). Bronchial blood flow, cardiac output, and systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures were continuously monitored. Phenylephrine (1.2-3.4 microg. kg(-1). min(-1)) was infused intravenously to increase mean systemic arterial pressure above 95 Torr for 10 min and then was discontinued. When hemodynamic parameters returned to baseline, nebulized phenylephrine (10 mg) was given over 10 min. When parameters again normalized, L-NAME (30 mg/kg) was infused intravenously over 1 min. Intravenous phenylephrine increased systemic vascular resistance by 40% at 10 min with no concurrent increase in bronchovascular resistance, but inhaled phenylephrine increased bronchovascular resistance by 66% at 10 min. By comparison, intravenous L-NAME produced a rapid and sustained fivefold increase in bronchovascular resistance at 10 min. We conclude that, although alpha-agonist stimulation has some influence on bronchovascular resistance in sheep, the nitrergic system has predominant control of bronchovascular tone.     

持续镇痛分娩对产妇分娩结局和新生儿评分的影响

目的:研究持续镇痛分娩对产妇分娩结局和新生儿评分的影响。方法:选择2018年7月～2019年7月中国医科大学航空总医院(本院)采取硬膜外分娩镇痛的101例产妇,将其随机分为两组。当产生确切的镇痛效果,进入第二产程后,观察组的51例产妇采用0.4μg/m L舒芬太尼以及0.08%罗哌卡因进行持续镇痛分娩;对照组的50例产妇则在宫口开全后,使用生理盐水替代泵内的局麻药物,直到分娩结束。比较两组产妇催产素的使用率,宫口扩张度和第一、第二产程按压硬膜外自控镇痛泵的次数,分娩方式,新生儿的体质量,脐动脉血pH值,出生后1 min和5 min Apgar评分,产妇修复会阴部时的视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)评分及产妇对于第二产程镇痛的满意度评分。结果:两组产妇催产素的使用率、宫口扩张度和第一、第二产程按压硬膜外自控镇痛泵的次数、分娩方式(剖宫产率、器械助产率、自然分娩率)、第一产程镇痛时间、第一以及第二产程时间相比均无显著差异(P0.05);两组新生儿的体质量,脐动脉血pH值,出生后1 min和5 min Apgar评分小于8分的新生儿所占的比例相比没有明显的差异(P0.05);观察组产妇修复会阴部时的VAS评分明显低于对照组(P0.05),产妇对于第二产程镇痛的满意度评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:持续镇痛分娩对产妇分娩结局和新生儿评分无明显的影响,但可显著提高产妇对第二产程镇痛和修复会阴部时镇痛的满意度。     

Relationship between Irisin Concentration and Serum Cytokines in Mother and Newborn

IntroductionIrisin is considered to be a myokine and adipokine that may also participate in reproductive functions, as it increases significantly throughout pregnancy. However, the regulation of circulating irisin and its relationship with other cytokines has not been assessed thus far in pregnant women and their offspring.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate differences in irisin and cytokine concentrations between women at the end of pregnancy and their offspring, as well as the relationship between maternal and newborn irisin and maternal and newborn biomarkers.MethodsTwenty-eight mother/newborn pairs were included in this study. The following biomarkers were evaluated in maternal venous and arterial umbilical cord blood samples: irisin, 27 cytokine panel, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma protein, and free fatty acid concentration.ResultsThe newborns had significantly lower irisin concentrations compared to their mothers (p = 0.03), but this difference was present only in babies born from mothers without labor prior to cesarean section delivery (p = 0.01). No significant differences in maternal and newborn irisin concentrations were found between diabetic and non-diabetic mothers or between overweight/obese and normal weight mothers. A significant positive correlation was found between TAC level and irisin concentration in newborns. Maternal and newborn interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1RA, IL-5, IL-7, and interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10 levels were significantly positively correlated with irisin concentrations in both study groups. In addition, maternal IL1β, IL-5, IL-7, and IP-10 levels positively predicted maternal irisin concentrations. Furthermore, arterial cord blood TAC and IL-1β and IL1-RA levels positively predicted newborn irisin concentrations. Multiple regression analyses showed that maternal IL-13 negatively predicted offspring irisin levels (p = 0.03) and that maternal IL-1β positively predicted newborn irisin concentrations (p = 0.046).ConclusionNo evidence was found that serum irisin concentrations in mothers at pregnancy termination or those of their newborns correlated with maternal body mass index, the presence of diabetes mellitus, or free fatty acid levels. However, the results of this study indicated that cytokines might predict irisin concentration in mothers and their offspring, although interactions between irisin levels during pregnancy and the newborn have not yet been fully elucidated.     

Effect of metabolic acidosis on fetal renal haemodynamics

The effects of metabolic acidosis on renal haemodynamics and intrarenal blood flow distribution was studied in two groups of chronically-catheterized fetal sheep between 122 and 130 days of gestation. One group (experimental group) was studied before and during infusion of 1.1 M lactic acid, whereas the second group received on infusion of dextrose 5% (w/v) in water and served as a time-control group. Infusion of lactic acid for 2 h decreased fetal arterial pH from 7.37 +/- 0.01 to 6.95 +/- 0.02, did not change arterial blood pressure, but produced a significant decrease in renal blood flow (41 +/- 3 to 33 +/- 7 ml/min, P less than 0.05) and a significant increase in renal vascular resistance (1.42 +/- 0.13 to 1.86 +/- 0.18 mmHg/ml/min, P less than 0.05). Moreover, a significant decline in cortical blood flow was also observed in the outer portion of the renal cortex during lactic acidosis. Taken together, these results suggest that metabolic acidosis produces significant changes in fetal renal haemodynamics not associated with changes in arterial blood pressure.