尖吻蝮幼蛇开口率的影响因素研究

目的了解人工养殖的不同体重尖吻蝮初生幼蛇对不同种类、重量食物的选择性,分析影响尖吻蝮幼蛇开口率的因素。方法将刚孵化出的尖吻蝮幼蛇按体重抽样分组,分别投入棘胸蛙幼蛙、多疣壁虎和小白鼠进行饲喂,统计不同体重的幼蛇对不同食物的偏好性、幼蛇对不同特征食物的选择性以及不同食物的损耗率。结果尖吻蝮幼蛇总开口率达98.33%,不同食物的开口率有显著性差异;在不同食物的分组开口实验中,投喂幼蛙的幼蛇开口率达95.0%,投喂壁虎的幼蛇开口率达60.0%,投喂乳鼠的幼蛇开口率仅15.0%。不同初生体重的幼蛇投喂壁虎、乳鼠的开口率差异显著,而投喂幼蛙的开口率差异无显著性。结论初生体重对幼蛇的进食能力有显著影响,尖吻蝮幼蛇开口食物应以幼蛙为主,壁虎为辅。     

尖吻蝮幼蛇就地和异地人工养殖研究

目的研究尖吻蝮（Deinagkistrodon acutbus）幼蛇在人工养殖过程中的技术难关,探讨尖吻蝮幼蛇生长缓慢的原因,以提高幼蛇的成活率和生长率。方法采用湖南省永州市野生尖吻蝮种蛇产卵孵化的幼蛇,在原产地永州与非原产地广西南宁进行幼蛇的人工饲养对比实验,观察在不同地域人工饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇的生长速度。结果尖吻蝮幼蛇在本地及异地人工饲养均获得成功,尤其以南宁人工饲养的幼蛇最为明显,2010年9月饲养至2011年8月,幼蛇均重从（13．8±1．8）g增长至（198．8±80．6）g,最重的个体体重达350g。两地饲养的幼蛇均可自行捕食中华蟾蜍、老鼠及活小鸡、鸭苗,仅用1年时间将野生尖吻蝮子代幼蛇人工饲养成功。结论尖吻蝮幼蛇在本地及异地人工饲养是可行的。     

温度和卵大小对尖吻蝮幼蛇孵化及存活率影响的研究

目的研究尖吻蝮（Dienagkistrodon acutus）幼蛇成活率低的原因,观察不同温度条件和不同卵大小对尖吻蝮幼蛇的孵化、幼体特征、转化率、幼蛇存活率的影响。方法将不同窝尖吻蝮蛇卵按产卵日期相差不超过1天分为同一组,每组随机选择不同的温度进行孵化,采用隔水式恒温培养箱进行控温,以常温孵化作为对照试验,幼蛇出壳后采集相关试验数据并进行分析。在环境条件、养殖模式和养殖方法相同情况下对幼蛇饲养3个月,然后统计各组成活率。结果尖吻蝮幼体的孵化和幼体特征及存活率与孵化温度条件有明显相关性,孵化温度越高,孵化期越短,畸形率越高,蛇卵重量转化为幼体体重的转化率越低,3月龄幼蛇存活率越低。较大的尖吻蝮蛇卵孵出的幼蛇个体较大,生存力较强,存活率较高。结论尖吻蝮幼蛇的存活率与孵化温度条件及蛇卵重量大小有明显相关性,较适宜的孵化温度为24-26℃,蛇卵越大幼蛇存活率越高。     

尖吻蝮的人工繁育

In this article, we report our first experience of successful artificial propagation about the five paced pit viper ( Deinagkistrodon acutus ) and breeding to its second filial generation. In May, 1994, 18 adult snakes (8 males, 10 females) were captured in field, and were reared in man made environment. In July and August of the same year, 5 females laid 134 eggs in total (26 8±5 26), which were artificially incubated into 123 hatchlings. 100 hatchlings (average body weight 12 13±1 50 g)were selected to feed. Three years later, 58 snakes were alive (livability 58%). In September of 1997, April and May of 1998, some of the 58 snakes copulated. From July to August of 1998, 6 females laid 64 eggs in total, 58 of which were fertilized, and 54 were incubated into hatchlings in September of 1998. Therefore, we had successfully bred the second filial generation of the five paced pit viper in complete artificial environment.     

尖吻蝮仔蛇的人工模拟生态养殖试验

目的通过建立一个适应于尖吻蝮仔蛇生长发育的稳定的多功能生态系统的人工模拟生态养殖蛇场,以最大限度地降低仔蛇的饲料成本,从而达到降低人工养殖尖吻蝮蛇的成本。方法选取一个室外围墙式养蛇场作为试验基地。设计为适应于蛇、蛙、昆虫、蚯蚓、小杂鱼等动物生长繁衍的人工模拟生态环境,建立一个稳定的多功能蛇场生态系统,以尖吻蝮蛇100条,在试验以前随机抽取10条测量其体重和体长,并以活体动物饲料喂养法和科学饲养管理法进行试验养殖,并在进入第一、第二次冬眠前均随机抽取10条蛇仔测其体重和体长。结果本次试验与本蛇场室内人工饲养尖吻蝮仔蛇相比,不仅在体重、体长和肥满度方面均相差不大,而且仔蛇的存活率还有所提高。结论表明该人工模拟生态养殖蛇场能够满足尖吻蝮仔蛇生长发育的需要,达到了预期的目的。     

我国蝮属蛇类和尖吻蝮英文名称的建议

“Vipers“ is the English common name for more than 200 species of the family Viperidae. The so called “pit vipers“ is also the English common name for more than 150 species of the subfamily Crotalinae which have a “faclal pit“, an organ on each side of head which functions as a heat receptor. Of course, in countries where the people use English as the mother language there are English names for most snakes found in their own country. For example, the pit-viper species Agkistrodon contortrix is called “copperhead“, and Agkistrodon piscivorus is called “cottonmouth“ or “water moccasin“ in the USA. Also, another pit-viper, Agkistrodon bilineatus, is called “cantil“ by the people in Mexico and South America. In Japan, there has only one species belonging to the genus Glo3dius, i.e., Gloydius blornhoffii. According to its Japanese pronunciation, it has an English name by spelling of English alphabets as “mamushi“. Up to date, there are more than ten species recognized in the genus Gloydius. Among them , most are found in China. But there is no English common name especially for those species. After my detail studying, I certainly believe that there a Chinese word, “腹“ (according to Chinese pronunciation, it may be spelled by English alphabets as “Fu“) especially for the pit-viper species since 500 to 300 years B.C. During the following 2500 years, the snake name “Fu“ appeared in many ancient Chinese boaks dealing about dictionary (the “Ya“ course), drug boaks (Ben Cao), and even literature boaks or papers. So, the author of this paper used “腹“ as Chinese name for all the Gloydius species as well as for Deinagkistrodon acutus, because the latter was never included in the same genus. In this paper the author would suggest to use the English alphabet spelling “Fu“ plus “s“ (Fus) as an English name for the genus Gloydius, and “Fu “ as the English name of all the Gloydius species found in China and other places (excluding Gloydius blomhoffii found only in Japan, which still would keep its Japanese name “mamushi“). Besides, using “Sharp-snouted Fu“ as an English name of the genus Deinagkistrodon as well as species name of Deinagkistrodon acutus.     

尖吻蝮血液11项生化指标的测定

对尖吻蝮Agkistrodon acutus血液11项牛化指标进行了测定,并对其测定结果进行了t检验.结果显示,尖吻蝮血液生化指标中葡萄糖(Glu)、甘油三酯(TG)、血清钠(Na)、血清氯(C;)、m清钙(Ca)、血清磷(P)、血清镁(Mg)的生化指标在雌雄之间差异不显著(P>0.05);总蛋白(IP)为雌、雄之间差异显著(P<0.05);总胆固醇(CHO)、白蛋白(ALB)、血清钾(K)在雌、雄之间差异极显著(P<0.01).从测定结果可看出尖吻蝮雌雄间血液生化值筹异不大.     

尖吻蝮自然越冬洞穴的结构观察

为了解决尖吻蝮在人工饲养条件下难以安全越冬的问题 ,在黄山地区对尖吻蝮的自然越冬进行了数年的调查 ,陆续观察了 2 3个越冬洞穴的结构。初步总结了尖吻蝮自然越冬的生态 ,并用数据和图示方式较详细地报道了尖吻蝮自然越冬洞穴的构造 ,介绍了人工饲养过程中保证尖吻蝮安全越冬的管理方法。     

野外尖吻蝮迁移活动和捕食行为的观察

我国特有种尖吻蝮（Agkistrodon acutus）的驯养研究广大学者和专业户做了大量突出的工作。但对野外生态的研究还有待深入。近30年来．作者结合“尖吻蝮人工驯养”进行研究,在皖南歙县、黟县、休宁、祁门等周边地区作了数百次实地考查,并走访当地居民和有经验的捕蛇者,对尖吻蝮的野外生态、栖息环境、生活习性有了深层次的了解,为人工驯养繁殖尖吻蝮奠定坚实的基础。现报告如下。     

尖吻蝮人工养殖灌喂技术研究

目的探讨采用灌喂器人工灌喂尖吻蝮技术的可行性。方法采用湖南京湘源蛇类养殖有限公司自主研制的灌喂器人工灌喂尖吻蝮,观察记录随机抽取的30条尖吻蝮幼蛇及30条尖吻蝮成蛇在机器灌喂后每条幼蛇的体重数据,每3个月测量1次,观察12个月统计尖吻蝮的体重增长情况,并与常规灌喂方法饲养的尖吻蝮进行比较。结果灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇成活率为86.67%,平均体重达（482.39±40.19）g;灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮成蛇成活率为96.67%,平均体重达（1346.13±117.51）g。而同期常规灌喂技术饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇全部死亡,尖吻蝮成蛇成活率为76.67%,平均体重（878.56±82.39）g。结论人工灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇及成蛇的体重增长快速,成活率高,值得推广。     

尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒出血毒素的纯化与部分性质

目的　被尖吻蝮蛇 （ Ｄｉｅｎａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ ａｃｕｔｕｓ） 咬伤会引起严重的出血, 对蛇毒出血毒素的研究有利于治疗蛇伤出血药物筛选。 方法　采用 Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ７５, Ｄ Ｅ Ａ Ｅ Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ５０, Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ２００ 和两次 Ｐ Ｂ Ｅ 聚焦层析纯化。 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ 电泳和等电聚焦电泳测定纯化样品的纯度和等电点。氨基酸组成用自动氨基酸分析仪测定。以小鼠背部皮下注射部位出血斑的面积来确定最小出血剂量和常规的方法测定酶活性。结果　从尖吻蝮蛇毒中纯化到一个相对分子量为５６ ０００ 的出血毒素 （ Ｄａ Ｈ Ｔ３）, 经氨基酸组成测定计算,它由 ４８７ 个氨基酸残基组成。此成分在 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ上显示出一条均一的蛋白染色带, 其ｐ Ｉ为５５０。该出血成分的最小出血剂量是 ２６μｇ, 具有蛋白水解酶活力, 其活力为 ３６８, 但没有精氨酯酶和磷脂酶 Ａ２ 活力。当加入 Ｅ Ｄ Ｔ Ａ 螯合剂去除金属离子后, 它们的出血活力和蛋白水解酶活力均丧失。 结论　这是从大陆尖吻蝮蛇毒中获得的一个新的出血金属蛋白酶 （ Ｄａ Ｈ Ｔ３）。     

尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒出血毒素DaHT-3的纯化与性质

被尖吻蝮蛇咬伤会引起严重的出血,对蛇毒出血毒素的研究有利于治疗蛇伤出血药物的筛选.通过SephadexG-75,DEAE-SephadexA-50,SephadexG-200和两次PBE聚焦层析,从尖吻蝮蛇(Dienagkistrodonacutus)蛇毒中纯化到一个分子量为56000的出血毒素(DaHT-3),经氨基酸组成测定计算,由487个氨基酸残基组成.此成分在SDS-PAGE上显示出一条均一的蛋白染色带,用等电聚焦电泳测定,其pI为5.50.该出血成分的最小出血剂量是2.6μg,具有蛋白水解酶活力,其活力为3.68,但没有精氨酸酯酶和磷脂酶A2活力.用红外光谱仪研究DaHT-3在溶液中酰胺I带的吸收谱,该毒素含有31.8%的α螺旋、56.1%的β折叠和12.1%的转角;当加入EDTA螯合剂去除金属离子后,它们的α螺旋、β折叠、转角和无规卷曲分别变为11%、26.4%、46.2%和16.5%,而出血活力和蛋白水解酶活力均丧失,表明该出血毒素是金属蛋白酶     

尖吻蝮蛇毒出血毒素DaHT—3的红外光谱测定

目的观察蛇毒出血毒素结构的变化对功能的影响。方法利用傅利叶变换红外光谱仪对尖吻蝮蛇毒出血毒素（ＤａＨＴ－３）在溶液中酰胺Ｉ带吸收光谱的研究,探测了此出血毒素在溶液中的自然构象和加入ＥＤＴＡ螯合剂除去金属离子后构象的变化。结果此出血毒素在水溶液中的自然构象分别是：α－螺旋为３１．８％、β－折叠为５６．１％、转角为１２．１％;而在去除金属离子情况下α－螺旋和β－折叠减少,转角和无规卷曲增加,即加入螯合剂后其α－螺旋、β－折叠、转角和无规卷曲分别变为１１％、２６．４％、４６．２％和１６．５％。由于结构的变化,它的出血活性和蛋白水解酶活性均被丧失。结论金属离子,特别是锌离子在维系蛇毒出血蛋白酶分子中的二级结构中起着很重要的作用。     

皖南尖吻蝮蛇出血毒素生物学活性与圆二色性关系的研究

用远紫外ＣＤ谱研究了皖南尖吻蝮蛇蛇毒３个出血毒素ＡａＨⅠ、ＡａＨⅢ和ＡａＨⅣ的溶液构象,ＡａＨⅠ的α螺旋、β折叠、β转角和无规卷曲的含量分别为２５．８％、１２．７％、２６．８％和３４．７％;ＡａＨⅢ的二级结构含量分别为２３．９％、２０．６％、２３．７％和３１．８％;而ＡａＨⅣ分别为１８．２％、３１．０％、１７．２％和３３．６％。当ｐＨ小于４．０或ｐＨ大于１１．０时,３种出血毒素α螺旋减少而β折叠增多,同时３种出血毒素的酪蛋白水解活性显著下降。ＥＤＴＡ抑制酪蛋白水解活性,表明３种出血毒素均是金属蛋白酶。ＥＤＴＡ、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋、Ｃａ２＋和Ｍｇ２＋能改变３种出血毒素的二级结构,并影响酪蛋白水解活性。     

Patterns of feeding and food pellet retrieval by Norway rats during food deprivation

This study examined whether, for Norway rats suffering a body weight deficit of sufficient magnitude, food hoarding is prepotent over feeding. Rats food-deprived to 85% ad lib weight were videotaped during hoarding sessions that lasted until they ceased to hoard or eat to obtain complete records of retrieval and feeding. During the early minutes of a trial, feeding was the predominant activity, and food pellet retrieval occurred singly or in short bouts. This gave way over time to diminished eating and extended bouts of retrieval (hoarding). Closer analysis suggested that retrieval and feeding were aroused together and at the beginning of such arousal retrieval was momentarily prepotent over feeding. But once retrieval had occurred, there was a shift in favor of feeding. After the rat had consumed a sufficient amount of food, feeding was no longer aroused to the same degree, so bouts of retrieval occurred without feeding. Electronic Publication     

湖南尖吻蝮蛇毒出血毒素的圆二色性和化学修饰

用远紫外ＣＤ谱研究了湖南产尖吻蝮蛇毒的两个出血毒素（ＤａＨＴ－１、ＤａＨＴ－２）的溶液构象,计算得ＤａＨＴ－１的α螺旋、β折叠、无规卷曲的含量分别为３６．９％、３５．５％、２７．６％;ＤａＨＴ－２的α螺旋、β折叠、无规卷曲分别为２３．４％、３１．３％、４５．３％。随ｐＨ的增大或减小,峰位蓝移,酸性条件下的变化比碱性条件下的变化大。构象单元含量计算表明：α螺旋减少,无规卷曲增多,β折叠基本未变。温度和ｐＨ对ＣＤ谱的影响相似,５０℃时峰位蓝移,α螺旋减少,无规卷曲增多．ＥＤＴＡ对ＣＤ谱影响显著,０．０２ｍｏｌ／ＬＥＤＴＡ便导致两个出血毒素呈极度的无序状态。ＥＤＴＡ完全抑制,半胱氨酸部分抑制,胰蛋白酶不影响它们的出血活性。     

Economy of food utilization in a gregarious sawfly,Arge nigrinodosa Motschulsky (Hymenoptera: Argidae): Relative abundance of food in the natural habitat and behavioral pattern of larval feeding

Summary Relative abundance of natural food resource, leaves of wild rose, ofArge migrinodosa was evaluated by comparing the food quantity which the larvae composing a colony utilized throughout the larval stage with that which is available in the habitat. In this connection, behavioral pattern of larval feeding was also observed under natural conditions, and its ecological significance was discussed. It was quantitatively clarified that the larvae faced the severe shortage of food and had to disperse to other shoots with the expense of probably high risk. Under pressures of such insufficient supply of food, the larvae follow the most efficient pattern of feeding behavior that they move to the tip of shoot at first and feed regularly downward thereafter. Though individual larvae behaved completely independently of each other, the aggregation appeared to be formed and maintained because all the larvae from the same egg mass follow this fixed feeding pattern.