SMRT‐mediated co‐shuttling enables export of class IIa HDACs independent of their CaM kinase phosphorylation sites

The Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDAC)4 and HDAC5 play a role in neuronal survival and behavioral adaptation in the CNS. Phosphorylation at 2/3 N‐terminal sites promote their nuclear export. We investigated whether non‐canonical signaling routes to Class IIa HDAC export exist because of their association with the co‐repressor Silencing Mediator Of Retinoic And Thyroid Hormone Receptors (SMRT). We found that, while HDAC5 and HDAC4 mutants lacking their N‐terminal phosphorylation sites (HDAC4^MUT, HDAC5^MUT) are constitutively nuclear, co‐expression with SMRT renders them exportable by signals that trigger SMRT export, such as synaptic activity, HDAC inhibition, and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signaling. We found that SMRT's repression domain 3 (RD3) is critical for co‐shuttling of HDAC5^MUT, consistent with the role for this domain in Class IIa HDAC association. In the context of BDNF signaling, we found that HDAC5^WT, which was more cytoplasmic than HDAC5^MUT, accumulated in the nucleus after BDNF treatment. However, co‐expression of SMRT blocked BDNF‐induced HDAC5^WT import in a RD3‐dependent manner. In effect, SMRT‐mediated HDAC5^WT export was opposing the BDNF‐induced HDAC5 nuclear accumulation observed in SMRT's absence. Thus, SMRT's presence may render Class IIa HDACs exportable by a wider range of signals than those which simply promote direct phosphorylation.     

过表达鸡Klf2促进klf7转录抑制脂肪细胞分化

过表达Krüppel样因子2(Krüppel like factor 2,Klf2)或Klf7可抑制脂肪细胞形成,但是在脂肪组织中Klf2是否调控klf7表达还不清楚。本研究采用油红O染色和蛋白质印迹法技术研究了过表达Klf2对鸡前脂肪细胞分化的影响,结果显示过表达Klf2抑制油酸诱导的前脂肪细胞分化和pparγ表达,同时促进klf7表达(P<0.05)。利用Spearman相关性分析研究人和鸡脂肪组织中klf2和klf7的表达数据之间的关系,发现klf2和klf7的表达数据存在明显的正相关(r>0.1)。荧光素酶报告基因分析显示,在鸡前脂肪细胞中过表达Klf2促进鸡klf7启动子(–241/–91、–521/–91、–1845/–91、–2286/–91和–1215/–91)的活性(P<0.05);此外,在鸡前脂肪细胞中,klf7启动子(–241/–91)报告基因活性与共转染的klf2过表达质粒的浓度正相关(Tau=0.91766,P=1.074×10–7),过表达Klf2显著促进klf7的mRNA表达水平。综上所述,促进klf7表达可能是Klf2抑制鸡脂肪细胞形成的作用途径之一,鸡klf7翻译起始位点上游–241 bp/–91 bp序列可能介导转录因子Klf2对klf7表达的转录调控作用。     

HDAC inhibitor protects chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and oxygen‐glucose deprivation injuries via H3K14 and H4K5 acetylation‐mediated BDNF expression

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common cause of dementia, but the treatment is still lacking. Although many studies have reported that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) confer protective effects against ischemic and hypoxic injuries, their role in VaD is still uncertain. Previous studies shown, one HDACi protected against cognitive decline in animals with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we tested several 10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[b,f]azepine hydroxamates, which act as HDACis in the CCH model (in vivo), and SH‐SY5Y (neuroblastoma cells) with oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD, in vitro). We identified a compound 13, which exhibited the best cell viability under OGD. The compound 13 could increase, in part, the protein levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). It increased acetylation status on lysine 14 residue of histone 3 (H3K14) and lysine 5 of histone 4 (H4K5). We further clarified which promoters (I, II, III, IV or IX) could be affected by histone acetylation altered by compound 13. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation and Q‐PCR analysis indicate that an increase in H3K14 acetylation leads to an increase in the expression of BDNF promoter II, while an increase in H4K5 acetylation results in an increase in the activity of BDNF promoter II and III. Afterwards, these cause an increase in the expression of BDNF exon II, III and coding exon IX. In summary, the HDACi compound 13 may increase BDNF specific isoforms expression to rescue the ischemic and hypoxic injuries through changes of acetylation on histones.