肾小球旁器组织结构及其生理作用

肾单位包括肾小体和肾小管两部分,肾小体的功能为超滤过作用,肾小管主要是再吸收作用。肾小管又分为近曲小管、髓袢及远曲小管几部分。由若干肾单位的远曲小管汇合成为集合管,再开口于锥体乳头处。集合管不属于肾单位,它和肾单位的胚胎发育来源不同。肾小体、近曲小管、远曲小管以及集合管的一部分位于肾皮质内、髓袢、直集合管和直血管位于髓质锥体之内,因此在断面上可见皮质呈现颗粒状,髓质为纹状。肾小球旁器也称球旁复合体或近血管球复合体,由入球小动脉的球旁细胞、远曲小管的致密斑和球外系膜细胞组成。三者在肾小体血管极处排列成三角形,入球小动脉和     

泰和乌骨鸡肌肉氨基酸营养价值的研究

泰和乌骨鸡肌肉含有18种氨基酸,总量为20.63%,其中8种人体必须氨基酸总量为8.30%,4种鲜味氨基酸总量为8.96%。必须氨基酸在总氨基酸中所占的百分比高于WHO/FAO模式,必须氨基酸的构成比例基本符合WHO/FAO标准     

回转器旋转对不同发育阶段的鸡胚脑细胞周期时相分布的影响

利用回转器旋转模拟微重力生物效应是一常见的在地面研究失重对生物体影响的方法。本文应用流式细胞光度计测量８～１６天的鸡胚经回转器旋转,不同时间后鸡胚脑细胞内的ＤＮＡ含量,研究旋转对不同发育阶段鸡胚脑细胞周期时相分布的影响。结果表明Ｓ期细胞数明显减少,Ｇ１期细胞数明显增多（ｐ＜０．０５）,说明旋转后的鸡胚脑细胞被阻留在Ｇ１期     

大鼠肾小球微循环活体观察实验研究

结扎大鼠一侧输尿管,复制肾盂积水模型。在冷光源－光导纤维－导光棒的透射照明下,通过显微电视系统,成功地观察到完整肾脏皮质表层肾小球及其周围血管微血流动态的清晰图像。正常肾小球呈树状分布,密集、大小均匀。高倍镜下可清楚辨认入球及出球小动脉,其血细胞流态为直线状。并发现肾小球有交替开放现象。     

鸡卵与鸡胚生物电位的观察

本实验记录到鸡卵和鸡胚四种直流电值,包括:正快,正慢,负快,负慢电位。电位出现存在活动期和静息期。降温可使电位数量减少或消失,随复温逐渐出现并增大。据微电报测定结果提示:直流生物电位的产生可能是酶促反应所导致的电位变化。     

红腹锦鸡和小白鼠肾小球微血管铸型的扫描电镜观察

为了探讨鸟类肾小球微血管构筑与哺乳动物肾小球微血管构筑的异同,用微血管铸型技术和扫描电镜对红腹锦鸡和小白鼠的肾小球微血管做了铸型观察。结果表明：小白鼠肾小球由小球内小叶微动脉,毛细血管网小叶及小叶间交通支和小叶输出血管构成,小叶可分出亚单位;红腹锦鸡肾小球为一簇迂回盘曲的血管团,血管间未见有复杂的分支和吻合;小白鼠和红腹锦鸡入球小动脉和出球小动脉均为一支,但有的出球小动脉有分支。另外,文章还对肾小球微血管构筑与滤过率的关系进行了讨论。     

“观察鸡卵的结构和鸡胚的发育”的实验教学

对"观察鸡卵的结构和鸡胚的发育"实验在实验材料的选择、实验装置的改进等方面进行优化。通过实验观察鸡胚的完整发育过程,有助于理解鸡卵的结构和鸡胚的发育,帮助学生构建动物个体发育的概念。     

肾小球细胞培养方法的研究进展

种植完整的肾小球或用胶原酶消化后的肾小球残体,借助细胞自肾小球向外生长的能力,已培养出三种肾小球细胞,即肾小球表皮细胞、系膜细胞和肾小球内皮细胞。应用细胞及分子生物学技术研究单一种类肾小球细胞的结构与功能,发现这些细胞能合成和分泌多种细胞因子和生长因子,这些因子以自分泌或旁分泌方式调节肾小球细胞的代谢过程。     

历山自然保护区勺鸡的生态观察

历山自然保护区勺鸡的生态观察樊龙锁,李孔瑞,薛红忠山西历山国家级自然保护区沁水０４８２１１勺鸡（Ｐｕｃｒａｓｉａｍａｃｒｏｌｏｐｈａ）为国家二级保护鸟类。１９９２年和１９９３年的４－７月,在山西历山国家级自然保护区对勺鸡的生态进行了调查,现报道如下。...     

藏马鸡卵壳的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对我国特有珍禽──藏马鸡的卵壳进行了超微结构观察。电镜下显示：藏马鸡卵壳从内向外由壳膜层、锥体层、海绵层和表层等组成。壳膜层内层致密、含少量纤维,外层为纵横交错成网状的纤维结构,锥体层由许多乳头状突起密集排列组成,海绵层为似沉积岩层的层状结构,表层在卵壳最外面,上由具保护性的透明蛋白质薄膜覆盖。与同属的褐马鸡的卵壳进行比较,其超微结构存在差异。     

拟腹吸鳅属鱼类颏吸附器的扫描电镜观察及其亚属划分

扫描电镜下,构成拟腹吸鳅鱼类颏吸附器的若干条皮脊均由许多分别根植于单个上皮细胞表面的爪形突组成。爪形突高１５～２０μｍ,横截面常呈椭圆形,长短轴的４～５μｍ,易脱落,也可增生。它们可能具有吸附基质表面、保护周围味蕾等功能。由于爪形突分布部位的不同和所组成皮脊的形态差异,可明显地分为叠波型和品字型两类。这两类吸附器的种类间同时在味蕾分布、口角须结构和背鳍条及腹鳍条数目等方面也存在相应的差异,代表了两个独立演化的自然类群。本文把腹吸鳅属分成两个亚属,将其中颏吸附器呈品字型的三个种和亚种分离出来,成立品唇吸鳅亚属（Ｌａｂｉｇａｓ－ｔｒｏｍｙｚｏｎ）,其他是叠波型的种类则归属指名亚属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｇａｓｔｒｏｍｙｚｏｎ）。     

鸡鸭异种间嵌合体的制备

本研究采集孵化14期鸡胚血液中的原始生殖细胞,在液氮中冷冻保存三个月后,解冻成活率达80％以上。以Ficoll密度梯度离心将其从血液中分离纯化,分离获得纯度为27.5%,平均每枚胚胎可获得近50个PGCs。将分离的PGCs 100-200个以微注射法转移至15期早期麻鸭胚胎中制备了鸡鸭种间嵌合体,孵出8（6♂,2♀）只雏鸭,总孵化率为7.3%（8／110）。以鸡W染色体特异性DNA探针原位杂交法在早期鸭胚性腺中检测鸡PGCs。在被检测的21个鸭胚的性腺中,16个有不同程度的阳性信号,嵌合率达76.2%(16/21)。实验结果表明鸡原始生殖细胞能够迁移并定居到鸭胚性腺中,并有可能在鸭性腺中增殖分化成有功能的配子。     

DNA AND THE FINE STRUCTURE OF SYNAPTIC CHROMOSOMES IN THE DOMESTIC ROOSTER (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)

The indium trichloride method of Watson and Aldridge (38) for staining nucleic acids for electron microscopy was employed to study the relationship of DNA to the structure of the synaptinemal complex in meiotic prophase chromosomes of the domestic rooster. The selectivity of the method was demonstrated in untreated and DNase-digested testis material by comparing the distribution of indium staining in the electron microscope to Feulgen staining and ultraviolet absorption in thicker sections seen with the light microscope. Following staining by indium, DNA was found mainly in the microfibril component of the synaptinemal complex. When DNA was known to have been removed from aldehyde-fixed material by digestion with DNase, indium stainability was also lost. However, staining of the digested material with non-selective heavy metal techniques demonstrated the presence of material other than DNA in the microfibrils and showed that little alteration in appearance of the chromosome resulted from DNA removal. The two dense lateral axial elements of the synaptinemal complex, but not the central one to any extent, also contained DNA, together with non-DNA material.     

FINE STRUCTURE OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF UROGLENA AMERICANA (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1

The three-dimensional structure of the flagellar apparatus of Uroglena americana Calkins (Uroglenopsis americana [Calkins] Lemmerman) was determined using serial section reconstruction. The three microtubular rootlet systems (R₂, R₃, and R₄) follow the general pattern found in other chrysophytes. The R₂ rootlet originates between the basal bodies of the mastigoneme-bearing long flagellum (F₁) and the short smooth flagellum (F₂) and is attached to the former by a fibrous connection. The R₃ rootlet system originates as a trough-shaped band of six microtubules spanning the distance between the proximal ends of the F₁ and F₂ basal bodies. The six-membered rootlet splits into two parts (designated R₃ and R₃) which circle the depression from which the F₂ flagellum emerges in counter-clockwise direction. These two rootlets pass beneath the F₂ basal body and descend into the cell alongside the chloroplast. The R₄ rootlet originates in fibrous material which passes diagonally over the F₂ basal body, forms a clockwise loop about three-quarters of the way around the depression, and ends in the cytoplasm. In place of a typical chrysophyte R₁ rootlet, U. americana has a different array of microtubules attached to the F₁ basal body which we have designated the descending rootlet (DR). This rootlet is a hairpin-shaped structure lying just below the surface of the cell; its longitudinal axis is predominantly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell. The DR resembles the bypassing rootlet which occurs in phaeophyte zoospores. Other chrysophytes may possess rootlets which are similar to the DR found in Uroglena.     

细胞骨架与卵子减数分裂器的再启动和旋转关系的研究

本文采用体外授精(IVF)技术,通过小鼠受精卵早期发育过程中的形态变化,来研究受精过程中减数分裂器的重新启动与旋转。得到以下几个结果:①精子是在小鼠卵子的减数分裂器旋转之前进入卵子,随后精核发生去凝缩,从而使停滞的减数分裂器复苏启动。②雄性原核的形成过程,伴随着减数分裂器的旋转过程,雄性原核的形成要比雌性原核的为早。③在减数分裂器旋转过程中,微丝不仅参与,并且控制着旋转;解聚微丝,将阻止减数分裂器的旋转。④微管是减数分裂器的主要构成部分,它的稳定为减数分裂器形成提供了保证;解聚微管,将使减数分裂器解体。     

黑水鸡与家鸡染色体带型同源性比较研究

从二倍体细胞大染色体组(Macrochromosomes)的G带特征比较分析,鹤形目的黑水鸡与鸡形目的家鸡带型相似程度很大,标志着这两种鸟类的亲缘关系较近,同时也充分说明了不同目鸟类在进化上染色体变异的保守性。其带型差异仅在于两次臂间倒位、两次臂内倒位和一次着丝点融合。此外,我们采用QM荧光——银染的相继染色法发现黑水鸡的W染色体上有NOR存在,这种核仁组织者区域与性染色质发生连锁的现象在鸟类是首次发现。     

贝氏隐孢子虫在珍珠鸡体内发育的扫描电镜观察

采用扫描电镜观察了贝氏隐孢子虫在珍珠鸡体内的发育。大量球形虫体镶嵌于气管和法氏囊微绒毛丛中。气管纤毛消失,微绒毛生发生融合。法氏囊粘膜表面可观察到宿主细胞突起,在突起的表面有数个虫体寄生。滋养体呈球状,平均大小为１．７μｍ。裂殖体拥有４个或８个香蕉状裂殖子。成熟大配子体大小为 ４.２ × ３．３μｍ,在其侧面可观察到锯齿状突起。偶尔能观察到卵囊,其表 面有一明显裂缝。虫体逸出后所留下的带虫空泡似弹坑状,根据其结构可将其分为两类,其中一类为裂殖子或小配子的形成场所,另一类为卵囊的形成场所。     

莼菜(Brasenia schreberi)表皮腺毛细胞高尔基体中一种内含物的初步研究(简报)

在不经过任何特殊处理的常规生物样品中,高尔基体扁囊(Saccules)及囊泡(Vacuoles)中的内含物在电镜下常为低电子密度,而最近我们在莼菜(Brasenia schreberi)叶柄及叶片的表皮腺毛细胞中观察到带有高电子密度的高尔基体内含物。在扁囊中,这些内含物多呈波浪形(图版Ⅰ,图1)。这种特殊形态的高尔基体内含物以及这种未经任何特殊处理而显示出高尔基体中某些物质的现象是前人没有报道过的,本文就这种内含物的结构、性质以及其染色机制进行了初步探讨。     

DIVISION APPARATUS OF THE CHLOROPLAST IN NANNOCHLORIS BACILLARIS (CHLOROPHYTA)1

Chloroplast division in Nannochloris bacillaris Naumann (Chlorophyta) was examined by electron microscopy after preparation of samples by freeze-substitution. A pair of belts appeared on the surface of the outer and inner envelope membranes at the middle of the chloroplast. These belts seemed to be constructed of thin fibrils that run parallel to the longitudinal direction of the belts. The outer fibrillar belt increased in width as the constriction of the chloroplast advanced. It appears that the fibrillar belt is the division apparatus of the chloroplast. It encircles the chloroplast and finally divides the chloroplast in two as the diameter of the belt decreases.