Effect of bioaugmentation and nitrogen supplementation on composting of paddy straw

A composting experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a hyperlignocellulolytic fungal consortium and different nitrogen amendments on paddy straw composting in terms of changes in physicochemical and biological parameters. A fungal consortium comprising four lignocellulolytic mesophilic fungal cultures was used as inoculum for bioaugmentation of paddy straw in perforated pits. The comparative effect of farmyard manure (FYM), soybean trash, poultry litter and urea on the composting process was evaluated at monthly intervals in terms of physicochemical (pH, EC, available P, C:N ratio and humus content) and biological (enzymatic and microbial activity) parameters. The compost prepared from bioaugmented paddy straw composting mixture, with poultry manure as nitrogen supplement attained desirable C:N ratio in 1 month and displayed least phytotoxicity levels along with higher production of β-1,4-Exoglucanase. The combined activity of the autochthonous composting microbiota as well as the externally applied fungal inoculum accelerated the composting process of paddy straw. Supplementation of paddy straw with poultry manure in 8:1 ratio was identified as the best treatment to hasten the composting process. This study highlights the importance of application of fungal inoculum and an appropriate N-amendment such as poultry manure for preparation of compost using a substrate having high C:N ratio, such as paddy straw.     

An initial evaluation of camel and cow manures as dietary ingredients in pelleted feed for blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)

Camel and cow manures were evaluated as dietary components in pelleted feed for male tilapia over a 12 week period. Seven isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isocaloric (4·00 kcal/g gross energy) diets were prepared. Each manure was included in the diets at 10, 20 and 30%. A control diet containing neither of the two manures was used. The best survival rate, growth performance and feed utilization efficiency values were achieved by the control diet. Diets containing 10 or 20% camel manure or 10% cow manure gave relatively good results. Higher inclusions of the two manures significantly (P < 0·05) suppressed growth. It is recommended that camel and cow manures could be included in pelleted feeds of tilapia at levels of up to 20 and 10% respectively.     

Agronomic properties of a volcanic ash-derived soil as affected by uncomposted organic materials

A sandy soil from the Vesuvian volcanic area, low in organic matter, was treated in pot experiments with raw farm-yard manure, green horse bean and wheat straw in order to study the effects of organic amendments on physical, chemical and biological properties. Farm-yard manure, rawly composted, caused a significant decrease of bulk density and improved water retention and the content of available phospate and potassium. It also showed the higher conversion co-efficient to stable humus during two years of the incubation period. It depressed the wheat seed germination and cotyledon growth for a one-year incubation period. Horse bean green manure was rapidly mineralized and did not remarkably improve the physical properties of the soil. Furthermore, it produced the lowest humus content and negatively affected seed development for eight months, but remarkably increased nutrient elements' contents (P and K). Wheat straw, added with N (2% urea form), improved humus formation and soil structure compared to horse bean; it increased K and P content and negatively affected seedling development for two months only.     

不同有机肥对土壤镉锌生物有效性的影响

在南方典型稻田设置连续4年施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的定位试验,监测施用不同有机肥条件下土壤及水稻植株镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)含量的变化,研究有机肥对土壤Cd、Zn活性及其交互作用的影响.结果表明: 施用有机肥(猪粪、鸡粪、稻草)对土壤全Cd、有效态Cd含量及Cd活性皆无显著影响,但有增加土壤Cd全量的趋势,且显著增加土壤全Zn、有效态Zn含量及Zn活性.施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草皆可降低稻米Cd含量,降Cd效果为猪粪>鸡粪>稻草,猪粪处理水稻稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降37.5%、44.0%、36.4%;鸡粪处理水稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降22.5%、33.8%、22.7%;而稻草处理水稻米Cd含量比对照下降7.5%,但茎、叶Cd含量比对照分别增加8.2%、22.7%;施用猪粪、鸡粪降低稻米Cd含量主要是降低了水稻植株对土壤Cd的富集,而施用稻草则主要是降低了水稻茎Cd向稻米的转运.施用有机肥还增加了水稻茎Zn含量,施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的水稻茎Zn含量比单施化肥分别增加53.4%、41.2%、13.9%,但对水稻稻米、叶Zn含量无显著影响.Zn、Cd在土壤、植株茎中皆表现出显著的拮抗作用,土壤及水稻茎Zn含量的增加显著抑制了水稻米、茎、叶对Cd的吸收积累,且随土壤有效态Zn/Cd含量比值的增加,Zn、Cd竞争土壤吸附不是抑制水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子,而Zn、Cd竞争吸收才是影响水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子.     

Effect of organic loading and retention time on dairy manure fermentation

The investigations presented and discussed herein establish an enhanced understanding on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production as a function of dairy manure fermenter organic loading (OL) and retention time (RT), first through a factorial of 64 fermentation potential (FP) batch tests, followed by analysis of a continuously operated pilot-scale fermenter. The maximum observed net FP - 0.103 mg VFA produced (as COD) (mg VS applied)⁻¹ - occurred at an OL of 40.7 g VS L⁻¹ and at a RT of 6 days. The pilot-scale fermenter exhibited an average yield of 0.09 mg VFA (as COD) synthesized (mg VS applied)⁻¹, with average effluent total VFA concentrations of 6398 mg VFA (as COD) L⁻¹. The research demonstrates that FP tests are an effective method to optimize continuously operated dairy manure fermenters, and that dairy manure fermentation can yield large quantities of organic acids at short RTs and high OL rates.     

Effect of long-term application of animal manure on physical properties of three soils

Surface soil samples to 15 cm depth were taken from replicated plots in an ongoing long-term field experiment involving application of animal manure on three soils in Virginia. The sampled plots had received either no manure or the equivalent of 289,000 kg ha^–1 of manure as dry weight. The manure was applied annually at the beginning of each spring for 15 years from 1978 through 1992. The plots were cropped similarly since 1978. Soil textures were a fine sandy loam at Holland in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region, a silt loam at Blacksburg in the Appalachian region, and a clay loam at Orange in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The following measurements were made on subsamples: liquid and plastic limits, wet aggregate stability, aggregate size distribution, dispersible clay percentage, water retention at 0. 03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 MPa tension, and modulus of rupture of moulded briquettes at a water content corresponding to 0.1 MPa tension. Organic matter content by the Walkley-Black method was significantly higher in the manure-treated soils at all three locations. Increases were 3% for the sandy loam and 25% for the silt loam and clay loam. From these values it was estimated that at least 95% of the total applied manure had been degraded over the 15 years. Results showed that the liquid and plastic limits for all three soils were higher (p<0.05) for the manure-treated samples. However, the differences in the limits were only 2 to 3%. The modulus of rupture values were lowered by addition of the animal manure. Decreases (p<0.05) occurred for the silt loam and clay loam samples. The wet aggregate stability increased and the dispersible clay decreased in the manure-treated soils. Increases (p<0.05) in wet aggregate stability occurred for the sandy loam and silt loam samples. Decreases (p<0.05) in dispersible clay were measured for the sandy loam and clay loam samples. Water retention was consistently, but only slightly, increased by manure addition. The increases, in the order of sample texture, were clay loam > sandy loam silt loam. Increases tended to be higher at the lower values of tension. Manure addition consistently increased the weight percentages of aggregates passing a given mesh size. Increases, in order of sample texture, were silt loam > clay loam > sandy loam. In their entirety, these results show that the manure produced measurable changes in the soil physical properties. The magnitude of the changes, in most cases, were small and depended on the soil texture. Given the high total amount of manure applied, the results indicate that manure-induced physical changes in the soil were small and evidently did not accumulate over time. Rapid microbial degradation of the manure could be responsible for the lack of marked changes in the soil physical properties.     

Comparison of the effects of poultry manure and its biochar on barley growth in petroleum-contaminated soils

This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of two organic amendments [poultry manure (PM) and poultry manure biochar (PMB)] for the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils by barley plant at three levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) during 5 months under greenhouse conditions. TPHs removal efficiency and microbial respiration were shown to be higher at soil-cultivated plant than at uncultivated soil and in lowest level of contamination rather than other levels of contamination and at organic amendment treatment than unamended soil. Soil microbial respiration and TPHs degradation in the rhizosphere of barley increased by 15.64 and 12.74% for PM-amended treatment and 28.07 and 26.83% for PMB-amended treatment, respectively, in the 4% TPHs level compared with unamended treatment. Comparison of two amendments showed that in PMB treatment soil, highest dry weight, microbial respiration, and TPHs degradation potential were observed.     

鸡粪堆肥的微生物变化规律研究

目的：研究鸡粪堆肥中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的变化规律,为有机堆肥提供技术参数。方法：采取稀释倒平板法和涂布法对堆肥样品进行计数。结果：在发酵过程中,菌数量变化在肥料表面上基本是呈先下降后上升最后达到稳定状态。其中细菌在30cm和60cm深处趋于平稳,真菌在30cm和60cm深处先上升再下降再上升,在第12d后有个急速下降的过程。放线菌在30cm和60cm深处数量比较少。而在后熟发酵过程中,3种菌数的变化规律比较平稳。结论：细菌和真菌的生长和繁殖都会抑制放线茵的生长,其中细菌作用大,真菌次之。     

Influence of Bulking Agents,Fertilizers and Bacteria on the Removal of Diesel from a Newfoundland Soil

Laboratory experiments in culture flasks, containing diesel-contaminated Newfoundland soil samples, were undertaken to compare the influence of fertilizers, microorganisms and bulking agents on bioremediation. In Phase I experiments only one fertilizer (cow manure or poultry manure), one bulking agent (sand or hay), or one inoculum (cold-tolerant indigenous bacteria or exogenous commercial bacteria) was added to a soil sample. In Phase II experiments, Design-Expert® Version 6 design of experiment software determined the combinations of fertilizers, bulking agents and inocula to be mixed with the soil samples to study the interactions among the amendments. The maximum diesel removal at 90 days occurred in the sample with sand (Phase I) and in the sample with cow manure, an inoculum of cold-tolerant indigenous bacteria, and sand (Phase II). Diesel removal at 45 days for the same two samples was 85.4% (Phase I) and 91.9% (Phase II), suggesting the cow manure and/or cold-tolerant bacteria inoclum accelerated the process. The poultry manure, commercial bacteria and hay were less effective than their counterparts. The commercial bacteria were more sensitive to diesel concentration than the indigenous cold-tolerant bacteria. The addition of sand, cow manure, and poultry manure improved diesel removal.     

Animal manure application and soil organic carbon stocks: a meta‐analysis

The impact of animal manure application on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes is of interest for both agronomic and environmental purposes. There is a specific need to quantify SOC change for use in national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories. We quantified the response of SOC stocks to manure application from a large worldwide pool of individual studies and determined the impact of explanatory factors such as climate, soil properties, land use and manure characteristics. Our study is based on a meta‐analysis of 42 research articles totaling 49 sites and 130 observations in the world. A dominant effect of cumulative manure‐C input on SOC response was observed as this factor explained at least 53% of the variability in SOC stock differences compared to mineral fertilized or unfertilized reference treatments. However, the effects of other determining factors were not evident from our data set. From the linear regression relating cumulative C inputs and SOC stock difference, a global manure‐C retention coefficient of 12% ± 4 (95% Confidence Interval, CI) could be estimated for an average study duration of 18 years. Following an approach comparable to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we estimated a relative SOC change factor of 1.26 ± 0.14 (95% CI) which was also related to cumulative manure‐C input. Our results offer some scope for the refinement of manure retention coefficients used in crop management guidelines and for the improvement of SOC change factors for national GHG inventories by taking into account manure‐C input. Finally, this study emphasizes the need to further document the long‐term impact of manure characteristics such as animal species, especially pig and poultry, and manure management systems, in particular liquid vs. solid storage.     

有机物料对喀斯特地区石灰土有效N、Fe、Zn含量的影响

为研究不同有机物料对喀斯特石灰土元素有效性的影响,采用40 d的室内培养实验,比较了单独添加不同比例（1%、3%、5%）的生物质炭、鸡粪肥、羊粪肥对喀斯特石灰土有效N、Fe、Zn含量的影响。结果表明：添加生物质炭提高了喀斯特石灰土的pH值,而添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥降低了喀斯特石灰土的pH值;添加3种有机物料均增加了喀斯特石灰土的有机质含量,大小关系为：生物质炭 > 鸡粪肥 > 羊粪肥,但添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥土壤有机质的化学活性和微生物活性更高。受pH、有机质活性、碳氮比等因素的影响,添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥能增加土壤有效N含量,但两种有机肥对土壤有效N的提高效果相差不大,而添加生物质炭反而降低了土壤有效N的含量;3种有机物料均能提高土壤的有效Fe和有效Zn含量,其中鸡粪肥效果最佳,其次为羊粪肥和生物质炭。当3种有机物料的添加比例为5%时,生物质炭处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的0.92、1.13、1.21倍;鸡粪肥处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的1.22、1.63和3.39倍;羊粪肥处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的1.27、1.34和2.59倍。所以,相对于生物质炭,有机粪肥对喀斯特地区的石灰土有更好的改良效果。     

Manure and peat based iron-organo complexes

Earlier studies have shown that some naturally occuring organic materials can be used as an Fe source for plants. The aim of this research was to study enrichment procedures that would result in complex formation in common, low cost organic materials and to determine the maximum attainable Fe enrichment levels.Three organic materials-farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and Huleh Valley peat (PE) were studied for their characteristics as Fe, Mn and Zn carriers for plant uptake. Various enrichment procedures were investigated. These studies have shown that the enrichment level depends on the metal, pH and the water soluble fraction (WSF) of the organic materials. Maximum enrichment levels (at pH=3.5) were measured after the excess of inorganic salts was removed by leaching. These levels were 5.8–6.6% for Fe, 3.0–3.4% for Mn and 6.0–6.3% for Zn. An infrared spectrum of the Fe enriched WSF showed that most of the ligands in the complex formed are polysaccharides or polysaccharide-like compounds.     

Ap—2号磷菌肥的生产及田间应用效果

用深层发酵法生产Ａｐ—２号磷菌肥,于１９９０年至１９９２年在黑龙江省进行了田间试验。结果表明,与单施化学磷肥相比使小麦增产１８．１％;当代替５０—７０％化学磷肥时,与对照相比,使玉米分别增产１４．２７％和１２．１４％;用于大豆,其增产幅度与施磷菌肥的数量成正相关。当代替５０％、７０％和１００％化学磷肥时,分别比单施化学磷肥增产１２．８６％、１３．３２％和１４．１３％。     

鸡粪堆肥的微生物变化规律研究

目的:研究鸡粪堆肥中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的变化规律,为有机堆肥提供技术参数。方法:采取稀释倒平板法和涂布法对堆肥样品进行计数。结果:在发酵过程中,菌数量变化在肥料表面上基本是呈先下降后上升最后达到稳定状态。其中细菌在30cm和60cm深处趋于平稳,真菌在30cm和60cm深处先上升再下降再上升,在第12d后有个急速下降的过程。放线菌在30cm和60cm深处数量比较少。而在后熟发酵过程中,3种菌数的变化规律比较平稳结论:细菌和真菌的生长和繁殖都会抑制放线菌的生长,其中细菌作用大,真菌次之。     

鸡粪中氨基酸利用前景

通过对鸡饲料鸡粪中蛋白质和氨基酸含量的分析表明：鸡对饲料蛋白质、氨基酸的利用率较低,鸡粪经膨化处理后,仍可用于鸡、猪饲料。鸡粪有着进一步开发利用的好前景。     

利用EM和OL处理猪粪的效果研究

The effects of EM and OL on the color,pHvalue,stink and the various kinds of harmful microbes of pig manure were analyzed.The results show that EM and OL could significantly reduce the stink and restrain the number of harmful microbes.At the same time,the rotting process of pig manure was accelerated,and the number of flies around pig manure reduced.     

Combustion of horse manure for heat production

The main objectives of this paper have been to evaluate the use of horse manure and wood-shavings as a fuel for heat production and to provide sets of data on the chemical composition, ash characteristics and ash forming elements of the fuel. Another objective has been to investigate the possibility to use the ash as fertiliser by analysing the heavy metal and nutrient contents. The results showed that the fuel is well suited for combustion for heat production causing low emissions of products of incomplete combustion. The emissions of NO_x were however high due to the high content of fuel bound nitrogen. Emissions of CO and NO_x were typically in the range of 30–150 mg/Nm³ and 280–350 mg/Nm³ at 10 vol% O₂, respectively. The analysis of the ash showed on sufficiently low concentration of heavy metals to allow recycling.     

森林凋落物的微生物分解

森林凋落物的分解是森林生态系统中物质循环和能量流动的一个重要环节,而微生物在这一过程中起着重要作用。本文系统介绍了森林凋落物微生物分解的过程及其生态学意义,并从参与凋落物分解的微生物多样性、凋落物分解过程中的微生物数量动态及群落演替、影响微生物分解的因素及微生物分解酶学等方面综述了森林凋落物的微生物分解研究概况,探讨了未来研究的方向。     

陕西省有机肥料施用状况分析评价

根据陕西省土壤肥料工作站14年农户肥料施用调查结果,对陕西有机肥施用的历史和现状进行了剖析,有机肥在农田总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)投入中的比重逐年减少,2000年只占46．9％。比1986年下降了近23个百分点,在农田钾素主要依靠有机肥供应的情况下,有机肥投入的减少造成土壤基础肥力逐年下降,有些地区出现钾素营养不足现象,在投肥总量上尽管粮食作物依然为主体,但单位面积投肥量果树、蔬菜则高于粮食作物,特别是从20世纪90年代中期开始一些地区在苹果上的投肥量明显增加,占投肥总量的50％左右。此外,分析了有机肥投入减少的原因,并提出商品有机肥将是今后提高有机肥投入的有效途径。