548. Fritillaria Poluninii

Summary.  The diminutive Fritillaria poluninii (Rix) Bakhshi Khaniki & K. Persoon from northern Iran is illustrated and described, and its relationship with the F. crassifolia group is discussed.     

580. FRITILLARIA KARELINII

Summary.  Fritillaria karelinii Fisch. ex D.Don ( Liliaceae ) is illustrated. Its relationships with other species and the position of subgenus Rhinopetalum are discussed. Instructions for its cultivation are given.     

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF FLORAL AND EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES IN CAMPSIS (BIGNONIACEAE)

The genus Campsis (Bignoniaceae), with one New World and one Old World species, is unusual among temperate plants in having five distinct nectary sites. Multiple nectaries occur at all four of the extrafloral sites (petiole, calyx, corolla, fruit), representing an advanced strategy for ant attraction. The morphology and anatomy of the extrafloral nectaries in both species are uniform for the petioles, calyces, and young fruits; those on the outer corolla lobes are of slightly different forms. The generalized structure consists of one layer of basal cells, and a one- to two-layered secretory cup. Because of their small size, there is no vascular tissue in them. The large, vascularized (phloem only) floral nectary is an annular structure subtending the ovary.     

Anatomical and developmental studies on floral nectaries in Cardiospermum species: an approach to the evolutionary trend in Paullinieae

Floral nectaries are a widespread trait in the Sapindaceae. However, until now only a few data on nectaries and their evolutionary shifts are available for most taxa. This research focuses on the anatomy and development of floral nectaries in two endemic species, Cardiospermum heringeri and C. integerrimum. The nectary consists of two horn-like lobes, located at the base of the androgynophore. Anatomically, it is characterized by three components: uniseriate epidermis, sub-epidermal secretory tissue and vascular tissue. The epidermis contains many nectarostomata involved in the exudation process. The secretory parenchyma is composed of small thin-walled cells, relatively lightly stained, and idioblasts containing oxalate druses. Vascular tissue supplying the nectary consists exclusively of phloem. From an early stage of development, the nectary lobes in both species are associated with the base of the posterior petals, but each organ originates independently of one another. These results plus additional morphological observations of nectary lobes in some species of Cardiospermum, Serjania, Paullinia and Urvillea were analyzed within the framework of phylogenetic knowledge.     

Phylogenetic relationship in Fritillaria spp. of Iran inferred from ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL-trnF sequence data

The genus Fritillaria embraces up to 165 taxa in the family Liliaceae, most of which are of high medicinal and ornamental value and importance. In this study, 44 specimens of the genus representing 9 species were collected from their natural habitats located in 10 provinces of Iran. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal cistron and the trnL-trnF regions. The phylogeny was constructed using the neighbor joining inference method. Results indicate that the examined samples were evidently diverged into 2 distinct clades. Members of the subgenera Fritillaria and Rhinopetalum formed one clade while the other clade contained the subgenera Theresia and Petilium. There can be seen a high degree of similarity between the only yellow-colored crown imperial specimen and the red-colored specimens. The endemic species of Fritillaria straussii, Fritillaria zagrica and Fritillaria kotschyana which their status within the subgenera known in the genus Fritillaria has been remained undefined, fell into the subgenus Fritillaria. The clades also had relatively reasonable distribution patterns based on the genetic structure, geographical conditions and climate specifications. This study revealed the feasibility of the ITS and trnL-trnF DNA sequence for phylogeny of the genus Fritillaria. This is the first phylogenetic analysis of Fritillaria spp. in Iran.     

Floral nectaries in Sapindaceae <Emphasis Type="Italic">s.s.</Emphasis>: morphological and structural diversity,and their systematic implications

We investigated the morphology and structure of the floral nectary in 11 Neotropical genera belonging to the subfamilies Dodonaeoideae and Paullinioideae (Sapindaceae) from southern South America representing three tribes (Dodonaeaeae, Paullinieae, and Melicocceae), in relation to other floral traits in species with contrasting morphological flower characteristics. Nectary organization was analyzed under light, stereoscopic, and scanning electron microscopes; Diplokeleba floribunda N.E. Br. was also observed using transmission electron microscopy. Our comparative data may contribute to the understanding of floral nectary evolution and systematic value in this family. The nectaries were studied in both staminate and pistillate flowers. All the floral nectaries are typical of Sapindaceae: extrastaminal, receptacular, structured, and persistent. The anatomical analysis revealed a differentiated secretory parenchyma and an inner non-secretory parenchyma; the nectary is supplied by phloem traces and, less frequently, by phloem and xylem traces. Nectar is secreted through nectarostomata of anomocytic type. The anatomical analysis showed the absence of nectary in the three morphs of Dodonaea viscosa flowers. Nectary ultrastructure is described in D. floribunda. In this species, the change in nectary color is related to progressive accumulation of anthocyanins during the functional phase. We found relatively small variation in the nectary structural characteristics compared with large variation in nectary morphology. The latter aspect agreed with the main infrafamilial groupings revealed by recent phylogenetic studies, so it is of current valuable systematic importance for Sapindaceae. In representatives of Paullinieae, the reduction of the floral nectary to 4–2 posterior lobes should be interpreted as a derived character state.     

Secretion and composition of nectar and the structure of perigonal nectaries in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fritillaria meleagris</Emphasis> L. (Liliaceae)

The structure of perigonal nectaries, nectar production and carbohydrate composition were compared at various stages in the lifespan of the flower of Fritillaria meleagris L. The six nectaries each occupied a groove that is located 2–4 mm above the tepal base. The average nectary measured 11.0 mm long and 1.0–1.2 mm wide. The structure of nectaries situated on both inner and outer tepal whorls was identical, and at anthesis they were equally accessible to potential pollinators. However, secretion from nectaries associated with inner tepals tended to exceed that produced by nectaries located on the outer tepals. On average, regardless of flower stage, one flower secreted 10.87 ± 12.98 mg of nectar (mean and SD; N = 182). The nectar concentration ranged between 3 and 75%, with average concentration of sugars exceeding 50%. Both nectar production and concentration were dependent on the stage of anthesis, with the highest scores being recorded during full anthesis (21.75 ± 16.08 mg; 70.5%, mass and concentration, respectively) and the lowest at the end of anthesis (1.32 ± 2.69 mg; 16.9%, mass and concentration, respectively). A decline in both mass of nectar secreted and nectar concentration during the final stage of anthesis indicates nectar resorption. Nectar was composed of sucrose, glucose and fructose in approx. equal quantities, and its composition did not change significantly during subsequent stages of flowering. The nectaries comprised a single-layered secretory epidermis and several layers of subepidermal parenchyma. The nectariferous cells did not accumulate starch during any of the investigated stages. The nectary was supplied with one large and several smaller vascular bundles comprising xylem and phloem. Transport of assimilates and nectar secretion by protoplasts of secretory cells (and probably also nectar resorption) were facilitated by cell wall ingrowths present on the tangential walls of epidermal cells and subepidermal parenchyma. Epidermal cells lacked stomata. Nectar passed across the cell wall and through the cuticle which was clearly perforated with pores.     

A Revision of Aristolochia Linn. from E. & S. Asia

This revision deals with the system, evolution, distribution, cytotaxonomy and taxonomic treatment of the genus Aristolochia Linn. from E. & S. Asia, which covers Japan, USSR (Far East), China, Viet Nam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Total 2 subgenera, 7 sections, 4 series, 68 species and 1 variety (cultivated species not included) are recognized in this treatment, of which 3 sections and 2 species are described as new. In addition, 13 new synonyms and some new records to this region are also included. Ystem Having estimated all the works dealing with the subdivision of the genus by the previous authors, the system of O. C. Schmidt (1935) is chosen as the basis, with a change of the sequence of the subdivisions. The subgenus Pararistolochia (Hutch. & Dalz.) O. C. Schmidt, which has indefinite stamens and gynandrous lobes, seems to be better considered as the most primitive one in the genus, while the subgenus Siphisia (Raf.) Duch., which has definite stamens and gynandrous lobes, anthers arranged in 3 pairs and more modifications of the perianth, seems to be the most advanced one. The perianth of the subgenus Siphisia has differentiated into several types, and it is more rational using this character to classify sections than lobes of the gynostemium. In this way, three new sections has been established. A suggested system of the genus is summarized as follows: Subgen. 1. Pararistolochia (Hutch. & Dalz.) O. C. Schmidt Subgen. 2. Aristolochia: Sect. 1. Aristolochia (2 series), Sect. 2. Gymnolobus Duch. Subgen. 3. Siphisia (Raf.) Duch.: Sect. 3. Pentodon Klotz, Sect. 4. Odontosiphisia J. S. Ma, Sect. 5. Leptosiphisia J. S. Ma, Sect. 6. Nepenthesia Klotz., Sect. 7. Obliquosiphisia J. S. Ma, Sect. 8. Siphisia (2 series). Evolution According to the character analysis of the genera of Aristolochiaceae, the evolutionary trends of the family are proposed as follows: 1, the perianth from double to single, from cup-like to tubular, 2, stamens from indefinite to definite, from separate from pistil to united into a gynostemium with pistil, which is a major evolutionary line in the family, 3, ovary from half-superior to inferior, and 4, fruit from a follicle to a capsule. It is evident that the genus Aristolochia, with a tubular perianth, stamens 6, a gynostemium, an inferior ovary and a capsule, is in highly advanced position in the family. The subgenus Pararistolochia, which has more stamens and more lobes of gynostemium, is very similar to the genus Thottea Rottb. and thus better considered as the most primitive subgenus in the genus. The subgenus Siphisia, which has definite stamens (6) in 3 pairs and 6 lobes of gynostemium as well as the polyploid feature (2n=4x=28), is the most advanced subgenus. As a result of the character analysis, the evolutionary trends of the subgenera in the genus, which are in accordance with those of the family, are proposed as follows: 1. stamens from indefinite to definite, and 2. gynostemium lobes from more to less. Distribution The more primitive subgenus Pararistolochia is only distributed in West Africa (except 1 species in Malesia), the subgenus Aristolochia in the tropical and subtropical regions, rarely in the temperate one, and the most advanced subgenus Siphisia occurs mainly in E. Asia, occasionally in N. America. The result of this work shows that the Hengduan Mountains is the second center of distribution after South America. The second center of distribution is of following features: 1. complex composition of taxa, among 3 subgenera and 8 sections, 2 subgenera and 7 sections have been recorded here, 2. rich in species, more than half of the total E. & S. Asian species, i.e. about 42 species have been found in this region, and 3. numerous endemics, more than 85 percent of the total number of species in the region, i.e. about 35 species, are endemic. Cytotaxonomy and taxonomic treatment The known chromosome numbers in 43 species, with 34 reported by Gregory (1956) and Fedorov (1969), together with 9 species newly reported in this work, show that Subgen. Aristolochia with 2n=2x=14, rarely 12, is apparently more primitive than Subgen. Siphisia with 2n=2x=28.     

獐牙菜属植物花蜜腺形态及解剖学

在扫描电镜下观察了獐牙菜属Swertia L.10组30种植物花蜜腺的数目,位置,形态和附属物等特征;同时还利用光镜对各组代表种的蜜腺结构进行了解剖学观察。结果表明獐牙菜属花蜜腺外部形态多种多,但在组与组之间无明显间断,演化序列呈梯度变化;内部结构基本相同,为不具维管束的结构蜜腺,且均为淀粉型蜜腺。因此,从花蜜腺的角度不支持将獐牙菜属划分为小属的观点,同时,还结合其它证据讨论了花蜜腺特征的演化趋势。     

群心菜花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

群心菜（Ｃａｒｄａｒｉａｄｒａｂａ（Ｌ．）Ｄｅｓｖ）花蜜腺６枚,包括４枚侧蜜腺的和２枚中蜜腺,属十字花科侧中蜜腺类型中的侧分离中间亚型,侧中蜜腺结构相同,都由分泌表皮,产蜜组织组成,分泌表皮顶部分布的有变态气孔器,产蜜组织中无维管束分布,属较原始的十字花科花蜜腺亚型类型,在花的各部分基本分化完成后,由花托表层细胞恢复分裂能力形成蜜腺原基,蜜腺原基经分裂,分化和形态建成,发育形成成熟蜜腺,侧中蜜腺发     

隐翅祝蛾属的订正(鳞翅目:祝蛾科)(英)

隐翅祝蛾属Opacoptera是由Gozmány1978年建立的一个单型属。他当时仅根据采自中国云南的唯一的正模标本♂记述属征,无雌性外生殖器特征。本文对该属的属征进行补充和修正,记述了1新亚属,黄隐翅祝蛾亚属Fulvitalia,及1新种,川隐翅祝蛾O. (O. )ecblasta。并再次记述了模式种,隐翅祝蛾O. (O. )callirrhabda的前翅花纹及雌性外生殖器特征。文中有本属已知全部3种的分种检索表及雌雄外生殖器解剖图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国西双版纳蚋类纪要及一新种(双翅目,蚋科)

记载西双版纳自然保护区蚋类16种,隶属于蚋属Simulium的3亚属,其中包括1个中国新纪录种和3个待定种,并记述1新种,版纳绳蚋S．(G．)bannaense sp．nov．。该新种蛹具10条呼吸丝,与其已知4个近缘种即重庆绳蚋S．(G)chongqingense以及产白爪哇的S．(G．)batoense、产自印尼的S．(G．)atratoides和产自菲律宾的S．(G．)bi-colense等在形态学上有明显的种间差异。     

Phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Several members of the dipteran family Tephritdae are serious pests because females lay eggs in ripening fruit. The genus Bactrocera is one of the largest within the family with over 500 described species arranged in 28 subgenera. The phylogenetic relationships among the various species and subgenera, and the monophyly of specific groups have not been examined using a rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships among 24 Bactrocera species belonging to 9 subgenera were inferred from DNA sequence of portions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase II, tRNA(Lys), and tRNA(Asp) genes. Two morphological characters that traditionally have been used to define the four groups within the subgenus Bactrocera were evaluated in a phylogenetic context by mapping the character states onto the parsimony tree. In addition, the evolutionary trend in male-lure response was evaluated in a phylogenetic context. Maximum parsimony analyses suggested the following relationships: (1) the genus Bactrocera is monophyletic, (2) the subgenus B. (Zeugodacus) is paraphyletic, (3) the subgenus B. (Daculus) is a sister group to subgenus B. (Bactrocera), and (4) the subgenus B. (Bactrocera) is monophyletic. The mapping analyses suggested that the morphological characters exhibit a simple evolutionary transition from one character state to another. Male-lure response was identified as being a labile behavior that has been lost on multiple occasions. Cue-lure response was plesiomorphic to methyl-eugenol response, and the latter has evolved independently within the Bactrocera and Zeugodacus groups of subgenera. The implications of our results for devising a coherent, consolidated classification for Bactrocera is discussed.     

Occurrence,structure, ontogeny and biology of nectaries inKigelia pinnata DC

The occurrence, morphology, ontogeny, structure and preliminary nectar analysis of floral and extrafloral nectaries are studied inKigelia pinnata of the Bignoniaceae. The extrafloral nectaries occur on foliage leaves, sepals and outer wall of the ovary, while the floral nectary is situated around the ovary base as an annular, massive, yellowish ring on the torus. The extrafloral nectaries originate from a single nectary initial. The floral nectary develops from a group of parenchymatous cells on the torus. The extrafloral nectaries are differentiated into multicellular foot, stalk and cupular or patelliform head. The floral nectary consists of parenchymatous tissue. The floral nectaries are supplied with phloem tissue. The secretion is copious in floral nectary. Function of the nectary, preliminary nectar analysis, and symbiotic relation between nectaries and animal visitors are discussed.     

A review of the tribe Auletini (Coleoptera,Rhynchitidae) from the Russian fauna: 1. Subtribe Auletobiina

The genus Auletobius in the Russian fauna is revised. Five species (A. egorovi, A. irkutensis, A. puberulus, A. sanguisorbae, and A. submaculatus) belonging to two subgenera are revealed. The distribution of these species in Russia is given. The data on the trophic associations of the species are summarized. Keys to the subtribes of the tribe Auletini, subgenera of the genus Auletobius, and species of the subgenus Auletobius s. str. are given. All the taxa are redescribed.     

DISTRIBUTION OF DEFENSE NECTARIES IN IPOMOEA (CONVOLVULACEAE)

The structure and distribution of defense nectaries in the genus Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) were investigated. These nectaries do not reward pollinators and probably contribute to antiherbivore defense. Of 22 species sectioned, 15 had defense nectaries on the sepals. Of 12 other species observed, ten had sepal nectaries and two did not. Structurally, 14 of the species sectioned had crypt sepal nectaries and one had a basin nectary. Of the 14 species with crypt nectaries, two had invaginated spaces adding greatly to the internal area of these nectaries, and forming the most complex nectaries that have been reported. We term these labyrinthine crypt nectaries. All three types of nectaries are lined with secretory trichomes along the proximal surfaces of the crypts. Species with defense nectaries on the sepals tend to have petiolar defense nectaries as well, but the two locations may have different nectary types; e.g., basins on the petiole and crypts on the sepals. Since most reports of the function of these nectaries have shown antiherbivore defense by nectar feeders, the distributions of defense nectaries with respect to region and life history of the species were sought. Plants without sepal nectaries were found to have significantly smaller seeds than plants with sepal nectaries; they were also more frequently annuals. No significant relationship was found between region or breeding system and defense nectaries.     

Developmental and Anatomical Studies on the Floral Nectaries of Capsella bursa-pastoris

The development and structure of the floral nectaries of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. were examined. The nectaries consisted of four separated parts which were semiorbicular and were morphologically and anatomically similar to one another. They were located at the receptacle between stamens, and each part was composed of secretory epidermis, nectariferous tissue and vascular bundles, belonging to structural nectary. When the various floral organs were developed, 2--3 superficial layer cells of the receptacle between stamens became meristemoid and contributed to primordia the formation of nectary. By intercalary meristematic activity, the four nectaries formed synchronously. During the different stages of nectary differentiation, the content of starch gra ins and vacuolation in the cells of epidermis and nectariferous tissue changed regularly. According to the structural and histochemical changes the pre-nectar might be supplied by phloem. The nectar formed in nectariferous tissue was then secreted to the sub-stomatal chamber and where it was finally excreted from the stoma.     

Molecular phylogeny of horsetails (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Equisetum</Emphasis>) including chloroplast <Emphasis Type="Italic">atpB</Emphasis> sequences

Equisetum is a genus of 15 extant species that are the sole surviving representatives of the class Sphenopsida. The generally accepted taxonomy of Equisetum recognizes two subgenera: Equisetum and Hippochaete. Two recent phylogenetical studies have independently questioned the monophyly of subgenus Equisetum. Here, I use original (atpB) and published (rbcL, trnL-trnF, rps4) sequence data to investigate the phylogeny of the genus. Analyses of atpB sequences give an unusual topology, with E. bogotense branching within Hippochaete. A Bayesian analysis based on all available sequences yields a tree with increased resolution, favoring the sister relationships of E. bogotense with subgenus Hippochaete.     

荇菜花蜜腺的发育研究

荇菜花蜜腺的发育过程可分为：起源期、生长期、分泌期以及泌蜜停止期等４个时期。荇菜的５枚花蜜腺均起源于子房基部的表皮及表皮内的２－４层细胞。这些细胞经反分化后分别成为蜜腺的原分泌表皮及原泌蜜组织,两部分细胞径不断地分裂分化,最冬成为成熟蜜腺。在蜜腺发育过程中,蜜腺的分泌表皮及蜜腺组织内的内质网、质体、线粒体、液泡等细胞器结构均发生了有规律的变化,内质网在蜜腺分泌期最为发达,且产生大量的分泌小泡。质体     

Floral nectary morphology and evolution in Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae)

Intricate associations between floral morphology and pollinator foraging behaviour are common. In this context, the presence and form of floral nectaries can play a crucial role in driving floral evolution and diversity in flowering plants. However, the reconstruction of the ancestral state of nectary form is often hampered by a lack of anatomical studies and well‐resolved phylogenetic trees. Here, we studied 39 differentially pollinated Pedicularis spp., a genus with pronounced interspecific variation in colour, shape and size of the corolla. Anatomical and scanning electron microscopy observations revealed two nectary forms [bulged (N = 27) or elongated (N = 5)] or the absence of nectaries (N = 7). In a phylogenetic context, our data suggest that: (1) the bulged nectary should be the ancestral state; (2) nectaries were independently lost in some beaked species; and (3) elongated nectaries evolved independently in some clades of beakless species. Phylogenetic path analysis showed that nectary presence is indirectly correlated with beak length/pollinator behaviour through an intermediate factor, nectar production. No significant correlation was found between nectary type and nectar production, beak length or pollinator behaviour. Some beaked species had nectary structures, although they did not produce nectar. The nectary in beaked species may be a vestigial structure retained during a recent rapid radiation of Pedicularis, especially in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains of south‐western China. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178 , 592–607.