绵萆薢三萜皂苷类成分研究

为了解绵萆薢(Dioscorea spongiosa)的化学成分,从其70%乙醇水溶液提取物中分离鉴定了8个化合物,经理化性质和波谱数据分析分别鉴定为:20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1(1)、人参皂苷Rg1(2)、人参皂苷Re(3)、三七皂苷R1(4)、人参皂苷Rd(5)、人参皂苷Rb1(6)、常青藤皂苷元3-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(7)和木通皂苷D(8)。化合物1、2、3、5和6为首次从该种植物中分离得到,化合物7和8为首次从薯蓣属植物中分离得到。     

蓝桉果实中的脂溶性成分

从蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulusLabill.)果实乙醇提取物的石油醚部位分离鉴定出6个化合物,通过理化和波谱分析结构鉴定为:5-羟基-4′,7-二甲氧基-6-甲基黄酮(1)、blumenol A(2)、蓝桉醇(3)、绿花白千层醇(4)、β-谷甾醇(5)、二十二烷酸(6),其中化合物1~4和化合物6系首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1和2首次从桉属植物中分离得到.     

珍珠菜的化学成分研究(英文)

从珍珠菜(Lysimachia clethroidesDuby)的70%丙酮提取物中分离得到11个化合物,经理化性质及波谱数据分析分别鉴定为23-羟基乌苏酸(1)、Isotachioside(2)、对羟基苯甲酸(3)、3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(4)、原儿茶酸(5)、3,5-二羟基苯甲酸(6)、甲基-α-D-呋喃果糖苷(7)、尿苷(8)、β-谷甾醇(9)、胡萝卜苷(10)和齐墩果酸(11)。化合物1、2、4、7和8为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物3、5、6、9~11为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

无梗五加根中苯丙素类化合物的研究

从无梗五加(Acanthoparax sessiliflorus( Rupr.et Maxim.)Seem.)根70％乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯层中提取分离得到8个苯丙素类化合物.经理化和波谱分析鉴定为(+)-表芝麻脂素(1)、(-)-芝麻脂素(2)、赛菊芋黄素(3)、洒维宁(4)、咖啡酸甲酯(5)、对羟基桂皮酸(6)、(-)-丁香脂素(7)、(+)-松脂索(8).化合物8是首次从五加科植物中分离得到,化合物1和5是首次从五加属植物中分离得到,化合物3、6和7是首次从该植物中分离得到.     

红背山麻杆根中PTP1B抑制活性成分研究

运用硅胶和凝胶色谱等天然产物分离技术从红背山麻杆根中分离得到9个化合物,结合各化合物理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结构,包括6个三萜类成分鲨烯(1)、乙酰基木油醇酸(2)、木栓酮(3)、3-乙酰氧基-12-齐墩果烯-28-酸甲酯(4)、马斯里酸(5)、马斯里酸甲酯(6)和3个甾醇成分β-谷甾醇(7)、β-谷甾醇-3-O-硬脂酸酯(8)、豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮(9)。化合物2、3和7为首次从该植物中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。以体外酶学方法测定化合物PTP1B抑制活性,化合物2、5、6和8具有PTP1B抑制活性。     

覆盆子的化学成分研究北大核心CSCD

从覆盆子中分离得到13个化合物,通过波谱数据和理化性质分别鉴定为:β-谷甾醇(1)、7α-羟基-3β-谷甾醇(2)、胡萝卜苷(3)、熊果酸(4)、对羟基苯乙酸(5)、水杨酸(6)、腺苷(7)、1-氧-1,2-二氢异喹啉-4-羧酸(8)、香橙素(9)、金丝桃苷(10)、ligballinol(11)、阿魏酸二十六醇酯(12)、香豆酸二十四醇酯(13)。化合物10为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物2、5、7、9、12、13为首次从悬钩子属植物中分离得到。     

覆盆子的化学成分研究

从覆盆子中分离得到13个化合物,通过波谱数据和理化性质分别鉴定为:β-谷甾醇(1)、7α-羟基-3β-谷甾醇(2)、胡萝卜苷(3)、熊果酸(4)、对羟基苯乙酸(5)、水杨酸(6)、腺苷(7)、1-氧-1,2-二氢异喹啉-4-羧酸(8)、香橙素(9)、金丝桃苷(10)、ligballinol(11)、阿魏酸二十六醇酯(12)、香豆酸二十四醇酯(13)。化合物10为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物2、5、7、9、12、13为首次从悬钩子属植物中分离得到。     

红波罗花的化学成分研究(英文)

从红波罗花(Incarvillea delavayi)植物的干燥全草乙醇提取物中分离得到12个化合物,通过MS和NMR等方法鉴定为tecomine(1)、epidihydrotecomanine(2)、2,6-二甲基-6-羟基-2-庚烯-4-酮(3)、marine B(4)、(3R,5S)-3-methyl-cyclopentyl[1,2-c]pyridine-5-ol(5)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸乙酯(6)、cleroindicin B(7)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(8)、2-(4’-乙氧基苯基)-乙醇(9)、6-羟基苯并二氢呋喃(10)、β-谷甾酮(11)、β-乙酰齐墩果酸(12)。其中化合物1～3、5～6、8～12为首次从角蒿属植物中分离得到,所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

明党参根皮超临界萃取部位化学成分研究

采用超临界CO2萃取、柱层析、重结晶等方法,从明党参根皮部位分离得到9个化合物。经理化方法和波谱分析鉴定为二十五烷酸(1)、二十七烷醇(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、豆甾醇(4)、异欧前胡素(5)、欧前胡素(6)、花椒毒酚(7)、珊瑚菜内酯(8)和5-羟基-8-甲氧基补骨脂素(9)。化合物5～7为首次从明党参中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从该植物根皮中分离得到。     

瑞香狼毒根中的一个新化合物(英文)

从瑞香狼毒根中分离得到了7个化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定为:3-丁酰基-4-氨基肉桂酸乙酯(1)、阿魏酸(2)、香草酸(3)、姜黄素(4)、5'-去甲氧基-姜黄素(5)、3'-羟基-4'-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷黄酮(6)、3-甲氧基-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苯甲酸(7),其中化合物1~3,6~7为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1为新化合物。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.