黄玛草蛉对两种蚜虫的捕食效能

实验室条件下研究了黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对甘蓝蚜以及玉米蚜成虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明:黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而增加,寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而减小。不同龄期幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对玉米蚜最大理论日捕食量分别为120.48头、185.18头;黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对甘蓝蚜最大理论日捕食量分别为60.60头、86.95头。在相同猎物种类下,黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食量均高于黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫;在相同猎物密度下,黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫与3龄幼虫对玉米蚜的捕食量均高于甘蓝蚜。     

黄玛草蛉幼虫对埃及吹绵蚧若虫的捕食功能和数值反应

本文研究了黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis (Walker)捕食埃及吹绵蚧Icerya aegyptiaca(Douglas)若虫的功能反应和数值反应。功能反应研究结果表明,黄玛草蛉2龄和3龄幼虫对埃及吹绵蚧若虫的捕食反应均属HollingⅡ型,拟合方程分别为Na=0.6885×No/1+0.6885×0.0433No和Na=1.2085×No/1+1.2085×0.0200No,相关系数R2分别为0.9867和0.9858,理论日最大捕食量分别为23.09和50.00。数值反应研究结果表明,不同埃及吹绵蚧若虫密度对黄玛草蛉的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著影响。随着猎物密度增大,黄玛草蛉幼虫发育速率、雌虫产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫寿命增加,最后趋于稳定。埃及吹绵蚧若虫密度5、10、15、20、30头分别是黄玛草蛉幼虫存活、幼虫化蛹、成虫羽化、后代卵孵化及世代延续的临界值。猎物密度为30、40、50头时,黄玛草蛉能正常生长发育和繁殖,种群的性比、成虫寿命、产卵量及孵化率有一定的差异,但差异不显著。      

黄玛草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力

【目的】明确本地优势天敌黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis对入侵我国的重大农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵及低龄幼虫的捕食能力和生防潜力。【方法】在实验室条件下采用功能反应模型评价了黄玛草蛉2和3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的捕食能力。【结果】黄玛草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食量均随猎物密度的升高而增加,最后趋于捕食饱和状态,而其捕食率随猎物密度的升高而逐步下降,对不同发育阶段的草地贪夜蛾均表现为Ⅱ型功能反应。黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率a分别为0.150, 0.084和0.094,处理时间Th分别为0.282, 0.333和0.519 h,理论日最大捕食量T/Th分别为85106粒、72072头和46.242头;黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为2.018, 0.288和0.259,处理时间分别为0.102, 0.311和0.375 h,理论日最大捕食量分别为235294粒、77170头和64000头。【结论】黄玛草蛉2和3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫均具较强的捕食能力,其中黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫比2龄幼虫具有更强的捕食效率。     

不同龄期的大草蛉对桃蚜的捕食作用

大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)是我国分布较广、捕食能力较强的天敌昆虫。为明确大草蛉对桃蚜Myzus percicae潜在的控制能力,在室内研究了大草蛉不同龄期幼虫和成虫对桃蚜的捕食作用,以及种内干扰对大草蛉捕食的影响。结果表明：25℃恒温条件下,大草蛉成虫和幼虫对桃蚜的捕食功能反应可拟合HollingⅡ圆盘方程,在24 h内大草蛉成虫、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫和3龄幼虫对桃蚜理论最大捕食量分别为370.4头、21.5头、112.4头和217.4头。大草蛉成虫和幼虫对桃蚜的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而增加,当桃蚜数量增加到150头后,大草蛉成虫和幼虫捕食量的增加速度明显减缓。成虫及幼虫对桃蚜的搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低,内干扰作用随着大草蛉虫龄的增加而增强。试验结果表明大草蛉对桃蚜具有较强的控害能力,对研究桃蚜生物防治技术有重要参考价值。     

黄玛草蛉捕食米蛾卵的功能反应与数值反应

针对天敌控害潜能评价和天敌昆虫大量饲养的基础理论问题,以一种重要的捕食性天敌黄玛草蛉Mallada besalis Walker捕食米蛾卵的功能反应和数值反应研究为例,开展研究。结果表明,黄玛草蛉幼虫对米蛾卵的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,其捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,最后趋近一个稳定值,且与是否供水有关,供水时3龄幼虫的理论捕食能力最大,为3205.1粒卵/d。数值反应研究结果表明,不同密度的米蛾卵对黄玛草蛉的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著的影响。随着猎物密度增大,黄玛草蛉幼虫的发育速率、雌虫的产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫的寿命延长,最后趋于稳定。米蛾卵密度5、10、20、30、50卵/d。分别是黄玛草蛉幼虫存活、幼虫化蛹、成虫羽化、后代卵孵化及世代延续的临界值。并讨论了功能反应和数值反应研究在天敌利用研究中的侧重点和重要性。     

叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是2019年新入侵我国的重大农业害虫,已对我国的农作物产生严重为害,筛选、利用本地天敌控制草地贪夜蛾是实现可持续控制的一个重要途径。叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是一种广泛分布于热带、亚热带地区的捕食性天敌,是许多鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目害虫的潜在生防因子。本文采用捕食功能反应方法评价了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效能。研究结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄、5龄若虫以及雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄及5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ方程。在饱和猎物密度条件下,叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为32.20头(5龄若虫)19.40头(雌成虫)18.20头(雄成虫)6.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值(a为瞬时攻击率,Th为处置单头猎物时间)为82.25(5龄若虫)40.39(雌成虫)36.12(雄成虫)17.19(3龄若虫);叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为7.80头(5龄若虫)6.40头(雌成虫)5.50头(雄成虫)4.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值为11.36(5龄若虫)10.75(雌成虫)9.63(雄成虫)7.45(3龄若虫)。本研究表明叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具较强的捕食能力,尤其是5龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫。研究结果为利用叉角厉蝽防控草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据,也为其田间释放应用提供技术支撑。     

人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽对昆虫的捕食能力评价

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是广泛分布于热带亚热带地区的一种重要捕食性天敌昆虫。为评估人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽的捕食能力,在实验室采用捕食功能反应的方法,以黄粉虫作为中介猎物饲养的叉角厉蝽为对照,评价了人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫以及雌成虫对黄粉虫Tenebriomolitor(L.)幼虫及斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)3龄幼虫、5龄幼虫的捕食效能。结果表明,两种饲料饲养的不同虫态叉角厉蝽的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物密度增加到一定水平,捕食量趋于稳定,其捕食功能反应均符合HollingII模型。人工饲料组饲养的各虫态叉角厉蝽与对照组的对黄粉虫幼虫的捕食量没有明显差异;在饱和猎物密度条件下,人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫以及雌成虫对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为7.20、9.20、14.60头,对斜纹夜蛾5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别4.20、5.80、6.20头,均略低于对照组,但从取食猎物数量上来看,仍保持较强的捕食能力。     

龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧的捕食功能反应

为初步探究龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对入侵性害虫扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的生物防控能力,本实验在(T=26℃±2℃,R=80%±5%,L∶D=16∶8)条件下进行。将饥饿处理过的各个龄期的龟纹瓢虫分别与扶桑绵粉蚧不同密度的1龄若虫进行组合,在一定的时间内,测定各龄期的龟纹瓢虫对猎物进行的捕食量、捕食率。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫和成虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅱ型反应,其捕食者的捕食率随猎物密度的增加而逐渐下降;龟纹瓢虫对猎物的处理时间Th随瓢虫龄期的增大而呈减小趋势。龟纹瓢虫3龄幼虫,4龄幼虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅲ型反应,其捕食量随虫龄的增大而增加,发现率和最大捕食量也增大,平均处理时间减少。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧具有较强的控制潜能。     

不同虫态及虫龄大草蛉与七星瓢虫之间的集团内互作

【目的】为明确新疆棉田棉蚜 Aphis gossypii 捕食性天敌之间的集团内捕食效应及其对蚜虫数量的控制作用。【方法】本研究以优势天敌昆虫大草蛉 Chrysopa pallens 和七星瓢虫 Coccinella septempunctata 为对象,以棉蚜为猎物,在温室中利用盆栽棉花,首先观察了2种天敌昆虫之间各虫态及虫龄配对的19个处理在无蚜植株上共存24 h后的存活数,然后观察了2种天敌昆虫配对处理下棉苗上棉蚜数量随时间的变化趋势。【结果】在无蚜棉株上2种捕食性天敌昆虫共存24 h后的存活结果表明：（1）在发育阶段相同的配对组合中,若是成虫则均存活,若是１龄幼虫则大草蛉存活较多,若是末龄幼虫则七星瓢虫存活较多;（2）在有卵的组配中,除七星瓢虫卵不被大草蛉成虫所捕食外,其他5个组配处理中卵均被捕食;（3）在有蛹的配对组合中,除七星瓢虫蛹被大草蛉末龄幼虫捕食外,其他处理下蛹均不被捕食;（4）在成虫与幼虫的配对组合中,七星瓢虫成虫捕食较多的大草蛉1龄幼虫,但不捕食大草蛉末龄幼虫,而大草蛉成虫与七星瓢虫1龄或末龄幼虫之间不发生捕食;(5）在不同龄期幼虫的配对组合中,大草蛉末龄幼虫捕食七星瓢虫1龄幼虫,而七星瓢虫末龄幼虫捕食大草蛉1龄幼虫。在有蚜植株上2种捕食性天敌共存对棉蚜数量具有不同的控制作用：（1）2种捕食昆虫的幼虫各自单独存在（对照）下,蚜虫密度随时间而降低;（2）大草蛉幼虫与七星瓢虫幼虫或成虫配对处理下,棉蚜密度随时间而增大;（3）大草蛉成虫与七星瓢虫幼虫或成虫配对处理下,棉蚜密度随时间而减小。【结论】研究结果说明,大草蛉与七星瓢虫之间存在集团内捕食,但２种天敌共存对棉蚜的控制作用取决于大草蛉虫态, 若大草蛉为幼虫,可使蚜虫密度增大,若为成虫,则使蚜虫密度减小。     

中华草蛉、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫对B型烟粉虱的捕食功能反应

室内研究了中华草蛉Chrysopa sinicaTjeder、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)和异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)对B型烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)若虫的捕食功能反应和寻找效应。结果表明,3种天敌成虫和幼虫的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物增加到一定水平,捕食量趋向稳定,捕食功能反应曲线符合HollingⅡ型方程。异色瓢虫、中华草蛉和龟纹瓢虫成虫和幼虫对烟粉虱若虫的捕食量差异显著,理论最大日捕食量分别为417,263,156头和625,238,108头。3种天敌对烟粉虱若虫的寻找效应随着天敌密度的增加而下降,干扰作用逐渐增强,其寻找效应表现为龟纹瓢虫(0.5656)>异色瓢虫(0.4371)>中华草蛉(0.4029),对烟粉虱的控制能力表现为异色瓢虫>龟纹瓢虫>中华草蛉。     

d(CGGTGGT) forms an octameric parallel G-quadruplex via stacking of unusual G(:C):G(:C):G(:C):G(:C) octads

Among non-canonical DNA secondary structures, G-quadruplexes are currently widely studied because of their probable involvement in many pivotal biological roles, and for their potential use in nanotechnology. The overall quadruplex scaffold can exhibit several morphologies through intramolecular or intermolecular organization of G-rich oligodeoxyribonucleic acid strands. In particular, several G-rich strands can form higher order assemblies by multimerization between several G-quadruplex units. Here, we report on the identification of a novel dimerization pathway. Our Nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, UV, gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry studies on the DNA sequence dCGGTGGT demonstrate that this sequence forms an octamer when annealed in presence of K(+) or NH(4)(+) ions, through the 5'-5' stacking of two tetramolecular G-quadruplex subunits via unusual G(:C):G(:C):G(:C):G(:C) octads.     

Biology of Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) on Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of six different temperatures on the development of Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) using eggs of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) as hosts. The temperature affected the development of A. lacunatus. The largest values for the progeny (19 mites in T. castaneum and 15 mites in C. ferrugineus) were obtained at about 30 degrees C, as also observed for the net reproductive rate (Ro), which revealed that the A. lacunatus population increased 18 times in T. castaneum and 14 times in C. ferrugineus in a generation. The intrinsic rate of increase (r m) gradually increased with temperature, reaching the maximum value at 35 degrees C in T. castaneum (1,608) and C. ferrugineus (1,289). The generation time was negatively correlated with temperature, ranging from 1,60 to 4,85 days in T. castaneum and from 1,96 to 5,34 days in C. ferrugineus. These results suggest that the mite A. lacunatus may be used in programs of biological control of T. castaneum and C. ferrugineus in the tropics.     

Nasal mites (Gamasida: Rhinonyssidae) of Paroaria coronata (Miller) (Passeriformes: Emberezidae)

With the aim of identifying the species of nasal mites of Paroaria coronata (red-crested cardinal), the nasal cavity of 40 birds were examined. The nasal mites were identified as Ptilonyssus sairae de Castro and Sternostoma pirangae Pence, with 50% and 7.5% of prevalence, respectively. This is the first record of these mite species parasitizing P. coronata. This report also amplifies the area of occurrence of S. pirangae for Brazil and that of P. sairae for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.     

Interaction between Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

The interaction between Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) may be a promising tool for the integrated pest management of stored grain insect pests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of these two natural enemies on Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius). The experimental units were petri dishes (140 x 10 mm) containing 30 g of whole wheat grains (13% water content) infested with 20 adults of R. dominica. The treatments consisted of inoculation of A. lacunatus and A. calandrae, separately and associated, in eight replicates. Three inoculations of five adult females of the natural enemies were carried out in each petri dish at five, ten and fifteen days after the infestation of R. dominica. All treatments were stored during 60 days in environmental chamber at 30 +/- 1 degrees C, 60 +/- 5% relative humidity and 24 h scotophase. The smallest numbers of physogastric females of A. lacunatus and of adults of A. calandrae were obtained when the natural enemies were in association. The use of A. calandrae alone demonstrated a low instantaneous rate of increase (r(i)) of R. dominica and a high protection of the wheat grains. The association of A. calandrae with A. lacunatus led to the lowest number of immatures of R. dominica. These results demonstrate the importance of this interaction as a tool of for the integrated management of R. dominica in stored wheat grains.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

形宽刺甲Bioramix(Bioramix) rotundicollis(Kaszab,1940)(鞘翅目:拟步甲科:刺甲族)的再描述

2012年在西藏普兰地区采集到鞘翅目Coleoptera拟步甲科Tenebrionidae刺甲族Platyscelidini一种昆虫:形宽刺甲Bioramix(Bioramix)rotundicollis(Kaszab,1940)。鉴于原始描述过于简单,且缺少特征图和整体照片,本文对其进行了详细描述,并附有特征图和整体照片。检视标本保存于西华师范大学标本馆和俄罗斯楚瓦什国立师范大学标本馆。     

芬兰真绥螨对苹果全爪螨的捕食作用研究

在实验条件下,系统研究了芬兰真绥螨Euseius finlandicus Oudemans对苹果全爪螨Panony-chus ulmi Koch的控制能力。研究结果表明:(1)在15～32℃的温度条件下,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量随着温度的上升呈线型正相关。在15～25℃的温度内芬兰真绥螨的产卵量随温度升高而增加,在15℃下平均单雌产卵0.42粒,25℃时平均单雌产卵2.56粒;当温度升到32℃时单雌产卵下降为1.62粒,雌成螨的产卵量与温度的关系呈抛物线型。(2)在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,雌成螨的捕食量随着猎物的密度增加呈线型正相关,而当猎物密度达到30头/叶时,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量处于平稳状态。在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,芬兰真绥螨的产卵量和产卵量均与猎物的密度呈线型正相关;当每头雌成螨捕食量为1.8～3.5头时,产卵量为1.0～1.5粒。(3)不同温度下,芬兰真绥螨对猎物的不同密度和虫态的功能反应可用圆盘方程II型进行拟合;在25℃条件下捕食效率最高且喜好捕食的虫态是卵和幼螨。     

Carcinops troglodytes (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae) preying on Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in poultry houses

We first record Carcinops troglodytes (Paykull) as a predator of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) larvae in poultry houses in North and Northwest regions of the state of Paraná. Carcinops spp. are commonly recorded as predators of dipterans, and this record in poultry houses indicates the possibility of exploiting such predator for future studies aiming the development of management strategies for A. diaperinus.     

小黑瓢虫对高氏瘤粉虱捕食作用的研究

在高氏瘤粉虱不同虫态共存的条件下,小黑标虫对高氏瘤粉虱各虫态的选择次序为卵＞1龄若虫＞2龄若虫＞3龄若虫＞4龄若虫和拟蛹,对卵的捕食率均最高,有明显的嗜好选择;小黑瓢虫幼虫捕食粉虱卵的数量,随着龄期的增长而递增,其中4龄幼虫的捕食量最大,4龄期捕食量平均为1565．42粒,占全幼虫期总食卵量的45．42％,整个幼虫期可捕食高氏瘤粉虱的卵数平均为3446．5粒。小黑瓢虫3龄幼虫对粉虱卵的捕食作用率在所给的猎物密度（1500粒／皿）条件下,随着自身密度的增加而降低。     

Sericolophus (Pheronematidae) and Hernandeziana (Corythophoridae) are synonyms (Hexactinellida: Porifera)

Eight specimens of Sericolophus reflexus (Ijima) were compared with the holotype of Hernandeziana ijimae (Hernandez) to assess suspected synonymy of these taxa. An extensive morphometric analysis of the spicules available in these specimens of variable condition show that the H. ijimae holotype exhibits characters near the centre of the range of S. reflexus. It is concluded that H. ijimae is a junior synonym of S. reflexus , and that the family Corythophoridae de Laubenfels is invalid by preoccupation of its base generic name.