黄玛草蛉对两种蚜虫的捕食效能

实验室条件下研究了黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对甘蓝蚜以及玉米蚜成虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明:黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而增加,寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而减小。不同龄期幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对玉米蚜最大理论日捕食量分别为120.48头、185.18头;黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对甘蓝蚜最大理论日捕食量分别为60.60头、86.95头。在相同猎物种类下,黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食量均高于黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫;在相同猎物密度下,黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫与3龄幼虫对玉米蚜的捕食量均高于甘蓝蚜。     

黄玛草蛉捕食米蛾卵的功能反应与数值反应

针对天敌控害潜能评价和天敌昆虫大量饲养的基础理论问题,以一种重要的捕食性天敌黄玛草蛉Mallada besalis Walker捕食米蛾卵的功能反应和数值反应研究为例,开展研究。结果表明,黄玛草蛉幼虫对米蛾卵的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,其捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,最后趋近一个稳定值,且与是否供水有关,供水时3龄幼虫的理论捕食能力最大,为3205.1粒卵/d。数值反应研究结果表明,不同密度的米蛾卵对黄玛草蛉的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著的影响。随着猎物密度增大,黄玛草蛉幼虫的发育速率、雌虫的产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫的寿命延长,最后趋于稳定。米蛾卵密度5、10、20、30、50卵/d。分别是黄玛草蛉幼虫存活、幼虫化蛹、成虫羽化、后代卵孵化及世代延续的临界值。并讨论了功能反应和数值反应研究在天敌利用研究中的侧重点和重要性。     

黄玛草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力

【目的】明确本地优势天敌黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis对入侵我国的重大农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵及低龄幼虫的捕食能力和生防潜力。【方法】在实验室条件下采用功能反应模型评价了黄玛草蛉2和3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的捕食能力。【结果】黄玛草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食量均随猎物密度的升高而增加,最后趋于捕食饱和状态,而其捕食率随猎物密度的升高而逐步下降,对不同发育阶段的草地贪夜蛾均表现为Ⅱ型功能反应。黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率a分别为0.150, 0.084和0.094,处理时间Th分别为0.282, 0.333和0.519 h,理论日最大捕食量T/Th分别为85106粒、72072头和46.242头;黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为2.018, 0.288和0.259,处理时间分别为0.102, 0.311和0.375 h,理论日最大捕食量分别为235294粒、77170头和64000头。【结论】黄玛草蛉2和3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫均具较强的捕食能力,其中黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫比2龄幼虫具有更强的捕食效率。     

黄玛草蛉幼虫对埃及吹绵蚧若虫的捕食功能和数值反应

本文研究了黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis (Walker)捕食埃及吹绵蚧Icerya aegyptiaca(Douglas)若虫的功能反应和数值反应。功能反应研究结果表明,黄玛草蛉2龄和3龄幼虫对埃及吹绵蚧若虫的捕食反应均属HollingⅡ型,拟合方程分别为Na=0.6885×No/1+0.6885×0.0433No和Na=1.2085×No/1+1.2085×0.0200No,相关系数R2分别为0.9867和0.9858,理论日最大捕食量分别为23.09和50.00。数值反应研究结果表明,不同埃及吹绵蚧若虫密度对黄玛草蛉的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著影响。随着猎物密度增大,黄玛草蛉幼虫发育速率、雌虫产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫寿命增加,最后趋于稳定。埃及吹绵蚧若虫密度5、10、15、20、30头分别是黄玛草蛉幼虫存活、幼虫化蛹、成虫羽化、后代卵孵化及世代延续的临界值。猎物密度为30、40、50头时,黄玛草蛉能正常生长发育和繁殖,种群的性比、成虫寿命、产卵量及孵化率有一定的差异,但差异不显著。      

大草蛉对桃蚜和夹竹桃蚜的捕食作用研究

大草蛉在我国分布广泛,能捕食多种农作物害虫。本试验首先研究了大草蛉一龄幼虫对桃蚜、大草蛉二龄幼虫对桃蚜和夹竹桃蚜的捕食功能反应。三个反应的最大捕食量Namax分别为144．93、303．03和151．51（头）,瞬时攻击率a分别为0．7428、0．8654和0．6644。大草蛉一龄幼虫有较强的种内干扰反应,随着捕食者密度的增加,捕食作用率（E）依次为0．2025、0．1185、0．0866、0．0694和0．0584;对桃蚜的捕食作用率（E）与自身密度（P）的函数关系式为E=0．2025P^-0.7727。在桃蚜和夹竹桃蚜的混合种群中,大草蛉二龄幼虫对桃蚜的选择效应大于夹竹桃蚜。     

饥饿对大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用的影响

对不同饥饿程度大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用影响的研究表明,饥饿不能改变大草蛉雄成虫捕食作用功能反应类型,饥饿对捕食量影响不显著;大草蛉雄成虫对麦二叉蚜的捕食量（Ｎａ）随着时间（ｔ）的变化,其模型为Ｎａ＝１００／１＋ｅ＾－０．３０８８－０．０９９６ｔ;大草蛉雄成虫在２４ｈ内的捕食速率（Ｖ）与其时间段（ｘ）的关系为Ｖ＝６．７１１７ｘ＾－０．７９２８;大草蛉雄成虫喜好选择捕食麦二叉蚜的低龄若蚜。     

大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾捕食潜能研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith于2018年底至2019年初入侵我国后,迅速扩散,并在半年内对西南地区的玉米生产造成为害。田间调查和观测研究表明,田间虽然可见该害虫的天敌,但由于天敌种群数量低,无法形成有效控害的模式。为研究大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾的控害潜能,本研究进行了捕食功能反应试验。结果表明,大草蛉成虫对草地贪夜蛾卵以及大草蛉3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食效应均能够很好的拟合HollingⅡ功能反应模型。其中,大草蛉成虫对贪夜蛾卵的理论日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为1115.56头、1.004和0.0009 d。大草蛉幼虫对贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的理论日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为358头、1.074和0.003 d。结果表明大草蛉具备对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫进行有效控害的潜力,为应用天敌昆虫防治草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据。     

丽草蛉对螺旋粉虱的捕食作用

实验室内观察了丽草蛉Chrysopa formosa Brauer各龄幼虫对螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell的取食行为,并研究了3龄幼虫对螺旋粉虱的捕食作用.结果表明,丽草蛉各龄幼虫具有背负杂物习性,其幼虫利用双颚夹取螺旋粉虱若虫的蜡粉背负于背部,并取食螺旋粉虱的若虫和蛹.丽草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫还取食螺旋粉虱成虫.丽草蛉3龄幼虫的功能反应属于HollingⅡ,方程为Na=0.9287 N/1+0.9287×0.0078 N;对螺旋粉虱若虫具有较强的捕食能力,日最大捕食量为127.8149头.丽草蛉可作为一种捕食性天敌在螺旋粉虱的生物防治中加以利用.     

黄玛草蛉对蚜虫的防治效果及对草莓光合特性与品质的影响

在“公共植保,绿色植保”的大背景下,合理利用天敌资源,在果蔬生产过程中开展害虫的生物防治,是构建果蔬害虫绿色防控体系的重要一环。本研究探讨了黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis Walker对草莓蚜虫的控制作用,并进一步对比分析了黄玛草蛉和吡虫啉在草莓蚜虫防治中的差异和特点,以及它们对草莓叶片光合作用和果实品质的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,黄玛草蛉和吡虫啉均可以有效地控制蚜虫的种群,其中10%吡虫啉悬浮剂处理具有很好的速效性,施药1 d后,防治效果就高达95.89%,但随着时间推延其防治效果逐渐降低。而黄玛草蛉对蚜虫的控制则具有明显的滞后性,但其防治效果随着时间推延逐渐提高,防治后21 d,按照益害比1∶60投放黄玛草蛉处理的防治效果可以达到89.27%。使用黄玛草蛉和吡虫啉防治蚜虫后,均可以提高草莓叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和叶绿素相对含量,且在防治后21 d后,按照益害比1∶60投放黄玛草蛉处理的多个光合特性指标均优于其他处理。另外,不同防治处理均可以显著提升草莓果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量和固酸比,降低可滴定酸含量,其中按照益害比1∶60投放黄玛草蛉处理的品质最优。综上所述,黄玛草蛉对草莓蚜虫具有较好的防治效果,并可以提高草莓叶片的光合作用能力,改善草莓品质,为今后利用天敌开展草莓蚜虫的绿色防控奠定了基础。     

广重粉蛉对烟粉虱的捕食作用研究

【目的】广重粉蛉Semidalis aleyrodiformis(Stephens)是烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的重要天敌昆虫之一,为了明确其控制潜能,本文研究了广重粉蛉对烟粉虱的捕食作用。【方法】在室内温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度75%±5%,光照周期L∶D=14∶10条件下,对广重粉蛉幼虫捕食烟粉虱各个虫态的捕食作用进行研究。并且评估了广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱卵、广重粉蛉成虫对烟粉虱若虫和伪蛹的捕食功能反应模型,同时,对广重粉蛉成虫捕食烟粉虱卵的干扰反应方程进行了拟合。【结果】广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱的捕食量随着广重粉蛉龄期的增大而增大。广重粉蛉幼虫对烟粉虱卵的功能反应和广重粉蛉成虫对烟粉虱各个虫态的捕食功能反应都呈HollingⅡ型。随着广重粉蛉龄期的增加,广重粉蛉对烟粉虱卵的寻找效率(a)逐渐增加,处置时间(Th)依次缩短;而广重粉蛉成虫对不同龄期烟粉虱的功能反应是随着猎物龄期的增加,寻找效率逐渐降低,处置时间(Th)依次延长。广重粉蛉自身密度方程为E=0.127 9×P-0.317 3,干扰系数为0.317 3。【结论】研究表明,广重粉蛉4龄幼虫和雌成虫对烟粉虱有较好的捕食作用,控害潜力最大。     

Prey instar preference and functional responses of Mallada basalis (Walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to different life stages of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Prey instar preference and functional responses of 2- and 3-instar Mallada basalis (Walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) larvae to 1- to 3-instar Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) nymphs and adults were assessed in laboratory. Results indicated that both 2- and 3-instar M. basalis larvae preferred young over old P. solenopsis nymphs and adults were the least preferred. The 3-instar M. basalis larvae preyed more adult P. solenopsis than 2-instar larvae. Mallada basalis exhibited type II functional responses to prey densities: An increase in prey density leads to an increase in consumed preys. Regardless of P. solenopsis stages, the number of preys consumed by the 3-instar M. basalis larvae was greater than that by the 2-instar larvae. Attack rates and handling times differed depending on prey and predator stage combinations. The highest attack rate (1.1874) and lowest handling time (0.0040 h) were observed for the 3-instar M. basalis larvae fed on the 1-instar P. solenopsis nymphs. Regardless of P. solenopsis stages, the attack rate of 3-instar M. basalis was greater than 2-instar, whereas the reverse held regarding handling time. The findings collectively indicated that 3-instar M. basalis larvae have greater potential than 2-instar as efficient biological control agent of P. solenopsis. In developing real world biological control programs, however, the 2-instar M. basalis may be released if necessary since the final efficacy of the predator is the summation of the 2- and 3-instar M. basalis.     

不同温度对木瓜秀粉蚧保护酶活性影响

为初步探讨木瓜秀粉蚧的温度适应性机理,本研究采用紫外分光光度法测定分析了不同温度饲养条件下木瓜秀粉蚧体内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性差异。保护酶活性测定结果表明,与28℃相比,12℃、16℃、36℃和40℃下的POD、PPO、CAT和SOD的活性显著增加,分别为28℃的195.5%、187.7%、154.5%和162.1%,182.5%、158.6%、137.4%和152.1%,183.3%、166.7%、145.3%和181.8%,193.0%、179.8%、167.1%和191.9%,而20℃、24℃和32℃下各保护酶活性与28℃相比无显著差异。本研究结果表明,16℃以下低温和36℃以上高温可以诱导木瓜秀粉蚧保护酶活性显著提高,可能会对其生长发育产生不利影响,为深入开展木瓜秀粉蚧的生态适应性机理研究提供科学依据。     

不同虫态叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内捕食作用

为了明确叉角厉蝽 Eocanthecona furcellate (Wolff)对草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)幼虫的控制作用,在实验室条件下测定了叉角厉蝽不同虫态对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食能力,研究了该蝽捕食功能反应、搜寻效应以及种内干扰作用。结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫、成虫均可捕食草地贪夜蛾幼虫,总体呈现叉角厉蝽低龄若虫捕食草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的数量较多,高龄若虫和成虫捕食中间龄期幼虫数量较多的规律;叉角厉蝽3个虫态对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II方程和HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型;5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食效能(a/Th)最强（214.0）、日最大捕食量(1/Th)最大（256.4头）。不同虫态叉角厉蝽的搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度均呈负相关。建立了叉角厉蝽成虫密度、草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫密度对捕食作用的干扰反应方程,干扰作用发生后该蝽的平均捕食量和捕食作用率均逐渐下降。本研究结果可为田间释放叉角厉蝽防治草地贪夜蛾提供依据。     

不同温度条件下叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用

为探明叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff)对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)的控害潜能,本文研究了不同温度（17℃、22℃、27℃、32℃、37℃）条件下叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食作用,评估了其在不同温度下的生物防治效果。结果表明,在试验温度范围内叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应模型符合Holling II型方程,捕食效能a/Th和日均捕食量均在32℃时最大。在同一温度下,叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫的寻找效应与草地贪夜蛾幼虫密度呈负相关,但猎物密度相同时叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫的寻找效应与温度呈正相关。在17℃~37℃范围内,Hassell-Varley干扰反应模型能较好地反映出不同叉角厉蝽密度条件下对草地贪夜蛾的捕食情况;在相同的猎物密度条件下叉角厉蝽3~4龄若虫个体间存在种内竞争和自我干扰作用,随着自身密度增大,相互干扰作用增强,搜寻系数Q和相互干扰系数m随着温度升高而增大,在37℃时最大,分别为0.4719和0.788。本试验证实了叉角厉蝽若虫在温度为32℃、猎物密度为60（头/皿）条件下对草地贪夜蛾的日捕食量最大,但随着温度升高,若虫的捕食量趋于饱和或出现下降趋势,在37℃温度条件下种内竞争和自我干扰作用最强。     

The functional and numerical response of Typhlodromips swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to the factitious prey Suidasia medanensis (Acari: Suidasidae) in the context of a breeding sachet

The whitefly and thrips predator Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) can be reared on the factitious astigmatid mite Suidasia medanensis (Oudemans) (Acari: Suidasiidae). The predator–prey relationship allows the system to be incorporated into a breeding sachet which releases predators into a crop over several weeks ensuring predator presence on arrival of the target pests and increased predator numerical response on the crop through immigration from the breeding sachet. This study investigated whether the prey preference and functional and numerical response of T. swirskii to different development stages of S. medanensis can provide understanding of the predator–prey interactions sustaining such a breeding sachet. T. swirskii elicited a strong preference to egg stages of S. medanensis, exhibited a Type II functional response and increased oviposition rate with increasing prey density. The relevance of these attributes to a balanced breeding sachet is discussed.     

南方小花蝽在不同空间及笼罩条件下对西花蓟马的控制作用

利用小花蝽控制外来害虫西花蓟马越来越受到人们的重视。本文在室内研究了5种空间异质条件下南方小花蝽对西花蓟马的捕食作用,并研究了笼罩条件下4种比例释放南方小花蝽对西花蓟马的控制效果。结果表明,不同空间异质下,南方小花蝽对西花蓟马的功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ圆盘方程;以瞬时攻击率和寻找效应为评价指标,发现南方小花蝽在小容器中的瞬时攻击率（a'）最高,为0.9204,寻找效应最好;在大容器且空间异质最复杂的处理中的瞬时攻击率（a'）最低,为0.6303,寻找效应最差。在笼罩条件下,以3:120和6:120比例释放南方小花蝽和西花蓟马,其控制效果差;以9:120的比例释放,5周后对西花蓟马成虫和若虫的控制效果分别达到74.70％和81.01％;以15:120比例释放,5周后对西花蓟马成虫和若虫的控制效果分别达到95.71％和89.02％。结果显示空间越小或异质性越简单,越利于南方小花蝽捕食西花蓟马。若实际生产中采用9:120的益害比例释放南方小花蝽,既可以达到对西花蓟马较好的控制效果,又相对节约成本。     

Functional response of different stages of Hippodamia variegata (Col.: Coccinellidae) to Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on two wheat cultivars

As one of the most important natural enemies of aphids, lady beetles have been widely used for the control of pest aphids. Important to the efficiency of natural enemies is their functional response to varying prey densities. In this study, the functional response of Hippodamia variegata Goeze (Col.: Coccienllidae) to different densities of Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko was examined on two wheat cultivars with different resistance levels under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16:8 L:D photoperiod). Our results revealed that all stages of H. variegata exhibited a type II functional response, in that predation decreased with increasing prey density. Searching efficiency (a) and handling time (T_h) of third instar larvae on the Sardari cultivar were 0.0285/h and 0.0079 h, while for fourth instar larvae these values were 0.0561/h and 1 × 10^?8 h, for males these values were 0.0412/h and 0.0173 h and for females were 0.059/h and 0.0168 h. The corresponding values for the back cross cultivar for third instar larvae were 0.0475/h and 0.0782 h, for fourth instar larvae were 0.0753/h and 0.0529 h, for males were 0.045/h and 0.0060 h and for females were 0.0516/h and 0.0077 h. This study demonstrated that these wheat cultivars do not have a significant effect on the functional response parameters of H. variegata life stages, except for the searching efficiency of third instar larvae and the handling time of male adults. The possible application of this species against Russian wheat aphids in an integrated pest management programme is also discussed.     

Effects of two artificial diets on the development and reproduction of Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Growth, survival, fecundity, and nutrition of Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) fed on two artificial and one natural diet were studied at 29±1°C and 75±5% relative humidity. Larvae reared on the two artificial diets showed faster growth and development, higher pupal survival and weight, and higher adult fecundity than those reared on a natural diet of young coconuts, Cocos nucifera L. The relative growth rate, efficiency of ingested food conversion, and efficiency of digested food conversion in larvae fed on artificial diets were significantly higher than those of larvae fed on young coconuts. The relative consumption rate of larvae fed on artificial diets was significantly lower than that of larvae fed on young coconuts. T. rufivena showed no significant degradation in ability to propagate after being reared on the artificial diet for five successive generations. These results indicated that two artificial diets are suitable for mass rearing of T. rufivena.