基于组学技术的维生素C二步混菌发酵研究进展

二步发酵法是工业化生产维生素C (vitamin C, Vc)的主要方法,其中第二步由伴生菌与产酸菌(普通生酮基古龙酸菌)组合进行混菌发酵产生Vc前体2-酮基-l-古龙酸(2-keto-l-gluonic acid, 2-KLG)的机制,一直是科研人员研究的重要科学问题。通过高通量基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学等组学技术揭示生物系统中各个组分相互作用关系已经成为主要的研究手段。本文对近年来利用组学技术解析Vc混菌发酵中两菌互作关系、解除发酵系统的氧化胁迫、伴生活性物质、产酸菌群体感应、外源添加物、基因工程改造产酸菌促进产2-KLG等方面的研究进行综述,并为进一步的探索和深入研究提供思路。     

VC三菌种一步发酵方法的构建与研究

就维生素C微生物一步发酵方法进行了探索,构建了酮古龙酸杆菌、氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌和芽孢杆菌三菌混菌一步发酵的方法。研究发现,植物内生芽孢杆菌可以与酮古龙酸杆菌配合,促进酮古龙酸杆菌生长和产酸。在有山梨醇存在的条件下酮古龙酸杆菌及其伴生菌能够快速地生长增殖,植物内生芽孢杆菌在发酵的10h中不断消耗山梨醇。5L的发酵罐中,酮古龙酸杆菌、氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌和植物内生芽孢杆菌三菌混菌一步发酵在恒定的30℃温度,600r/min搅拌速度和1.5vvm通气条件下,补料发酵过程中醇酸质量转化率达到了81.89%,在分批发酵过程中,醇酸质量转化率达到了87.90%,进一步优化了维生素C生产工艺。     

响应面法优化Vc二步发酵新菌系产2-酮基-L-古龙酸的培养基

以短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)HJ-04作为维生素C二步发酵第2步中的伴生菌,促进产酸菌产维生素C(Vitamin C,Vc)前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-keto-L-gulonic acid,2-KGA)的能力强于工业生产用菌株巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium) B2980.采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman(PB)试验及Box-Behnken试验对影响新菌系发酵产2-KGA的6个因素进行分析优化.结果表明,L-山梨糖、尿素、玉米浆为显著影响因子.最佳产酸条件为L-山梨糖94.95 g/L,尿素11.99 g/L,玉米浆14.13g/L.优化后产酸量提高12.31 mg/mL,产酸周期缩短6h.     

维生素C生产用菌系2980产酸菌基因转移的筛选模型及转座子Tn5诱变

维生素C的生产目前国内广泛采用由产酸菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)与伴生菌(Bacillus megaterium)组成的2980菌系,在2980中G.oxydans单独生长传代困难,其生长和产酸需要B.megaterium参与。以Bacillus subtilis Ki-2-132(pUB110)作为伴生菌与原2980的G.oxydans组合,获得稳定产酸的新菌系。在此基础上建立了适合我国混菌发酵产酸菌外源基因(Kanr)转移的筛选模型。同时报道了以携带有自杀性载体P1：：Tn5的大肠杆菌E.coli W3110为供体菌对G.oxydans进行Tn5诱变的条件和结果。     

维生素C前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸二步混菌发酵研究新进展

维生素C（Vc）二步混菌发酵是我国首创具有自主知识产权的唯一应用于工业化生产Vc的微生物转化方法,该方法利用混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产Vc前体物质-2-酮基-L-古龙酸,再经化学转化合成Vc;具有简化工艺,减少污染,降低能耗等优点。本文主要从产酸菌代谢关键酶、伴生菌胞外物质、组学以及外源添加物等方面综述Vc二步混菌发酵的最新研究进展,并提出进一步研究和探索的方向。     

Vc二步发酵中伴生菌的作用机制

应用细胞培养和膜分离技术研究了Vc两步发酵中伴生菌巨大芽孢杆菌（Bacillus megaterium）对氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter oxydans）产酸作用机制。结果表明：巨大芽孢杆菌培养液中分子量在30－50kD及大于100kD组分明显促进产酸：其组分通过凝胶怪析分离纯化,自动紫检测仪检测（280nm）,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及考马斯亮兰G250特异染色,初步证实为蛋白质,且至少是两种以上蛋白质,它们在低温下稳定性较好。     

混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产Vc前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸研究进展

利用混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KCA),再经化学转化合成维生素C(Vc),是我国工业生产Vc的主要途径,具有简化工艺,减少污染,降低能耗等诸多优点.从菌系组合、菌种选育、代谢途径与酶学特性、工程菌构建、伴生作用机制及发酵工艺等方面出发,综述混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产Vc前体2-KGA的研究现状和最新进展,并提出进一步研究和探索的方向.     

氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌中硫辛酸合成模块对维生素C一步混菌发酵的影响

在由氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌和普通生酮古龙酸杆菌构建的维生素C两菌一步发酵体系中,为了强化氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌对普通生酮古龙酸杆菌生长和产酸的促进作用,文中在氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌中构建硫辛酸合成功能模块。由含硫辛酸功能模块的氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌和普通生酮古龙酸杆菌组成的两菌一步体系,能减轻普通生酮古龙酸杆菌单菌培养时的生长抑制,强化两菌的互作关系,使维生素C前体(2-酮基-L-古龙酸,2-KGA)的产量提高到73.34 g/L(对照组为59.09 g/L),醇酸转化率提高到86.0%。研究结果为进一步优化维生素C两菌一步发酵体系提供了新思路。     

酒色着色菌利用产酸克雷伯氏菌发酵废液产氢

研究了酒色着色菌(Chromatiumvinosum DSM185)利用产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellaoxytoca HP1)发酵产氢废液进行光发酵和暗发酵产氢的可行性,以达到对产氢底物的充分利用和对产氢废液的进一步处理。研究结果表明C.vinosum可以利用K.oxytoca的发酵废液进行光发酵产氢和暗发酵产氢。C.vinosum发酵产氢后废液中残余还原糖和主要有机酸(丁酸)的含量明显降低,发酵产氢的最佳pH为6.5,添加0.1%(W/W)NH4Cl能促进产氢。在光照条件下丁酸利用率可达54.38%,产氢量达36.97mL/mg;在黑暗条件下丁酸利用率可达36.01%,产氢量达37.50mL/mg。     

维生素C二步发酵的新组合菌系

以掷孢酵母作为伴生菌与氧化葡萄糖酸酐菌组成新混菌体系,对其产酸性能和特点进行了研究。实验室摇瓶结果显示,新菌系混菌状态不同,产酸不同,以KGA含量为4．8,小菌／掷孢酵母为31：1种液接种时,最有利于产酸,增加接种生物量可提高产酸速度,缩短发酵周期,但不影响最终产酸量,相同条件下,新菌系产酸能力高于现有菌系,酸量增加5mg/ml-7mg/ml,发酵周期缩短6h-8h,酸转经率提高3％4－％,最高产酸点PH值下降约0．5,表现出较大的产酸潜力和可修饰性。     

New bioactive derivatives of nonactic acid from the marine Streptomyces griseus derived from the plant Salicornia sp.

Three new compounds, butyl homononactate (5), butyl nonactate (6), 8-actyl homononactic acid (7), along with four known compounds homononactic acids (1), nonactic acid (2), homononactyl nonactate (3), homononactyl homononactate (4) were isolated from the marine Streptomyces griseus RSH0407, derived from the plant Salicornia sp., Chenopodiaceae. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data reported in the literature. The absolute configuration of 3 was first reported by using X-ray copper radiation. Compound 5 exhibited cytotoxic activities against the HCT-8, A2780, BGC-823, BEL-7402, and A549 cell lines in vitro, with IC₅₀ values of 2.87 ± 0.20, 4.90 ± 0.30, 2.19 ± 0.32, 5.07 ± 0.23 and 1.78 ± 0.18 μM, respectively, and compounds 4–7 showed weak antibacterial activities against four bacterials respectively.     

Reassessing the role of phospholipase D in the Arabidopsis wounding response

Plants respond to wounding by means of a multitude of reactions, with the purpose of stifling herbivore assault. Phospholipase D (PLD) has previously been implicated in the wounding response. Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) AtPLD α 1 has been proposed to be activated in intact cells, and the phosphatidic acid (PA) it produces to serve as a precursor for jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and to be required for wounding-induced gene expression. Independently, PLD activity has been reported to have a bearing on wounding-induced MAPK activation. However, which PLD isoforms are activated, where this activity takes place (in the wounded or non-wounded cells) and what exactly the consequences are is a question that has not been comprehensively addressed. Here, we show that PLD activity during the wounding response is restricted to the ruptured cells using ³²P_i-labelled phospholipid analyses of Arabidopsis pld knock-out mutants and PLD -silenced tomato cell-suspension cultures. pldα1 knock-out lines have reduced wounding-induced PA production, and the remainder is completely eliminated in a pldα1 / δ double knock-out line. Surprisingly, wounding-induced protein kinase activation, AtLOX2 gene expression and JA biosynthesis were not affected in these knock-out lines. Moreover, larvae of the Cabbage White butterfly ( Pieris rapae ) grew equally well on wild-type and the pld knock-out mutants.     

On the relationship between the two branches of the kynurenine pathway in the rat brain in vivo

In the mammalian brain, kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II) and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), key enzymes of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, form the neuroactive metabolites kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), respectively. Although physically segregated, both enzymes use the pivotal KP metabolite l -kynurenine as a substrate. We studied the functional consequences of this cellular compartmentalization in vivo using two specific tools, the KAT II inhibitor BFF 122 and the KMO inhibitor UPF 648. The acute effects of selective KAT II or KMO inhibition were studied using a radiotracing method in which the de novo synthesis of KYNA, and of 3-HK and its downstream metabolite quinolinic acid (QUIN), is monitored following an intrastriatal injection of ³H-kynurenine. In naïve rats, intrastriatal BFF 122 decreased newly formed KYNA by 66%, without influencing 3-HK or QUIN production. Conversely, UPF 648 reduced 3-HK synthesis (by 64%) without affecting KYNA formation. Similar, selective effects of KAT II and KMO inhibition were observed when the inhibitors were applied acutely together with the excitotoxin QUIN, which impairs local KP metabolism. Somewhat different effects of KMO (but not KAT II) inhibition were obtained in rats that had received an intrastriatal QUIN injection 7 days earlier. In these neuron-depleted striata, UPF 648 not only decreased both 3-HK and QUIN production (by 77% and 66%, respectively) but also moderately raised KYNA synthesis (by 27%). These results indicate a remarkable functional segregation of the two pathway branches in the brain, boding well for the development of selective KAT II or KMO inhibitors for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection, respectively.     

硬枝树花中抑制H_22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的活性成分研究

研究了从硬枝树花中提取得到的4个单体化合物松萝酸(usnic acid)、去甲环萝酸(evernic acid)、巴尔巴地衣酸(barbatic acid)和水杨嗪酸(salazinic acid)对H22荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用,并且对抑瘤率、胸腺指数、脾指数及小鼠白介素-2含量等各个指标的进行检测,以说明此4种化合物对小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制效果。结果表明,松萝酸高、中剂量组,去甲环萝酸高、中剂量组,巴尔巴地衣酸低剂量组,水杨嗪酸高剂量组对小鼠肿瘤有较好的抑制效果,与阴性对照组比较有极显著差异(P0.01),并且这些组的H22荷瘤小鼠血清中白介素-2的含量显著增加,与抑制肿瘤活性具有相关性。     

A simplified method for the estimation of individual amino acid radioactivity in plasma samples

A method is presented for the quantitative estimation of the individual amino acid radioactivity in biological samples. The material is deproteinized with cold acetone, and, after acetone evaporation, is passed through a column containing 1 g of Amberlite XAD-2, then eluted with 10% ethanol. The samples are derivatized with Sanger's reagent (alkaline 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and passed again through the Amberlite XAD-2 column; the 10% ethanol eluate is now discarded and the DNP-amino acids eluted with acetone. Aliquots are used for TLC chromatography on Silicagel plates; the spots are identified, cut away and their radioactivity estimated. The actual recovery of radioactivity in the spots is about 86-92% of the initial radioactivity. No contamination with radioactive glucose, lactate, pyruvate or glycerol has been observed.     

2D NMR of the Metabolic Antioxidant Dihydrolipoic Acid and its Derivatives

Dihydroplipoate and lipoate are physiological thiols which in addition to their coenzyme functions exhibit antioxidant activity. For NMR investigations of their protective mechanism in biological and model systems it is very important to know the full assignment of proton and carbon spectra of these molecules in water (D₂O). An unambiguous assignment of proton and carbon NMR spectra has been made for dihydrolipoate and its short chain derivatives bisnor-and tetranor-lipoic acid in D₂O and CDCl₃ solutions using 2D NMR methods.

Oxidation of dihydrolipoic acid produces substantial electron density deshielding of the carbons nearest to the SH groups with the largest shift found at the inner SH group (17.79 ppm in D₂O, 16.93 in CDCl₃) and almost no changes in the tail portion of the molecule. However, bisnor-dihydrolipoic acid and especially tetranor-dihydrolipoic acid have more carbon deshielding near the outer SH group of the molecule which correlates with their known diminished ion chelating activity.

Moreover, the proton triplet at position 2 of lipoic acid has strong pH dependence (pK = 4.58) due to the close proximity to the carboxylic group and this feature may be used for monitoring pH.     

D-焦谷氨酸的研制

研究了Ｄ－焦谷氨酸的制备,提纯精制以及分析化验等方面的有关问题。     

CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid: Is it synthesized in the nucleus

RadioactiveN-acetylmannosamine was injected intravenously into rats to labelN-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and CMP-NeuAc. Nuclei were isolated from the livers using a non-aqueous technique to prevent leakage of polar metabolites. A preparation was obtained, which was eight times enriched in nuclei based on the ratio DNA/RNA. Free NeuAc and CMP-NeuAc were isolated from this nuclear fraction and from whole liver, and the specific radioactivities were determined. It appeared that at all time points studied, i.e. 1.5, 9.5, and 18 min after injection, the specific radioactivities of free NeuAc as well as of CMP-NeuAc in the nuclear preparation were lower than those in whole liver. Also no significant differences were found between free NeuAc and CMP-NeuAc in the ratio of specific radioactivities in the nuclear fraction/whole liver. Furthermore, no enzyme involved in the synthesis of NeuAc was enriched in the nuclear preparation as compared to various other cytosolic and non-cytosolic enzymes.Because newly synthesized NeuAc is channelled into a special pool and used for activation to CMP-NeuAc [Ferwerda W, Blok CM, van Rinsum J (1983) Biochem J 216:87–92], these results point to a site of activation of NeuAc to CMP-NeuAc other than the nuclear compartment. This might indicate that the nuclear-localized enzyme, CMP-NeuAc synthase, leaves the nucleus before exerting its action.Abbreviations ManNAc kinase (EC 2.7.1.60) ATP:2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-mannose 6-phosphotransferase - GlcNAc kinase (EC 2.7.1.59) ATP:2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose 6-phosphotransferase - NeuAc 9-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.29) N-acetylneuraminate 9-phosphate phosphohydrolase - CMP-NeuAc synthase (EC 2.7.7.43) CTP:N-acetylneuraminic acid cytidylyltransferase - glucose 6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) d-glucose 6-phosphate phosphohydrolase - p-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1/2) orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase - LDH (EC 1.1.1.27) l-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase - (1-4)-galactsyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.38) -N-acetylglucosaminide (1-4)-galactosyltransferase     

Identification and Distribution of m- and p-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acids in the Brain of the Rat

The m and p isomers of hydroxyphenylacetic acid have been identified and quantitated in whole rat brain and in several regions using a capillary column high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry procedure. Their concentrations were: for m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (mean ± S.E., number of determinations in parentheses)—whole brain, 2.3 ± 0.3 ng/g (7); hypothalamus, 1.2 ± 0.3 ng/g (5); caudate nucleus, 5.5 ± 0.6 ng/g (5); brain stem, 1.8 ± 0.1 ngig (5); cerebellum, 1.2 ± 0.1 ng/g (5) and the “rest,” 1.7 ± 0.1 ng/g (5); and for p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid–whole brain, 10.6 ± 0.7 ng/g (7); hypothalamus, 4.5 ± 0.1 ng/g (4); caudate nucleus, 28.3 ±1.6 ng/g (5); brain stem, 8.6 ± 0.6 ng/g (5); cerebellum, 8.1 ± 0.4 ng/g (9, and the “rest,” 5.3 ± 0.5 ng/g (5). This heterogeneous distribution parallels closely that exhibited by their respective precursor amines, m- and p-tyramine.