三种红瓢虫的识别及雄性外生殖器的描述

草履蚧Drosicha corpulenta(Kuwana)是北方园、林、果树上的重要害虫,而红瓢虫属Rodolia Mulsant的昆虫是其重要天敌.本文对北京园林植物上的三种红瓢虫(暗红瓢虫Rodolia concolor(Lewis)、红环瓢虫Rodolia limbata(Motschulsky)和浅缘瓢虫Rodolia rufocincta(Lewis)进行研究,描绘了它们的外生殖器及鉴别特征,其中对浅缘瓢虫外生殖器的描述尚属首次.     

广西小毛瓢虫四新种记述(鞘翅目:瓢虫科)

本文描述采自广西壮族自治区小毛瓢虫属(Scymnus Kugelann)的四新种,均隶属于小瓢虫亚属Scymnus(Pullus)Mulsant。其中包括刺端小瓢虫Scymnus(Pullus)cnidatus sp. nov.,弯端小瓢虫Scymnus(Pullus)accamptus sp. nov.,紫背小瓢虫Scymnus(Pullus)notus sp. nov.,黄胸小瓢虫Scymnus(Pullus)xanthostethus sp.nox.。模式标本保存于华南农业大学昆虫标本室。     

弯叶毛瓢虫属一新记录种

报道采自海南印度紫檀和番石榴上的弯叶毛瓢虫属Nephus Mulsant 1中国新记录种:斐济弯叶毛瓢虫Nephus(Geminosipho)fijiensis(Sicard),并绘制了重要的形态特征图.本种瓢虫可捕食螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell.观察标本保存于北京市农林科学院植物保护环境保护研究所.     

中国食蚧瓢虫名录

食蚧瓢虫在蚧虫生物防治中具有很重要的作用.根据食性可分为专性食蚧瓢虫和兼性食蚧瓢虫.本文记录了我国食蚧瓢虫8亚科26属65种,其中澳洲瓢虫和孟氏隐唇瓢虫为国外引进种.     

孟氏隐唇瓢虫研究现状及其种质资源描述规范的建立

孟氏隐唇瓢虫Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant原产于澳大利亚,是粉蚧的重要捕食性天敌,作为生物防治重要的天敌资源被广泛引进世界各地.本文介绍了国内外近几十年来对孟氏隐唇瓢虫在生活史、行为、抗药性以及生物防治等方面的研究概况,并提出建立孟氏隐唇瓢虫种质资源描述规范的必要性,为充分发挥其控害潜能提供理论依据.     

兼食瓢虫属一新种及一新纪录(鞘翅目:瓢虫科)

Fursch(1964)将Verania Mulsant(1850)和Alesia Mulsant(1850)两属均列为Micraspis Chevrolat(1835)的异名。Iablokoff-Khnzorian(1979,1982)支持了Fursch(1964)的观点。分布于我国的稻红瓢虫Micraspis discolor(Fabricius)过去曾鉴定为Verania discolor(Fabricius),现应隶于Micraspis属。目前已知分布于我国的兼食瓢虫属有四种,其中有一个新种,一个新纪录种。新种的模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

七星瓢虫基础研究现状

七星瓢虫对蚜虫等农林业中的重要害虫有较强的控制作用,利用七星瓢虫进行控害的生物防治技术正在逐步推广.本文就七星瓢虫的生物学特性、捕食、对农药的反应以及人工饲养等方面进行综述:七星瓢虫幼虫随龄期增长逐渐出现黄斑,温湿度对生长发育影响较大,以成虫越冬,有滞育现象.七星瓢虫捕食性强,捕食对象较多,包括多种蚜虫、木虱、蚧虫、粉...     

龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧的捕食功能反应

为初步探究龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对入侵性害虫扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的生物防控能力,本实验在(T=26℃±2℃,R=80%±5%,L∶D=16∶8)条件下进行。将饥饿处理过的各个龄期的龟纹瓢虫分别与扶桑绵粉蚧不同密度的1龄若虫进行组合,在一定的时间内,测定各龄期的龟纹瓢虫对猎物进行的捕食量、捕食率。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫和成虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅱ型反应,其捕食者的捕食率随猎物密度的增加而逐渐下降;龟纹瓢虫对猎物的处理时间Th随瓢虫龄期的增大而呈减小趋势。龟纹瓢虫3龄幼虫,4龄幼虫对扶桑绵粉蚧1龄若虫的功能反应属Holling-Ⅲ型反应,其捕食量随虫龄的增大而增加,发现率和最大捕食量也增大,平均处理时间减少。结果表明,龟纹瓢虫对扶桑绵粉蚧具有较强的控制潜能。     

孟氏隐唇瓢虫和台毛艳瓢虫对茶椰圆蚧的捕食作用

本首次报道,孟氏隐唇瓢虫和志艳瓢虫是茶椰圆蚧的重要捕食性天敌。1998－1999年我们研究了这两种瓢虫的生活习性及其对茶椰圆蚧二龄若虫的捕食作用。这两种瓢虫成6虫对共椰圆蚧二龄若虫的功能反应均可用HollingⅡ型模型模拟。孟氏隐唇瓢虫的模型参数为：α'=1.1302,Th=0.0093,maxNa=107.6233;台毛艳主虫的模型参数为：α'=1.0005,Th=0.0126,maxNa=79.3741。温度对孟氏隐唇瓢虫捕食作用的影响大于对台毛艳瓢虫的影响,个体间相互干扰对捕食作用的影响,孟氏隐唇瓢虫大于台毛艳瓢虫孟氏隐唇瓢虫干扰反应模拟模型参数为：Q＝0.4045,m=0.4359;台毛艳瓢虫干扰反应模拟模型参数为：0.3335m=0.4042。     

臭氧对墨西哥豆瓢虫取食和生长的影响

本文报道在美国农业研究中心用臭氧在室内熏蒸和田间开顶熏蒸植物,用此饲养墨西哥豆瓢虫的实验,以及熏蒸后植物体内某些化合物含量变化的测定.结果表明,墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis Mulsant)喜食臭氧(O₃)污染的植物,幼虫取食O₃污染植物后蛹显著重于取食未受污染植物所形成的蛹.根据豆瓢虫食性和植物体内糖含量的测定,可以认为,低浓度O₃污染导致植物体内糖含量的增加,是促使豆瓢虫取食量和蛹重增加的重要因素.     

桑白蚧的重要寄生蜂——桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂的鉴别与利用

桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂Encarsia(=Prospaltella)berlesel(Howard)是寄生桑白蚧Pseudaulacaspls pentagona(Targioni-Tozzctti)的重要寄生蜂,许多国家进行了引进移植,对控制桑白蚧的为害取得明显的成效．本记述了桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂形态特征的鉴别。以及各国引进利用的概况．并讨论了利用寄生蜂防治桑白蚧的重要性．     

亚草叶蝉属分类订正（半翅目：叶蝉科：角顶叶蝉亚科：隆脊叶蝉族）

对亚草叶蝉属进行系统研究并首次报道其在中国分布,共记述5种：E. acarifer (Lethierry),E. hilaris (Melichar),E. magnus Mitjaev,E. medius (Mulsant & Rey) 和E. pratensis Emeljanov,其中E. hilaris (Melichar) 和E. medius (Mulsant & Rey) 为中国新记录种。文中提供了分种检索表和雄性外生殖器特征图,并首次记述和提供雌性生殖器特征。     

Species complementarity in two myrmecophilous lady beetle species in a coffee agroecosystem: implications for biological control

Natural enemy diversity may be beneficial, through species complementarity, or detrimental, through antagonistic interactions, such as competition or intraguild predation, for the biological control of agricultural pests. We studied two coexisting myrmecophilous coccinellid beetles, Azya orbigera (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and an undescribed species in the genus Diomus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in a coffee agroecosystem in Chiapas, Mexico. As both beetles specialize on the same prey, the green coffee scale pest, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), we studied the beetles’ behavior and distribution to determine if they niche partition in order to avoid extreme competition. Through field surveys and lab experiments we detected spatial segregation but not resource partitioning among A. orbigera and Diomus sp. We posit that the presence of both species can lead to improved biocontrol of C. viridis populations through species complementarity. Our work supports the growing evidence that natural enemy diversity can provide enhanced conservation biological control.     

Phylogenetic taxonomy in Drosophila: Problems and prospects

The genus Drosophila is one of the best-studied model systems in modern biology, with twelve fully sequenced genomes available. In spite of the large number of genetic and genomic resources, little is known concerning the phylogenetic relationships, ecology, and evolutionary history of all but a few species. Recent molecular systematic studies have shown that this genus is comprised of at least three independent lineages and that several other genera are actually embedded within Drosophila. This genus accounts for over 2000 described, and many more undescribed, species. While some Drosophila researchers are advocating dividing this genus into three or more separate genera, others favor maintaining Drosophila as a single large genus. With the recent sequencing of the genomes of multiple Drosophila species and their expanding use in comparative biology, it is critical that the Drosophila research community understands the taxonomic framework underlying the naming and relationships of these species. The subdivision of this genus has significant biological implications, ranging from the accurate annotation of single genes to understanding how ecological adaptations have occurred over the history of the group.     

世界麦双尾蚜研究进展：防治方法和策略*

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), was a worldwide cereal pest. The control measures to this pest were reviewed, emphasizing on natural enemies and plant resistance. First, spring wheat with earlier planting dates had higher yield and could resist RWA infestation to a more extent, while winter wheat with later planting dates could escape infestation of Russian wheat aphid with very few exceptions. So, manipulation of wheat planting dates was suggested in worldwide scale for the aphid control. Second, the natural enemies were considered as the most important factor to reduced the pest status. Introduced and native natural enemies were evaluated for their potential as biological agents in South Africa, United States, and Australia. In South Africa, an introduced parasitoid and a predator were selected for releasing. In the United States, the project on exploring and releasing the natural enemies was unprecedented in biological control history. The endeavor in USA has been proved primarily successful today and will be afterward. The RWA control in Chile was considered most successful, partly because of their introduction of natural enemies before the aphid arrival. The native enemies together with other factors in central Asia and Europe apparently suppressed the aphids to a low level. The screen for resistant wheat was another important research project in fighting with RWA. In South Africa and USA, resistant wheat and barley were bred, and some of them had been put in commercial use for RWA control. The overwhelming mechanisms in resistant wheat varieties were antibiosis, tolerance or their combination. Though chemical insecticide spraying was proved as an effective method for aphid control, more and more research has switched from this method to non chemical control measures as required by IPM. Future research should put more emphasis on augmentation of the natural enemies, revealing the relationship between RWA and agricultural ecosystem and integration of all effective measures.     

柬埔寨普猎蝽属二新记录种

The stenopodaine genus Oncocephalus Klug, 1850 and two species of this genus, O. Breviscutum Reuter, 1882 and O. Pudicus Hsiao, are recorded from Cambodia for the first time.     

Two Ochthephilus Mulsant and Rey species new to Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae)

The genus Ochthephilus Mulsant and Rey and two species –O. antennatus (Watanabe and Shibata) and O. vulgaris (Watanabe and Shibata) – are identified for the first time in Korea. A key, illustrations of the habitus, and line drawings of diagnostic characters are presented.     

Fire management in Tasmania’s Wilderness World Heritage Area: Ecosystem restoration using Indigenous‐style fire regimes?

Summary In many natural areas, changes in fire regimes since European settlement have resulted in adverse impacts on elements of biological diversity that survived millennia of land management by Indigenous people. Some of the rainforest and alpine elements that depend on south‐west Tasmania’s World Heritage Area have been in decline since European settlement of Tasmania due to an increase in the incidence of landscape‐scale fires in the period 1850–1940. Some of the buttongrass moorland elements that also depend on the region are in decline or impending decline because of a decreased incidence and/or size of burns since 1940. Will an Indigenous‐style fire regime serve the interests of biological diversity? We examine this question in the context of the fire ecology and fire history of south‐west Tasmania. From this assessment we argue that a return to Indigenous‐ style burning, modified to address contemporary issues such as the prevention of unplanned ignition, suppression of wildfires and burning to favour rare and threatened species may help to reverse trends towards ecosystem degradation in this region.     

The genus Aspidimerus Mulsant, 1850 (Coleoptera,Coccinellidae) from China,with descriptions of?two?new species

Chinese members of the genus Aspidimerus Mulsant, 1850 are reviewed. Ten species are recognized, including two new species: A. zhenkangicus Huo & Ren, sp. n. and A. menglensis Huo & Ren, sp. n. A. kabakovi Hoàng is recorded from China for the first time. A. blandus (Mader, 1954) is recognized as synonymous with A. ruficrus Gorham, 1895 (syn. n.). Aspidimerus rectangulatus Kuznetsov & Pang, 1991 and A. serratus Kuznetsov & Pang, 1991 are transferred to the genus Pseudaspidimerus Kapur, 1948 (comb. n.). All species from China are described and illustrated. Distribution maps of the Chinese species, a key and a catalogue of all known Aspidimerus are provided.