云南省地区厕蝇属昆虫物种多样性初探

从种数、特有物种和区系成分等角度分析了云南省厕蝇科昆虫的物种多样性,经统计云南省已知厕蝇科昆虫3属19种。无论是在属级水平还是在种级水平,该科中厕蝇属均占有较大优势,记录有特有种7种,占云南省厕蝇种数的36.84%;结果表明,云南省厕蝇科昆虫以特有种以徳钦白马雪山为主。     

湖北地区蝇科物种多样性及地理分布

研究湖北地区蝇科已知种类及区系组成资料,并与邻近的江西、湖南和河南3地区蝇科区系进行比较,分析湖北地区蝇科物种多样性及地理分布。湖北地区已知蝇科物种150种,其中东洋界为主的种类69种,占46.0%;古北界为主的种类57种,占38.0%;广布两界的种类24种,占16.0%。结论认为,湖北地区蝇科区系应划归东洋界。     

基于多元比例分析研究4种潜蝇姬小蜂(膜翅目：姬小蜂科)的形态特征差异——附2中国新纪录种

潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus属膜翅目Hymenoptera姬小蜂科Eulophidae,其分布广泛,种类多样,是潜叶蝇的优势寄生性昆虫;潜叶蝇是危害水稻和蔬菜等经济作物的重要害虫。同形潜蝇姬小蜂D.isaea(Walker, 1838)和波氏潜蝇姬小蜂D.poppoea Walker, 1848,安纳潜蝇姬小蜂D.anadolucus Doganlar, 1982,卡布潜蝇姬小蜂D.chabrias(Walker, 1844)的外形相似,需进一步挖掘4种小蜂在形态结构上的种间差异,为其在形态分类及系统发育研究提供更为详细的基础资料。本研究采用非参数检验和多元比例(multivariate ratio analysis, MRA)对40头标本的25个形态特征的测量数据进行分析,研究4种小蜂种间形态差异,筛选出了多个具有分类学意义的特征。非参数检验结果表明,在25个形态特征中,4种小蜂种间差异显著;主成分分析结果发现,前翅(fw.l),后翅(hw.l, hw.w)和体长(b.l)是主成分1和2的代表指标;线性判别分析结果显示b.l∶c.l、hw.w∶ptl.l、hw.w∶mst.l和ppd...     

Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the human botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Oestridae)

In this report, we describe the development of 17 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, an obligatory parasite of mammals of great veterinary importance in Latin America. The number of alleles ranged from 5 to 21 per locus, with a mean of 12.2 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.2571 to 0.9206 and from 0.2984 to 0.9291 in two populations from Brazil. These markers should provide a high resolution tool for assessment of the fine-scale genetic structure of natural populations of the human botfly.     

Ambiguous species boundaries: Hybridization and morphological variation in two closely related Rubus species along altitudinal gradients

Although hybridization frequently occurs among plant species, hybrid zones of divergent lineages formed at species boundaries are less common and may not be apparent in later generations of hybrids with more parental‐like phenotypes, as a consequence of backcrossing. To determine the effects of dispersal and selection on species boundaries, we compared clines in leaf traits and molecular hybrid index along two hybrid zones on Yakushima Island, Japan, in which a temperate (Rubus palmatus) and subtropical (Rubus grayanus) species of wild raspberry are found. Leaf sinus depth in the two hybrid zones had narrower clines at 600 m a.s.l. than the molecular hybrid index and common garden tests confirmed that some leaf traits, including leaf sinus depth that is a major trait used in species identification, are genetically divergent between these closely related species. The sharp transition in leaf phenotypic traits compared to molecular markers indicated divergent selection pressure on the hybrid zone structure. We suggest that species boundaries based on neutral molecular data may differ from those based on observed morphological traits.     

Identification of larvae of European species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) by morphological characters

Abstract Variation in the morphology of larvae of twenty-six cytologically identified species of Chironomus Meigen from Europe is described. Characters studied include tubules on posterior abdominal segments, head pigmentation, mental size and teeth, mandibular and epipharyngeal teeth and antennae. A key to the species, based on these characters and ventromental plate features, is presented.     

Drosophila subpulchrella, a new species of the Drosophila suzukii species subgroup from Japan and China (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Drosophila (Sophophora) subpulchrella Takamori and Watabe, sp. nov., of the D. suzukii subgroup in the D. melanogaster species group, is described from Japan and southern China, and compared with its sibling species, D. pulchrella Tan et al. distributed in the Yun‐Gui Highland, south‐western China. The results of cross‐experiments show a complete pre‐mating isolation between D. subpulchrella and D. pulchrella.     

Estimation of protein similarities between four closely related Phyllotreta species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) by means of isoelectric focusing and silver staining

We used isoelectric focusing and silver staining to detect differences in general protein banding patterns between four closely related Phyllotreta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) species. Three measures of similarity were used for both intra- and interspecific comparisons. Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) dendrograms were constructed, revealing a very high similarity between Phyllotreta flexuosa (Illiger, 1794) and Phyllotreta tetrastigma (Comolli, 1859). Phyllotreta dilatata Thomson, 1866 is more similar to both these species than Phyllotreta ochripes (Curtis, 1837).     

Patterns of speciation in two sibling species of Graomys (Rodentia,Cricetidae) based on mtDNA sequences

To increase our understanding of the speciation process occurred in the sibling species Graomys griseoflavus and Graomys centralis, a phylogeographic study was conducted based on sequences of a hypervariable segment of the mtDNA D‐loop region. The resulting haplotype phylogenetic network showed two well‐defined clusters, one for each species. The clusters were connected by two haplotypes from localities that are almost 300 km apart, one situated in the Monte eco‐region and the other, in the Chaco. This result is in agreement with a previous hypothesis about the geographical context in which the cladogenetic process occurred. A divergence time of 0.15–0.28 million years was estimated, which is consistent with a process of recent speciation. An amova test confirmed that at present gene flow between species does not exist. The mismatch distribution analyses suggest that the geographical and demographic expansion undergone by the species is related to the climatic events that occurred in the region during the Quaternary.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Microdontinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

The intrasubfamilial classification of Microdontinae Rondani (Diptera: Syrphidae) has been a challenge: until recently more than 300 out of more than 400 valid species names were classified in Microdon Meigen. We present phylogenetic analyses of molecular and morphological characters (both separate and combined) of Microdontinae. The morphological dataset contains 174 characters, scored for 189 taxa (9 outgroup), representing all 43 presently recognized genera and several subgenera and species groups. The molecular dataset, representing 90 ingroup species of 28 genera, comprises sequences of five partitions in total from the mitochondrial gene COI and the nuclear ribosomal genes 18S and 28S. We test the sister‐group relationship of Spheginobaccha with the other Microdontinae, attempt to elucidate phylogenetic relationships within the Microdontinae and discuss uncertainties in the classification of Microdontinae. Trees based on molecular characters alone are poorly resolved, but combined data are better resolved. Support for many deeper nodes is low, and placement of such nodes differs between parsimony and Bayesian analyses. However, Spheginobaccha is recovered as highly supported sister group in both. Both analyses agree on the early branching of Mixogaster, Schizoceratomyia, Afromicrodon and Paramicrodon. The taxonomical rank in relation to the other Syrphidae is discussed briefly. An additional analysis based on morphological characters only, including all 189 taxa, used implied weighting. A range of weighting strengths (k‐values) is applied, chosen such that values of character fit of the resulting trees are divided into regular intervals. Results of this analysis are used for discussing the phylogenetic relationships of genera unrepresented in the molecular dataset.     

Identification of Belgian mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) by DNA barcoding

Since its introduction in 2003, DNA barcoding has proven to be a promising method for the identification of many taxa, including mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Many mosquito species are potential vectors of pathogens, and correct identification in all life stages is essential for effective mosquito monitoring and control. To use DNA barcoding for species identification, a reliable and comprehensive reference database of verified DNA sequences is required. Hence, DNA sequence diversity of mosquitoes in Belgium was assessed using a 658 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, and a reference data set was established. Most species appeared as well‐supported clusters. Intraspecific Kimura 2‐parameter (K2P) distances averaged 0.7%, and the maximum observed K2P distance was 6.2% for Aedes koreicus. A small overlap between intra‐ and interspecific K2P distances for congeneric sequences was observed. Overall, the identification success using best match and the best close match criteria were high, that is above 98%. No clear genetic division was found between the closely related species Aedes annulipes and Aedes cantans, which can be confused using morphological identification only. The members of the Anopheles maculipennis complex, that is Anopheles maculipennis s.s. and An. messeae, were weakly supported as monophyletic taxa. This study showed that DNA barcoding offers a reliable framework for mosquito species identification in Belgium except for some closely related species.