越南北部齿蛉及鱼蛉种类纪要（广翅目：齿蛉科）

基于近3年意大利佛罗伦萨大学与越南国家自然博物馆联合考察采集的标本,记述越南北部齿蛉科4属18种,包括6个越南新记录种:普通齿蛉Neoneuromus ignobilis Navás,1932、东方齿蛉N.orientalis Liu&Yang,2004、锡金齿蛉N.sikkimensis(van der Weele,1907)、广西星齿蛉Protohermesguangxiensis Yang&Yang,1986、台湾斑鱼蛉Neochauliodes formosanus(Okamoto,1910)和污翅斑鱼蛉N.fraternus(McLachlan,1869)。     

普通齿蛉幼虫的游泳行为（英文）

为了探究广翅目昆虫幼虫在水中的游泳能力, 以丰富其水生习性的行为学资料, 选取中国特有种普通齿蛉Neoneuromus ignobilis幼虫为研究对象, 通过室内试验对其游泳的姿势、 刺激因素、 不同龄期游泳能力及在外界刺激下的游泳行为进行了观察和测定。结果表明： 普通齿蛉幼虫有垂直、 平行、 仰面和侧面等4种游泳姿势, 出现的频率分别为89.08%, 5.49%, 4.40%和0.61%。游泳时身体呈不同程度的“S”形, 利用头部和尾部方向的改变实现虫体的上升、 下沉和游泳姿势的改变。普通齿蛉幼虫利用身体的摆动游泳, 游泳时3对足以固定的姿势靠紧身体。不同龄期的幼虫游泳能力差异很大, 6龄幼虫的游泳能力远强于2龄和末龄幼虫。在游泳时, 普通齿蛉幼虫还具有比较复杂和独特的防御行为, 如其腹部末端会喷射出化学物质。据此认为, 普通齿蛉拥有较强的游泳能力, 有助于其逃生和防御。     

湘西峒河流域星齿蛉幼虫分子鉴定与体表呼吸结构观察

星齿蛉属Protohermes隶属于广翅目Megaloptera齿蛉科Corydalidae,是一类原始的完全变态昆虫,幼虫水生,常作为指示生物用于水质监测。本文对湘西峒河流域两种星齿蛉幼虫进行了分子鉴定和体表呼吸结构观测。结果表明两种星齿蛉幼虫COⅠ基因序列分别与花边星齿蛉Protohermes costalis和炎黄星齿蛉Protohermes xanthodes同源性较高;遗传距离分析和系统发育分析进一步证实两种星齿蛉幼虫分别属于花边星齿蛉和炎黄星齿蛉,分子鉴定结果与成虫形态鉴定结果一致。花边星齿蛉和炎黄星齿蛉幼虫体表呼吸结构气门、毛簇、气管鳃和臀足侧突均与气管相连,毛簇是主要的水下呼吸结构。本研究结果为峒河流域星齿蛉昆虫资源的保护和开发利用提供了科学数据。     

湘西地区不同淡水生境的齿蛉科幼虫多样性特征

齿蛉科昆虫隶属于昆虫纲广翅目,是重要的环境指示生物.本研究调查了湘西地区的齿蛉科幼虫的分布情况,并分析了齿蛉科幼虫在不同生境类型中的多样性特征.共采集到东方齿蛉Neoneuromus orientalis、炎黄星齿蛉Protohermes xanthodes、花边星齿蛉Protohermes costalis和中华斑鱼Neochauliodes sinensis4种齿蛉科幼虫.东方齿蛉仅在自然保护区和自然河流分布,炎黄星齿蛉和花边星齿蛉广泛分布于各种流水生境类型,中华斑鱼蛉除在各种流水生境类型中分布外,在静水的小型水库也有分布.自然河流的齿蛉科幼虫多样性指数H'最高,其余由高到低依次为自然保护区、旅游景区、自然溪沟和农业区;丰富度指数R趋势与H'指数相似,但农业区R指数高于旅游景区.本研究表明,不同种类齿蛉科幼虫在湘西地区的分布情况存在差异,自然条件优越的生境类型中齿蛉幼虫多样性指数较高.     

中国星齿蛉属二新种记述(广翅目:齿蛉科)

本文报道中国星齿蛉属Protohermes van der Weele(广翅目:齿蛉科:齿蛉亚科)2新种:梯星齿蛉Protohermes trapezius sp.nov.和武夷山星齿蛉Protohermes wuyishanicus sp.nov..新种因翅无斑及扁平、瓣状雄肛上板而属于大卫星齿蛉种团.编制了大卫星齿...     

属模巨齿蛉幼虫的反吐液行为及反吐液的化学成分检测

观察和描述了属模巨齿蛉（Acanthacorydalis asiatica）幼虫反吐液行为,并对其反吐液和肠内液进行了化学成分检测。研究表明,属模巨齿蛉幼虫遇到刺激会产生防御行为,分别是蜷缩、进攻和摆动,在危急时还会从口部吐出黄褐色的恶臭液体刺激敌方从而逃脱。通过一龄幼虫和末龄幼虫消化道观察和模拟肠道运动,发现属模巨齿蛉幼虫反吐液的过程如下,前胃舒张产生的压力,使得贲门瓣打开,将中肠的液体回流到前肠的食道和嗉囊,再通过前胃和食道的收缩将液体回流至咽部,咽背扩肌和两侧的肌肉控制咽部扩张,将肠内液体从口部吐出刺激敌方,最后快速倒退逃避。利用LC-MS法对属模巨齿蛉幼虫口部反吐液和前中肠液代谢产物进行化学成分检测和对比,根据两个样品的峰面积积分值比,筛选口部反吐液和肠道液差异较大的正负离子各前25位代谢物质,发现这些代谢物中有12种为刺激性物质,16种为毒性物质以及3种具有特殊味道的物质,这些物质可以有效地防御天敌。     

普通齿蛉幼虫的消化系统结构和取食分析

研究了普通齿蛉Neoneuromus ignobilis Navás幼虫消化系统的解剖和电镜扫描结构,并结合肠道内食物残渣的成分分析了其取食特性.结果表明,普通齿蛉幼虫消化系统较为简单,无特殊的变异,消化道细长,由前肠、中肠和后肠构成,前后肠较长,分别占体长的42%和47%,中肠最短,仅占总长度的11%.前肠由食道、嗉...     

中国棘蚁蛉族分类研究(脉翅目,蚁蛉科)

对中国棘蚁蛉族Acanthaclisini进行了分类研究和修订,共记述中国棘蚁蛉族4属5种(包括2新纪录属、2新纪录种):尾棘蚁蛉Acanthaclisis pallida Mclachlan,单中大蚁蛉Centroclisis negligens(Navás),南击大蚁蛉Heoclisis kawaii(Nakahara),追击大蚁蛉Heoclisis japonica(Maclachlan)和黎母硕蚁蛉Stiphroneura inclusa(Walker).其中棘蚁蛉属Acanthaclisis和硕蚁蛉属Stiphroneura为中国新纪录属,尾棘蚁蛉A.pallida Mclachlan和黎母硕蚁蛉S.inclusa(Walker)为中国新纪录种.确定了Alloclisis hainanica Yang为Centro-clisis negligens(Navás)的新异名,Neriga limoiana Yang为Stiphroneura inclusa(Walker)的新异名.编写了中国棘蚁蛉族分种检索表.标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫系标本馆和中国科学院动物所.     

中国蚁蛉属一新纪录种(脉翅目,蚁蛉科)

记述蚁蛉科Myrmeleontidae蚁蛉属Myrmeleon中国1新纪录种,狭翅蚁蛉Myrmeleon trivialis Gerstaecker,1885;提出藏蚁蛉Myrmeleon zanganus Yang,1987为狭翅蚁蛉Myrmeleonon trivialis Gerstaecker,1885的新异名.研究标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫标本馆、匈牙利绍莫吉州博物馆和德国格赖夫斯瓦尔德大学动物博物馆.     

中国边草蛉属研究(脉翅目,草蛉科)

检视和记述了我国边草蛉属Brinckochrysa Tieder 5个种类(包括1新种):桂边草蛉Brinckochrysa guiana sp.nov,琼边草蛉B.qwngana Yang,莲座边草蛉B.rosulataYang et Yang,膨板边草蛉B.turgida(Yang et Wang,1990)和秉氏边草蛉B.zina(Navas,1933),新种有详细的形态学描述、插图、种名词源以及与其近似种的区别.所有模式标本保存于中国农业大学标本馆.桂边草蛉,新种Brinckochrysa guianasp.nov.正模♂,广西临桂县,150 m,1963-04-29,杨集昆采.     

普通齿蛉幼虫的呼吸系统及呼吸行为

研究了普通齿蛉Neoneuromus ignobilis Navás幼虫的呼吸系统及其呼吸行为。结果表明:普通齿蛉幼虫为全气门式(10对气门)呼吸系统,前中胸、中后胸之间、腹部8节各有1对气门,腹部8节各有气管鳃1对,前6对细短,管状,有较短绒毛,后2对气管鳃较粗长,呈羽毛状。腹部1～7节各有1对毛簇,第8腹节无毛簇。侧纵干气管较粗,4束,自前胸前缘部分成左右2组,每组两根侧纵干气管,向胸腹部延伸,二级气管分别伸达各个气门和毛簇,腹部每节由毛簇处的二级气管分支而来的三级气管相连或延伸至消化道等处。气管鳃中无气管。有毛簇呼吸、气门呼吸和体壁呼吸3种呼吸方式,在水中以毛簇呼吸为主,在陆上进行气门呼吸和体壁呼吸。     

Bacteria associated with eggs and first-instar larvae of the european corn borer: Isolation techniques and pathogenicity

Egg masses of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, were collected from caged corn plants to study the bacterial diseases of egg masses and first-instar larvae. In 1972, a reduction in the percentage hatch, indicative of a disease epizootic, was noted among the first-generation egg masses. Bioassays of the bacteria on first-instar larvae and egg masses showed that Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki was pathogenic only to larvae. Bacillus megaterium was active primarily against the egg stage.     

Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes, Paecilomyces fumoso-roseus and Nomuraea rileyi, to eggs of noctuids, Mamestra brassicae and Spodoptera littoralis

Bioassays were conducted to determine the susceptibility of egg masses of Mamestra brassicae and Spodoptera littoralis to different spore doses of Paecilomyces fumoso-roseus and Nomuraea rileyi at 20° and 25°C. P. fumoso-roseus was highly virulent against eggs, whereas N. rileyi provoked only a deferred mortality of larvae hatched from treated eggs. Nevertheless, larval mortality of S. littoralis caused by N. rileyi at 25°C was more effective after first-instar larval contamination than after egg mass treatment. The duration of the egg stage could explain differences of susceptibility between the two noctuids at 25°C. Scanning electron microscopical observations suggested two ways of contamination of newly hatched larvae. First, fungal germinations on the chorion surface suggested that newly hatched larvae might be infected by penetration of the egg integument before hatching. Second, conidia on the egg cuticle could be an entomopathogenic inoculum for newly emerging larvae which fed upon chorions. Results showed that pathogenicity of Hyphomycetes to noctuid eggs might be a promising area of investigation for biological control.     

雷氏黄萤幼虫呼吸系统和呼吸行为

研究雷氏黄萤Luciola leii Fu and Ballantyne幼虫的呼吸系统及其呼吸行为。结果表明:雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸系统中只有气管无气囊。前胸、中胸和后胸均分布有气门,无气管鳃,腹部1~8节分布有气门和气管鳃,气门腔基部和气管鳃基部相连,呈"√"状,气管鳃内气管与气门气管相连通。雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸行为分为3种:利用胸部气门呼吸、腹部气门呼吸和气管鳃呼吸,其中以腹部气门呼吸为主。     

The choice of oviposition site and the effects of density and oviposition timing on survivorship in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Rana japonica</Emphasis>

In species that lack parental care and whose larvae are restricted to a given space throughout development, choice of egg-laying or reproductive sites often greatly influences fitness. Furthermore, reproductive success of individuals may be affected not only by conditions of the breeding area but also by the time when they start to breed, because intraspecific variation in the timing of breeding may result in asymmetric competition between larvae. We addressed these issues in an experimental and field study of the Japanese brown frog, Rana japonica. We tested whether the survival success of larvae decreased with an increase in the number of deposited egg masses and with a greater delay in oviposition. We found that the number of egg masses and timing of oviposition together significantly predicted larval survival per clutch. Moreover, we observed the natural oviposition of R. japonica to examine the prediction that if the density of larvae and the timing of oviposition affect survivorship of larvae, R. japonica will avoid depositing eggs in pools in which egg masses have already been deposited. We found that for small pools only, R. japonica tended to favor oviposition at unoccupied pools (those lacking egg masses and larvae) in the spawning season. For large pools, however, adults favored those already occupied by egg masses in the spawning period. The density of egg masses and tadpoles or the timing of oviposition may have less effect on spawning or the survival of tadpoles in large pools than in small pools.     

Systematics of the dobsonfly subfamily Corydalinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)

Abstract. The genera of Corydalinae are redefined, and representative characters are figured for each genus. New character sources, such as mouthparts and internal female genitalia, are investigated, as well as traditional male genitalia and wings. Allohermes is synonymized with Protohermes, Doeringia with Platyneuromus . Intergeneric relationships are hypothesized on the basis of a cladistic analysis. Acanthacorydalis and the New World genera form a monophyletic group, as do Protohermes and Neurhermes , and Neuromus and Neoneuromus. Chloroniella belongs in the Acanthacorydalis - New World lineage, but exact placement is uncertain. A phyletic sequence classification is proposed on the basis of the cladistic analysis.     

Life history of a dipteran predator (Scathophagidae: Acanthocnema) of insect egg masses in a northern California stream

1. Little is known about the predators of insect eggs in fresh waters. This study describes aspects of the life history of a scathophagid fly (Acanthocnema sp.), whose larvae are predators of aquatic insect eggs. 2. Because the Acanthocnema predator oviposits its eggs on the surface of aquatic insect egg masses, all insect egg masses were collected regularly within a 200‐m reach of Redwood Creek (California, U.S.A.) between September 2003 and June 2007. Acanthocnema predators were found predominantly within egg masses of the caddifly Neophylax rickeri (Trichoptera: Uenoidae). 3. There was a mean of 0.25 Acanthocnema individuals per N. rickeri egg mass (n = 2367 egg masses). In general, N. rickeri egg masses were more commonly found clustered in aggregations (93.7%) than singly (6.3%), and Acanthonema were found more often within the aggregations of N. rickeri (98.7%) compared to singly laid egg masses (1.3%). 4. The duration of the Acanthocnema predator life stages was: egg 2.9 ± 0.8 (mean ± SD) days, larva 15.6 ± 10.2 days, pupa 80.3 ± 24.9 days and adult 7.2 ± 4.8 days. The short duration of the Acanthocnema egg stage (1–7 days) compared to that of its prey N. rickeri (2–4 weeks) raises the probability that the undeveloped eggs of N. rickeri would be available to the young predators upon hatching. Egg consumption of N. rickeri eggs by Acanthocnema averaged 262.6 eggs per larval period. 5. Acanthocnema had a bivoltine life cycle in which the first generation fed exclusively on N. rickeri egg masses in the winter and the second generation fed on the egg masses of several species, including other Trichoptera (Brachycentridae) and Diptera (Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae) in the spring. These findings suggest differing feeding strategies by the first and second generations of Acanthocnema in response to the seasonal availability of prey species. This type of autecological information is important for understanding mechanisms of community interactions.