柠檬酸和抗坏血酸对蝴蝶兰叶外植体褐变发生的影响

目的:探究柠檬酸和抗坏血酸对蝴蝶兰叶片外植体褐变发生的影响以及对PPO活性变化影响的作用机理.方法:以褐变率和褐变指数为参考数据,分析柠檬酸和抗坏血酸对外植体PPO活性和PPO反应产物积累的影响以及与外植体褐变发生的关系.结果:分别用100mg/L柠檬酸共培养和50mg/L抗坏血酸浸泡处理叶片外植体,经离体培养3d,褐变率分别比对照降低94.9%和54.9%,离体培养6d,褐变指数低于对照的0.53,分别为0.46和0.36,同时PPO活性降低.结论:推测柠檬酸抑制褐变的原因是直接与酶蛋白作用,抗坏血酸则与新生醌类物质结合.     

香蕉低温酶促褐变

7℃低温导致香蕉果皮变褐,褐变程度可用提取液的OD_(450)值表示。随低温处理时间的延长,OD_(450)增大;还原性物质抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽含量迅速下降;多酚氧化酶底物多巴胺先有增加,接着降低。 低温下,多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较常温低,PPO和POD的游离态酶活性增高。此外,H_2O_2处理加速果皮变褐,刺激PPO及POD活性;棓酸丙酯处理起相反的效应。故认为香蕉低温褐变是低温损伤、酶促褐变引起的一个复杂过程。     

O2和CO2配比对气调贮藏梨采后褐变及相关理化因子的影响

以采后'丰水'梨果实为材料,在乐扣气调试验箱中研究了O2和CO2配比对果实褐变率、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和总酚含量的影响,以探讨适宜减轻梨气藏褐变的气体成份.结果表明:在整个贮藏过程(150 d)中,'丰水'梨果肉未发生褐变.从贮藏60 d开始,气调处理和冷藏对照果实的果皮均出现褐变,气调处理在贮藏120 d之前对果皮褐变的影响不显著,而在贮藏120～150 d内可显著减轻果皮的褐变、抑制果皮PPO和POD活性及降低总酚含量.与冷藏对照相比,气调处理可推迟果心褐变的时间,且(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理可完全抑制果心的褐变;气调处理亦可降低果心PPO活性、减少总酚及MDA含量;(8%～10%)O2+1% CO2处理能够显著提高果心的POD活性,而(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理对果实POD活性的影响不显著.可见,气调贮藏主要是通过降低'丰水'梨果皮PPO、POD活性及总酚含量来减轻组织的褐变,并以(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理对果实褐变因子的控制效果较理想.     

梨果实采后果心褐变与细胞膜结构变化的关系

作为采后贮藏中经常发生的一种生理病害——梨果心褐变,与细胞膜结构的变化、酚类底物和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的分布、PPO的存在形式和活性有关。细胞膜结构变化或遭受玻坏时,PPO与底物易接触。PPO主要以游离态形式存在且活性高,可导致严重的果心褐变。诱发果心竭变的主要因素冷害、果实缺钙和高二氧化碳伤害都与细胞膜结构的稳定性密切相关。     

多酚氧化酶抑制剂对蝴蝶兰叶外植体褐变的影响

将多酚氧化酶(PPO)抑制剂添加到酶反应液中,抗坏血酸和半胱氨酸在0.5mmol/L就完全抑制蝴蝶兰PPO活性。300mg/L柠檬酸和100~200mg/L亚硫酸氢钠分别添加到培养基中,可使蝴蝶兰外植体褐变程度降低;采用抑制剂浸泡处理外植体,对外植体褐变抑制效果最好的为50mg/L抗坏血酸,外植体在褐变发生前PPO活性低于对照。     

龙眼果实采后失水果皮褐变与活性氧及酚类代谢的关系

研究了(10±1)℃和50%相对湿度贮藏条件下"福眼"龙眼果实果皮褐变与活性氧和酚类代谢的关系.结果表明,采后失水导致龙眼果实果皮褐变,果皮活性氧清除酶SOD、CAT、APX、GR活性和内源抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量下降,O-2产生速率和MDA含量增加,细胞膜透性迅速增大;PPO和POD活性增加,总酚和类黄酮含量明显下降.据此认为,果皮褐变可能是细胞的活性氧代谢失调,细胞膜结构破坏,使PPO、POD与酚类物质(含类黄酮)接触、酚类物质氧化的结果.     

驱蚊香草离体微型扦插中褐变因子的调控

目的：优化驱蚊香草离体微型扦插中的防褐化技术,为驱蚊香草离体快繁提供参考。方法：以驱蚊香草带腋芽茎段为外植体,采用三元二次回归组合设计,对其多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性和褐变率进行了研究,确定复合抑制因子在褐变调控中的最佳组合。并对PPO活性与其褐变的关系进行了回归分析。结果：调控驱蚊香草带腋芽茎段PPO活性的最佳组合为0.2%维生素C（X1）、0.25%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）（X2）和0.4%柠檬酸（X3）,标准回归方程为Y=71.702-4.187X1-0.305X2-2.333X3＋1.339X1X2＋2.643X1X3-3.803X2X3-0.660X12-5.90X22-4.732X32,具有统计学意义;PPO活性与褐变率呈极显著的相关性,相关系数R=0.956。结论：维生素C、PVP、柠檬酸能有效地调控驱蚊香草离体微型扦插中的褐变,显著地降低了褐变率。     

褐飞虱成虫不同密度和取食时长胁迫下水稻植株的生理生化响应

【目的】探索褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens不同密度与取食时长胁迫下水稻植株生理生化响应。【方法】在褐飞虱成虫3个密度(2,4和8头/株)与4个取食时长(6, 24, 48和96 h)的组合处理后，应用生物化学分析方法检测水稻植株中叶绿素(chlorophyll, Chl)与总蛋白(total protein, TP)含量，脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase, T-SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)与多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)活性。【结果】与对照组(未接种褐飞虱成虫)相比，取食6 h时，低密度(2头/株)褐飞虱成虫引起水稻植株中Chl含量显著降低，TP含量和PPO活性显著升高；高密度(8头/株)褐飞虱成虫引起水稻植株中Chlb和总Chl含量、TP含量及LOX和POD活性显著升高。与对照组相比，取食24 h时，低密度褐飞虱成虫引起水稻植株中Chl含量和PPO活性显著降低，LOX, T-SOD和POD活性显著升高，高密度褐飞虱成虫引起水稻植株中...     

2,4-二硝基苯酚对采后龙眼果皮脂氧合酶活性和膜脂脂肪酸组分的影响

以'福眼'龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.'Fuyan')果实为材料,研究呼吸解偶联剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)对采后果皮脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、膜脂脂肪酸组分和细胞膜透性的影响及其与果皮褐变的关系.结果表明:DNP处理导致龙眼果皮细胞膜透性、LOX活性和褐变指数增加,膜脂脂肪酸组分中的棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)等饱和 脂肪酸的组分增加,亚油酸(C18:2)、亚麻酸(C18:3)和花生一烯酸(C20:1)等不饱和脂肪酸的组分下降,脂肪酸不饱和指数和脂肪酸不饱和度下降.因此认为,DNP促进了龙眼果实果皮褐变可能是由于提高了LOX活性,促进了膜脂不饱和脂肪酸的降解而引起膜系统完整性受损,最终导致细胞膜结构的破坏,使酚酶与酚类物质接触而引起酚类物质氧化的结果.     

热激处理对冷藏蚕豆种子褐变和有关酶活性的影响

研究了45℃30、60和120s短期热激处理对蚕豆种子在1℃贮藏期间褐变和有关酶活性的影响。结果表明,采用45℃ 60s热激处理可显著降低蚕豆在冷藏期间的呼吸强度、PPO和PAL活性,抑制MDA和总酚含量及褐变度的上升,延缓叶绿素和Vc含量的下降。从而起到延缓衰老和保持品质的作用。45℃热处理120s使2周后MDA含量和褐变度上升及Vc含量下降较快,这可能是由于组织受到了热伤害造成的。     

沙藏、维生素C和亚硫酸氢钠对薯蓣块茎贮藏期间褐变的影响

沙藏、维生素C和亚硫酸氢钠（NaHSO3）处理的薯蓣,贮藏前期多酚氧化酶活性的上升速度低于而后期酶活性下降速度则高于不作处理的,与后期这3种处理的褐变度几乎不上升相一致。各处理的过氧化物酶活性变化差异大,但与褐变度的关系不大。超氧化物歧化酶活性均呈先升后降趋势,各处理中酶活性的下降速度均低于不作处理的。丙二醛含量均呈持续上升趋势,不作处理的高于处理的。在防止或削弱贮藏期间薯蓣褐变的处理中,以沙藏和NaHSO3处理的效果较好。     

Expression analysis of polyphenol oxidase isozymes by active staining method and tissue browning of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Browning of plant tissue is generally considered attributable to enzymatic oxidation by polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Electrophoresis followed by activity staining has been used as an effective procedure to visually detect and isolate isozymes; however, it has not been applied for examination of various PPO isozymes in lettuce. Our study demonstrated that different lettuce PPO isozymes could be detected at different pH in active staining, and multiple isozymes were detected only under alkaline conditions. As a result, we concluded that activity staining with approximately pH 8 enabled to detect various PPO isozymes in lettuce. By expression analysis of the PPO isozymes after wounding, PPO isozymes that correlated with time-course of tissue browning were detected. The wound-induced PPO may play a key role in enzymatic browning.     

Role of Chlorogenic Acid Quinone and Interaction of Chlorogenic Acid Quinone and Catechins in the Enzymatic Browning of Apple

Chlorogenic acid (CQA) is one of the major polyphenols in apple and a good substrate for the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in apple. Apple contains catechins as well as CQA, and the role of CQA quinone and its interaction with catechins in the enzymatic browning of apple were examined. Browning was repressed and 2-cysteinyl-CQA was formed when cysteine was added to apple juice. CQA quinone was essential for browning to occur. Although catechins and CQA were oxidized by PPO, some catechins seemed to be non-enzymatically oxidized by CQA quinone.     

3种抗褐化剂影响水曲柳体胚发生的生理分析

水曲柳体胚发生过程中往往伴随褐化现象的产生,并且大多体胚生长在褐化的外植体上,为解析外植体褐化和体胚发生之间的联系,本研究通过在培养基中添加PVP（聚乙烯毗咯烷酮）、L-Glu（L-谷氨酸）和AgNO₃（硝酸银）,探究其对外植体褐化、体胚发生和生理生化的影响。研究结果表明：（1）低浓度（0.1、0.5 g·L^-1）PVP和100 mg·L^-1 L-Glu处理加剧了外植体褐化,但显著促进了体胚发生,并且体胚发生率高达60%以上（分别比对照组提高了6.59%、24.08%和22.88%）;（2）200 mg·L^-1 L-Glu处理有效降低了外植体褐化,褐化率为68.11%（相比对照组降低了5.83%）,但是体胚发生率降低,其发生率为46.32%（相较于对照组降低了22.8%）;（3）3种抗褐化剂处理后外植体细胞内的多酚氧化酶活性（PPO）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均低于对照组,过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量均高于对照组。因此,研究表明低浓度的抗褐化剂可以促进体胚发生,在这个过程中涉及到POD活性升高和MDA含量增加。本研究为解析水曲柳体胚发生伴随外植体褐化的生物学机理以及水曲柳体胚高频发生提供理论依据。     

低温与GA_3诱导菠萝黑心病的生理机制

菠萝黑心病是PPO催化氧化酚类物质形成褐色产物所致。低温或GA_3处理提高了PPO活性及其底物——儿茶酚、绿原酸和咖啡酸的含量,也导致了PAL活性增加;低温还使乙烯释放率增大。这些变化均有利于黑心病的发生和发展。     

Polyphenoloxidase from six mature grape varieties and their activities towards various phenols

Juices were prepared from three white and three red grape varieties harvested at full maturity and comparative studies on their oxygen-uptake, absorbance at 420 nm (degree of browning), polyphenoloxidase (EC 1.10.3.1; PPO) activity, and their phenol compositions were done. There was no correlation among the amounts of oxygen-uptake and oxidizable phenols in the juices and their degree of browning. However, there was similarity among the PPO from the six grape varieties in their general enzymatic properties and substrate specificity towards twenty-five phenols. A partially purified PPO fraction from Koshu juice, which did not contain free phenols, showed strong activity towards (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, caffeic acid, catechol, pyrogallol, and protocatechuic acid (oxidizable phenols), but had no activity towards the other fifiteen phenols. The oxidizable substrates were not always the only limiting factor in the oxidation and browning of phenols by the PPO. Some unoxidizable phenols such as gallic acid, p-cresol, and tannic acid which were not substrates for PPO inhibited the oxidation of the oxidizable phenols except pyrogallol which was not inhibited by gallic acid. On the other hand, hydroquinone promoted the oxidation of the oxidizable phenols except protocatechuic acid. These showed that there were competitive reactions and synergism during the enzymatic oxidation of phenols.     

Enzymatic browning reaction of apple juices prepared using a blender and a low-speed masticating household juicer

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of juicer type (blender or LSM household juicer) on the browning reaction of apple juice and evaluate the remaining antioxidant activity in the juice. The blender apple juice showed a darker brown color and 4.5 times higher PPO activity than LSM apple juice. This result suggested that the blender caused severer damage to plastids in cells leading to leakage of PPO into the juice than the LSM juicer. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of LSM apple juice was approximately 2 times higher than that of blender apple juice because polyphenols and flavonoids can be used as substrates by PPO. The antioxidant activity of LSM juice was higher than that of blender juice. Together, these results suggested that the LSM juicer is superior to the blender for preparation of fresh apple juices due to the minimization of enzymatic oxidation reactions.

Abbreviations: LSM: low-speed masticating; PPO: polyphenol oxidase; ABTS: 2,2?-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl