传统发酵食品中微生物间相互作用及应用

在传统发酵食品的过程中,丰富的物质和开放的发酵方式促成了体系中微生物的多样性,微生物的繁殖代谢推动了食品发酵的进行。同时,微生物间的相互作用在发酵过程中起到十分重要的作用。研究微生物间的相互作用有助于我们了解食品发酵的内在机理,控制发酵的进程。本文主要介绍了传统发酵食品中微生物群落结构的复杂性和可演变性等特征,综述了基于细胞生长代谢特征研究和组学技术的微生物间相互作用生理机制,初步探讨了微生物共培养在传统发酵食品生产中提升产品品质、缩短发酵周期、提高产品安全性能的积极作用。目前对微生物共培养下的微生物间相互作用方式及机理的研究仍较少,而未来微生物共培养在强化发酵上具有广泛的应用前景。     

液质发酵食品中微生物群落及与乳酸菌间相互作用研究进展

液质发酵食品发酵过程中微生物组成复杂,复杂的微生物发酵体系会影响微生物的生长和代谢,继而改变微生物的群落结构与功能,最终影响液质发酵食品的品质。乳酸菌在食品发酵中对形成风味物质、提高营养价值、抑制腐败菌生长具有重要的作用。本文主要对近年来食醋、酱油和饮料酒等液质发酵食品中微生物群落及与乳酸菌间相互作用关系进行综述,了解液质发酵食品在发酵过程中微生物群落结构和群落中乳酸菌与其他微生物的相互作用类型,探讨乳酸菌在发酵过程中的功能以及乳酸菌与其他微生物之间的相互作用机制。     

混菌发酵对白酒液态发酵效率和风味物质的影响

<正>我国白酒发酵属于典型的自然发酵过程,其特点是在开放的生产环境中,多种不同微生物共同发酵,相互作用,最终形成具有独特风格的白酒。因此,认识微生物群体发酵机制的关键之一是认识微生物之间的相互作用。研究微生物之间的相互作用对于白酒酿造机制的认识,以及酿造技术发展具有重要作用。发酵体系中微生物相互作用关系是白酒功能微生物研究的关键,以往研究多集中于白酒微生物菌群结构及单菌种功能。而选择不同的微生物组合进行发酵,不仅是阐明微生物之间相互作用的常用研究策略,     

宏组学在发酵食品微生物群落研究中的应用进展

发酵食品是人类饮食的重要组成部分,深入研究其中的微生物群落结构、代谢及其活性,对于充分探索微生物资源、促进发酵食品的质量具有深远意义。目前,随着后基因组学时代的到来,测序技术的迅猛发展及其成本的降低,主要基于宏基因组学、宏转录组学,宏蛋白质组学和代谢组学在内的宏组学技术已经应用于微生物群落的多样性、结构及潜在基因功能等方面,为发酵食品潜在分子机制的研究奠定了基础。总结了在发酵食品中应用的宏组学(宏基因组学、宏转录组学,宏蛋白质组学和代谢组学)技术。随后,对奶酪、发酵酒精饮料、发酵蔬菜、发酵茶、发酵豆制品和食醋环境中微生物群落结构和功能方面的宏组学研究进行了综述,揭示了发酵食品中有益基因和生物活性物质的来源,并简单概述了这些技术的优势及其现阶段所存在的不足,旨为未来发酵食品的科学研究和工业生产提供一定参考。     

生物热对传统固态发酵菌群演替及其代谢影响的研究进展

解析传统固态发酵中产生的生物热对微生物菌群代谢的影响,是认识发酵机制、调控发酵过程、保证发酵效率的关键之一。固态发酵过程中,微生物菌群代谢活动所产生的生物热及传热效率低等问题引起微环境温度升高,进而影响微生物的生长与代谢。然而,关于传统固态发酵微生物受生物热的影响及其适应机制仍不明晰。因此,本文以传统固态发酵体系为研究对象,阐述持续生物热介导的高温对固态发酵过程中微生物群落演替和代谢功能的影响,并提出复杂群落中具有多层次调控微生物代谢以适应高温环境的方式,主要从微生物群体与个体层面介绍可能存在的耐热机制。了解生物热对传统固态发酵微生物的影响及潜在的耐热机制,有助于靶向调控发酵过程、强化高温发酵等,以满足未来的工业化需求。     

中国传统发酵食品微生物组研究进展

传统发酵食品风味独特、营养丰富,多采用自然接种方式进行生产,部分类型的生产技艺已具有数千年的历史。近年来应用新技术手段对传统发酵食品发酵过程进行的研究表明,传统发酵食品微生物组具有丰富的科学内涵和重要的应用价值。本文就我国传统发酵食品微生物组的基本特征、研究进展和发展方向进行了简要的评述。     

火腿微生物研究进展

数千年来,微生物参与的食品发酵为人类保存食物和风味多元化提供了重要的方法。这些可再生且易于操作的发酵食品为研究微生物群落提供了理想的材料。干腌火腿就是传统发酵食品之一,在微生物作用下其加工过程发生了蛋白质和脂肪的水解和氧化反应,产生的一些化合物形成了火腿的独特风味。文中描述了不同地域火腿微生物类群及其对火腿品质形成的作用,为火腿微生物今后的研究提出了参考。     

微生物相互作用中的空间自组织

微生物在全球生态系统中占据着重要地位, 其中一个重要的研究领域是微生物与环境(包括无机环境与生物环境)之间的相互作用。在生态相互作用过程中, 微生物常常通过自组织形成特定的空间模式。微生物的空间模式在种群稳定性、群落动态变化以及维持合作行为方面具有重要作用。本文中, 我们梳理了当下对微生物空间自组织及其所形成的空间模式的研究内容, 首先介绍什么是空间自组织, 再根据生态相互作用类型对自组织的空间模式进行描述, 其中重点讨论合作与竞争中的空间模式, 接着关注微生物空间自组织的过程, 最后我们指出空间自组织对整个群体的结构和功能稳定具有重要意义。研究微生物种群间相互作用中的空间模式, 有助于探索维持合作行为的新机制, 进而为微生物共生系统的构建提供新的理解。     

集合群落及其在土壤动物群落构建中的应用

集合群落(metacommunity)指的是一系列由多个潜在的相互作用的物种通过扩散联系起来的局域群落。集合群落研究的基本问题是同一系统中多物种共存的机理、多样性的成因与维持机制。为了解决这些经典问题,Leibold提出了集合群落理论的4个经典范式,即斑块动态理论、物种分配理论、中性理论和集群效应理论。集合群落理论可以应用于土壤动物群落构建研究领域,解决多空间尺度土壤动物空间分布模式与驱动机制等问题。本文采用文献计量学方法梳理了集合群落自1992年提出到目前为止,集合群落理论、结构、驱动力以及基于功能性状的集合群落机制研究等四大核心方向与研究热点。同时,本文结合目前国内外土壤动物集合群落理论研究现状,提出进一步深入开展多尺度土壤动物多样性时空格局动态研究,旨在为土壤生物多样性管理提供对策措施。     

微生物性状揭示物种分布格局、群落构建机制和生态系统功能

微生物性状是指与其存活、生长和繁殖紧密相关的一系列核心属性,这些属性能够反映微生物对环境变化的响应,进而影响微生物的物种分布格局、群落构建机制以及相应的生态系统功能。越来越多的研究表明,相比于微生物分类学信息,微生物性状可以在种群、群落和生态系统尺度等视角扩展我们对微生物生态过程的理解,并提供生态模式的机理性解释。本文回顾微生物性状研究的发展历程,总结近年来基于微生物性状研究的前沿科学问题,比如微生物性状的分类和测定方法、基于性状的功能多样性定义及应用、性状与物种分布格局和群落构建机制的关系、性状对生物多样性和生态系统功能的影响以及对环境变化的响应等。尽管微生物性状研究已经延伸到生态学领域的各个方面,有力推动着各个前沿科学问题的研究发展,但是仍然面临很多机遇与挑战。因此,本文也从研究方法和研究方向等方面对未来基于微生物性状的研究提出了展望。     

Bioactivity of soy-based fermented foods: A review

For centuries, fermented soy foods have been dietary staples in Asia and, now, in response to consumer demand, they are available throughout the world. Fermentation bestows unique flavors, boosts nutritional values and increases or adds new functional properties. In this review, we describe the functional properties and underlying action mechanisms of soy-based fermented foods such as Natto, fermented soy milk, Tempeh and soy sauce. When possible, the contribution of specific bioactive components is highlighted. While numerous studies with in vitro and animal models have hinted at the functionality of fermented soy foods, ascribing health benefits requires well-designed, often complex human studies with analysis of diet, lifestyle, family and medical history combined with long-term follow-ups for each subject. In addition, the contribution of the microbiome to the bioactivities of fermented soy foods, possibly mediated through direct action or bioactive metabolites, needs to be studied. Potential synergy or other interactions among the microorganisms carrying out the fermentation and the host's microbial community may also contribute to food functionality, but the details still require elucidation. Finally, safety evaluation of fermented soy foods has been limited, but is essential in order to provide guidelines for consumption and confirm lack of toxicity.     

Surface Water Linkages Regulate Trophic Interactions in a Groundwater Food Web

Groundwaters are increasingly viewed as resource-limited ecosystems in which fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from surface water are efficiently mineralized by a consortium of microorganisms which are grazed by invertebrates. We tested for the effect of groundwater recharge on resource supply and trophic interactions by measuring physico-chemistry, microbial activity and biomass, structure of bacterial communities and invertebrate density at three sites intensively recharged with surface water. Comparison of measurements made in recharge and control well clusters at each site showed that groundwater recharge significantly increased fluxes of DOC and phosphate, elevated groundwater temperature, and diminished dissolved oxygen (DO). Microbial biomass and activity were significantly higher in recharge well clusters but stimulation of autochthonous microorganisms was not associated with a major shift in bacterial community structure. Invertebrate assemblages were not significantly more abundant in recharge well clusters and did not show any relationship with microbial biomass and activity. Microbial communities were bottom-up regulated by DOC and nutrient fluxes but trophic interactions between microorganisms and invertebrates were apparently limited by environmental stresses, particularly DO depletion and groundwater warming. Hydrological connectivity is a key factor regulating the function of DOC-based groundwater food webs as it influences both resource availability for microorganisms and environmental stresses which affect energy transfer to invertebrates and top-down control on microorganisms.     

Autochthonous fungi are central components in microbial community structure in raw fermented sausages

Raw meat sausage represents a unique ecological niche rich in nutrients for microbial consumption, making it particularly vulnerable to microbial spoilage. Starter cultures are applied to improve product stability and safety as well as flavour characteristics. However, the influence of starter cultures on microbial community assembly and succession throughout the fermentation process is largely unknown. In particular the effect on the fungal community has not yet been explored. We evaluate the microbiological status of four different raw meat sausages using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 gene sequencing. The objective was to study temporal changes of microbial composition during the fermentation process and to identify potential keystone species that play an important role within the microbial community. Our results suggest that fungi assigned to the species Debaryomyces hansenii and Alternaria alternata play a key role in microbial community dynamics during fermentation. In addition, bacteria related to the starter culture Lactobacillus sakei and the spoilage-associated genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Psychrobacter are central components of the microbial ecosystem in raw fermented sausages. Elucidating the exact role and interactions of these microorganisms has the potential to have direct impacts on the quality and safety of fermented foods.     

Xylotrophic and mycophilic bacteria in formation of dystrophic waters

The microbial communities developing in ultrafresh stagnant water originating from rainfall comprise the group of ombrophiles. The microorganisms of the myco-bacterial community developing on coarse woody debris are involved in formation of humus-enriched dystrophic waters in the watersheds of forested wetlands. Oligotrophic acidophilic dissipotrophs participate in the transformation of organic matter in such waters. The scheme of trophic interactions in the microbial community is proposed.     

Studies on formation,control and application of biofilm formed by food related microorganisms

Biofilms are sessile microbial aggregates on the interfaces, and they were usually considered as microbial contamination sources in medical care and various industries. We studied the control and application of biofilms formed by food-related microorganisms, and mechanism of the biofilm formation was also investigated. We studied the biofilm formation in mixed cultures using various combinations of two strains of food-related microorganisms. There were various microorganisms that showed decreased or increased biofilm formation in the mixed culture in comparison with that in a single culture. Biofilm formed by lactic acid bacteria and yeast isolated from traditional fermented food, Fukuyama pot vinegar, exhibited unique feature in that structure and formation mechanism, and expected to be used as an immobilized microorganism in fermentation production. Here our studies on the control and application of biofilms and the mechanisms of its formation were described.     

Bacterial and fungal diversity in the starter production process of Fen liquor, a traditional Chinese liquor

Fermented foods and beverages are important parts of human diet. Fen liquor, a Chinese liquor is a fermented beverage that uses a traditional fermentation process. Starters are the main microbial source and also provide nutrients for microorganisms during fermentation. In this study, starters of Fen liquor were produced through a complex traditional fermentation process. To investigate the community structure and the composition of microorganisms in the starter production process, bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were sequenced using clone libraries and pyrosequencing, respectively. There was much higher diversity among the bacteria than among the fungi in the starter production process. Bacteria on the surface of the starters belonged mostly to the Lactobacillaceae family, while members of the Bacillacae family were dominant in the interior of the samples that lacked access to air and water. In the fungi population, diversity was high only in the raw material. In all other samples, nearly all of the fungal sequences were from Pichia kudriavzevii, a member of the Saccharomycetaceae family. Nearly all samples showed similar fungal community structures, indicating that there was little change in the fungal community. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal the whole process of the starter production of Chinese traditional liquor. The findings obtained in this study provide new insights into understanding the composition of the microbial community during the traditional Chinese liquor starter production process and information about the production process control and monitoring.     

浓香型白酒窖泥微生物群落结构及其选育应用研究进展

窖池发酵是浓香型白酒酿造的工艺特征。窖泥是酒体生香功能微生物的繁殖载体,窖泥微生物对浓香型白酒风味的形成具有重要作用。近年来,我国学者对窖泥微生物展开了一系列理论和实践研究,取得了丰富的研究成果。本文结合文献资料和本课题组研究工作,介绍了窖泥微生物群落结构的多样性及演替、群落结构与窖泥质量的关系、窖泥微生物选育及应用等方面的研究进展,并针对研究存在的问题提出未来研究方向:系统开展窖泥微生物群落结构的差异化研究;进一步发掘窖泥微生物资源,提升功能微生物的应用潜力;深入研究窖泥培养菌剂的作用机理,实现品质控制。     

Use of microbial antagonism to reduce pathogen levels on produce and meat products: a review

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are often utilized to control food-borne pathogens on produce and on cooked, fermented, or refrigerated meats. Most research to date has focused on the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Clostridium botulinum, and spoilage microorganisms. LAB are excellent candidates for reducing pathogen levels on foods because they inhibit the growth of these microorganisms through various mechanisms without causing unacceptable sensory changes. This review provides an up-to-date look at research directed at maximizing the use of LAB by selecting the most appropriate strains, by learning how to apply them to foods most effectively, and by gaining an understanding of the mechanism by which they inhibit pathogens.