西藏暗盘菌属记述

西藏已知产5种暗盘菌,其中南费尔特暗盘菌Plectanianannfeldtii和皱纹暗盘菌Plectaniarhytidia为中国新记录种。5个种均具子实层毛（即无隔侧丝）,这显然是该属代表性的特征之一。5个种的生态习性与林下的腐木有关,属于林区的木材腐朽菌。标本均保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室（HXZE）。     

西藏暗盘菌属记述

西藏已知产５种暗盘菌,南费尔特暗盘菌Ｐｌｅｃｔａｎｉａ ｎａｎｎｆｅｌｄｔｉｉ和皱纹暗盘菌Ｐｌｅｃｔａｎａ ｒｈｙｔｉｄｉａ为中国新记录种。５个种均具子实层毛（即无隔侧丝）,这显然是该属代表性的特征之一。５个种的生态习性与林下的腐木有关,属于林区的木材腐朽菌。标本均保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室（ＨＸＺＥ）。     

中国冬青卫矛叶斑上的假尾孢菌

卫矛科Celastraceae植物上已报道尾孢类真菌10种,其中包括假尾孢属Pseudocercospora真菌7种。在对中国尾孢类真菌的调查研究中,采集到寄生在冬青卫矛Euonymus japonicus上的3种假尾孢菌,其中2个为新种,即冬青卫矛假尾孢Pseudocercospora euonymi-japonici和北京假尾孢P. beijingensis。本文对这2个新种和Pseudocercospora cf. destructiva提供了形态描述、图及与近似种区别的讨论。采用ITS、tef1-α、act和rpb2 4个片段的序列构建了系统发育树。     

假尾孢属(Pseudocercospora)一新变种

在福建省南平、顺昌、建宁、崇安等地的猕猴桃的枝、叶、果上发现-种假尾孢菌, 与已报道的P.actinidiae Deighton有别, 故定为新变种, 即福建猕猴桃假尾孢Pseudocercospora actinidiae var.fujiana T.Z.Huang。     

中国韧革菌(Ⅲ)

本文报道中国韧革菌科(Stereaceae Pilat)真菌17种,隶属于柄革菌属(Stereopsis Reid)。韧革菌属(Stereum Hill:Persoon)和刷革菌属(Xylobolus Karsten)。其中有3个新种,1个新组合种和2个新记录种,它们是:厚盖柄革菌(Stereopsis crassipileata Z.T.Guo,sp.nov.)、细柄柄革菌(S.gracilistipitata Z.T.Guo,sp.nov.),假杯柄革菌(S.pseudocupulata Z.T.Guo,sp。nov.)、掌状柄革菌(S.craspedia(Fr.)Z.T.Guo,comb.nov.)、瓣裂柄革菌(S.hiscens(Berk. & Rav.)Reid)和蛋黄柄革菌(S.uitellina(Plowr.)Reid)。标本全部保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

中国梧桐科上的尾孢类丝孢菌

报道生在中国梧桐科Sterculiaceae上的5种尾孢类丝孢菌（cercosporoid hyphomycetes）,其中在梧桐 Firmiana simplex 上新发现的2个新种,梧桐假尾孢 Pseudocercospora firmianae,梧桐生假尾孢 P. firmianicola和一个中国新记录种,野路葵假尾孢 P. corchorifoliae。提供了拉丁文特征简介、形态描述、绘图及讨论。研究的标本保存在中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

中国假笼头菌一新种

假笼头菌属(Pseudoclathrus)是刘波和鲍运生(1980)根据模式种——柱孢假笼头菌(P．Cylindrosporus Liu et Bau)所建立的新属。 1987年,本文作者报道了雷公山假笼头菌(P．Leigonshancnsis Zhou et Zhang)一新种,本文再报道该属的另一新种——安顺假笼头菌Pseudoclathrus anshunensi Zhou et Zhang。本新种不同于柱孢假笼头菌之处主要是,新种具4条柱状臂,臂无脊沟,柄露于菌托外。而柱孢假笼头菌具6个柱状臂,每条臂均具纵脊沟,柄藏于菌托内;与雷公山假笼头菌的区别在于雷公山假笼头菌具5—6条薄带状的臂,臂肉桂色,担子果大,担孢子也较大,而新种具4条柱状臂,橙黄色,担子果和担孢子均较小。模式标本存放于贵州农学院植病教研组真菌标本室。     

假笼头菌属一新种

本文报道了假笼头菌属 Pseudoclathrus 的一新种:雷公山假笼头菌Pseudodathrus leigongshanensis W.Zhou et K.Q.Zhang sp.nov.。周薇等于1982年10月15日采自贵州省雷山县雷公山,阔叶林中地上。本新种不同于该属唯一种——柱孢假笼头菌 Pseudoclathrus cylindrosporusLiu et Bau 之处,主要是臂无任何脊沟,弧形、薄带状,肉桂色,菌蕾卵形或亚球形,灰色。     

四绺孢球腔菌科真菌地理分布及其生态学功能

根据ITS、LSU、rpb2、tef1和tub2多基因系统发育分析,将云南禾本科植物格孢腔菌目的7株内生真菌鉴定归属于格孢腔菌目Pleosporales四绺孢球腔菌科Tetraplosphaeriaceae的四绺孢属Tetraploa和假四绺孢属Pseudotetraploa以及该目下的一个未定属genera incertae sedis。羧甲基纤维素钠培养基和愈创木酚培养基筛选发现四绺孢球腔菌科的2个菌株具有较强的纤维素酶和漆酶活性,而这个未定属的菌株仅具有较弱的纤维素酶活性、无漆酶活性,表明格孢腔菌目的2个内生真菌类群的纤维素和木质素降解能力不同。多重对应分析发现四绺孢球腔菌科真菌的属与寄主、分离来源和地理位置有关联,其中四绺孢属和假四绺孢属可在活的健康植物作为内生真菌存活,并在植物凋落物和土壤中分离得到,推测四绺孢属和假四绺孢属两属为内生和腐生双生态位真菌。因此,进一步深入探究四绺孢球腔菌科内生真菌参与的禾本科植物凋落物的分解将深化我们对禾本科植物内生真菌多样性和生态学功能的认识。     

假尾孢属的一新种(英文)

1978-1979年, 在福建省福鼎县的油桐枝条上发现一种假尾孢菌, 经人工培养及致病性的试验, 证明了它有病原性, 与已知真菌的Pseudocercospora aleuritidis Miy.Deighton有别, 故鉴定为新种, 命名为福鼎假尾孢Pseudocercospora fudlinga Huang, sp.nov.该新种分生孢子特别小, 大小为12-30×1.6-2.1μ。模式标本存于福建林学院标本室。     

4种蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确桃蚜、萝卜蚜、胡萝卜微管蚜、瓜蚜对异色瓢虫种群扩繁的适宜性,在实验室条件下,以4种蚜为食料构建异色瓢虫两性生命表,研究不同蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明: 取食不同蚜虫,异色瓢虫未成熟期由长到短依次为萝卜蚜(18.18 d)、瓜蚜(17.48 d)、胡萝卜微管蚜(16.23 d)、桃蚜(15.77 d);成虫前期存活率由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(88.3%)、桃蚜(86.7%)、萝卜蚜(55.0%)、瓜蚜(55.0%);成虫繁殖力由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(1750.5粒)、桃蚜(1441.5粒)、瓜蚜(1006.3粒)、萝卜蚜(965.2粒);成虫寿命由长到短依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(78.8 d)、桃蚜(63.1 d)、瓜蚜(54.3 d)、萝卜蚜(48.4 d);异色瓢虫种群内禀增长率r_m由高到低依次为桃蚜(0.19)、胡萝卜微管蚜(0.18)、萝卜蚜(0.14)、棉蚜(0.14);净增值率R₀由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(895.83)、桃蚜(600.62)、萝卜蚜(273.47)、棉蚜(268.33)。4种蚜虫中,胡萝卜微管蚜和桃蚜更有利于异色瓢虫种群扩繁。     

Synergistic effects of antagonistic fungi and a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, or composted cow manure on populations of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato

Effects of four antagonistic fungi (Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Trichoderma harzianum and Gliocladium virens) alone and together with a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices or with composted cow manure (CCM) were assessed on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in glasshouse experiments. Application of all antagonistic fungi (except G. virens), P. putida, G. intraradices or CCM caused a significant increase in the growth of plants without nematodes. However, use of either of these fungi, P. putida, G. intraradices and CCM against plants with nematodes caused a significant increase in tomato growth. Paecilomyces lilacinus caused a 42% increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants followed by P. chlamydosporia (36%), T. harzianum (18%) and G. virens (15%). CCM caused about 57% increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants followed by P. putida (37%) and G. intraradices (31%). Maximum increase (71%) in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants was observed when CCM was used with P. lilacinus. Moreover, P. lilacinus caused a high reduction (55%) in galling and nematode multiplication, while G. virens the least (25%). Use of P. putida also caused a 39% reduction in galling and nematode multiplication followed by CCM (34%) and G. intraradices (32%). Combined use of CCM with P. lilacinus caused maximum reduction (79%) in galling and nematode multiplication. Re-isolation of antagonistic fungi from nematodes revealed that P. lilacinus parasitised more females and eggs than other antagonistic fungi. Root colonisation by P. putida was increased with P. lilacinus, while colonisation by G. intraradices was reduced in the presence of antagonistic fungi.     

模拟海拔5 500 m低压低氧环境对大鼠HPT轴和肠道菌群的影响*

目的: 探究模拟海拔5 500 m低压低氧环境对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺(HPT)轴和肠道菌群的影响及两者间关联。方法: 采用低压低氧舱模拟海拔5 500 m高度,构建成年雄性SD大鼠低氧模型,设置1、3、7、14、21和28 d低氧组和常氧组,并设置1 d和3 d低氧后常氧恢复组(每组大鼠8只,低氧时间为每天24 h)。记录大鼠每日体重和平均摄食量,采用16 s rDNA测序分析肠道菌群、ELISA检测血清HPT轴激素水平,进行肠道菌群与HPT轴激素相关性分析。结果: 与常氧组相比,低氧组大鼠体重和摄食量显著降低(P＜0.01)。1 d、3 d低氧组大鼠血清促甲状腺素释放激素(TRH)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平较常氧组显著降低(P＜0.05),血清总甲状腺素(TT4)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平较常氧组显著增加(P＜0.05)。1和3 d低氧组大鼠肠道副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、丁酸球菌属(Butyricimonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、臭味杆菌属(Odoribacter)和RC4-4菌属丰度较常氧组显著增加(P＜0.05),普氏菌属(Prevotella)丰度较常氧组显著降低(P＜0.05)。14、21和28 d低氧组大鼠副拟杆菌属、球毛菌属(Sphaerochaeta)、阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)、迷踪菌属(Elusimicrobium)丰度较常氧组显著增加(P＜0.05),乳酸杆菌属、萨特氏菌属(Sutterella)丰度较常氧组显著降低(P＜0.05)。肠道菌群与HPT轴激素相关性分析表明,丁酸球菌属、迷踪菌属、萨特氏菌属与TRH、TSH显著负相关(P＜0.05),普氏菌属、拟杆菌属、臭味杆菌属、副拟杆菌属分别与TSH、TT4、TT3、FT4显著相关(P＜0.05),乳酸杆菌属与TRH、 TSH、FT4显著相关(P＜0.05),阿克曼氏菌属与TRH、FT4显著相关(P＜ 0.05),RC4-4菌属与TSH、TT3显著相关(P＜0.05)。结论: 模拟海拔5 500 m低氧应激显著改变SD大鼠肠道菌群的构成,这可能是甲状腺功能与低氧环境相适应的变化,变化程度与低氧应激时间有关;低氧环境下大鼠肠道菌群的变化与HPT轴激素水平显著相关。     

NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences compared for members of the genus Taenia (Cestoda)

Nine members of the genus Taenia (Taenia taeniaeformis, Taenia hydatigena, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia ovis, Taenia multiceps, Taenia serialis, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium and the Asian Taenia) were characterised by their mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene sequences and their genetic relationships were compared with those derived from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence data. The extent of inter-taxon sequence difference in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (5.9–30.8%) was usually greater than in cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (2.5–18%). Although topology of the phenograms derived from NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence data differed, there was concordance in that T. multiceps, T. serialis (of canids), T. saginata and the Asian Taenia (of humans) were genetically most similar, and those four members were genetically more similar to T. ovis and T. solium than they were to T. hydatigena and T. pisiformis (of canids) or T. taeniaeformis (of cats). The NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 sequence data may prove useful in studies of the systematics and population genetic structure of the Taeniidae.     

The stability of mutator (MR)-induced X-chromosomal recessive visible mutations in Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila, MR (male recombination) second chromosomes are known to act as mutators and recombination inducers in males. The induction of visible mutations by MR is observed at only a limited number of genes, such as singed bristle (sn). raspberry eye colour (ras), yellow body colour (y) and carmine eye colour (car). Futhermore, sn mutations induced by MR are highly unstable, changing from a strong to a weak expression or reverting to the wild-type. It has been hypothesized, by analogy with IS mutations in microorganism, that MR-induced mutations also represent mutations of the insertion type.

In this investigation the stability of two MR-hl22-induced X-linked visible mutations was tested, one singed (sn^MR) and one raspberry (ras^MR). The reversion frequency of both MR-induced mutations was low in the base population as well as upon outcrossing to C(1)DX, y^w f females. The data reported here show that the MR-induced mutations become highly unstable when MR is re-introduced. The change of expression of an MR-induced mutation to a weaker phenotype or to the wild-type occurred at a frequency of 3.3 × 10⁻³ (ras) to 20.4 × 10⁻ (sn).

Recessive lethal mutations induced by MR in the X-chromosomes carrying the MR-inducedsinged or raspberry mutation were isolated and analysed. Among 11 independently MR-induced lethals in the ras^MR-carrying X-chromosome, 4 were found to be allelic to a small deficiency that included the raspberry gene, 13 lethals were induced by MR in the sn^MR-carrying X-chromosome. Of these, 3 were located near the sn locus but none was allelic to a deficiency including the singed gene.     

中国五加科花粉形态研究

本文对我国五加科(Araliaceae)植物21个属、34种、2变种的花粉形态进行了详细的观察研究, 每一个属均选择1至2个代表种进行电镜扫描。从花粉学方面进一步探讨了各属间的亲缘关系, 分类位置、以及分属的界限等问题。     

The family prosthogonimidae (Trematoda) in Australia

The family Prosthogonimidae (Trematoda) in Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 3: 853–862. The family Prosthogonimidae has previously been known in Australia by three species of Prosthogonimus Lühe, 1899 (from birds) and by Coelomotrema Angel, 1970 (from marsupials). Two new genera are now proposed: Cylindrotrema cygni from Cygnus atratus (Latham) (caecum), and Mawsonotrema eudyptulae from Eudyptula minor (Forster) (liver). Prosthogonimus vitellatus Nicoll, 1914 is recorded from three new hosts, Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota (Latham), Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot) and Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas), and the species is redescribed from 11 specimens from the first of these. The life history, not known for any Australian species, is discussed.

The only plump-bodied genera in the family are Coelomotrema, Cylindrotrema and Mawsonotrema, all of which are confined to Australia.

Mawsonotrema differs from all other members of the family in the position of the genital pore, which is away from the anterior end of the body, lying against the anterior border of the acetabulum.     

cDNA cloning and mRNA expression of calponin and SM22 in rat aorta smooth muscle cells

We cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding calponin (Calp) and SM22 (smooth muscle-specific 22-kDa protein) from rat aorta (RaA) smooth muscle (Smu) cells. The 1504-bp calp cDNA contains a single open reading frame (ORF) which encodes 297 amino acids (aa) (M_r 33 342). The 1186-bp SM22 cDNA contains a single ORF which encodes 201 aa (M_r 22 601). There were 43% identical aa in a 181-aa overlap between RaA Calp and SM22. Especially for the C-terminal region of SM22 and for the first repeat motif of Calp, 70% identity was observed. Northern blot analysis revealed that the calp and SM22 mRNAs were expressed in RaA Smu, but not in rat cardiac and skeletal muscles. SM22 mRNA was much more abundant than calp mRNA in RaA (3- to 4-fold). The expression levels of the calp and SM22 mRNAs in RaA showed a significant increase for 5 to 15 week old rats (1.5- to 3-fold) with vascular development and blood pressure elevation. No significant differences were observed in the expression of the RaA calp and SM22 mRNAs between normotensive (Wistar Kyoto) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).     

In vitro antiprotozoal activity of the lipophilic extracts of different parts of Turkish Pistacia vera L.

Thirteen lipophilic extracts prepared with n-hexane from various parts of Pistacia vera L. tree (Anacardiaceae) growing in Turkey were screened for their in vitro activity against four parasitic protozoa, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium falciparum. Melarsoprol, benznidazole, miltefosine, artemisinin and chloroquine were used as reference drugs. The cytotoxic potentials of the extracts on rat skeletal myoblast (L6) cells were also assessed and compared to that of podophyllotoxin. The screening method employed was medium-throughput, where the extracts were tested at two concentrations, at 0.8 and 4.8 μg/ml (T. brucei rhodesiense, L. donovani and Plasmodium falciparum), or at 1.6 and 9.7 μg/ml (T. cruzi and L6 cells). At 4.8 μg/ml concentration, the branch extract of Pistacia vera (PV-BR) significantly inhibited (77.3%) the growth of L. donovani, whereas the dry leaf extract (PV-DL) was active against Plasmodium falciparum (60.6% inhibition). The IC₅₀ values of these extracts were determined as 2.3 μg/ml (PV-BR, L. donovani) and 3.65 μg/ml (PV-DL, Plasmodium falciparum). None of the extracts possessed cytotoxicity on mammalian cells.     

Inhibitory effects of different quantitative compositions of Hymenaea leaf resins on a generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua

The hypotheses that quantitative variation in leaf resins in the leguminous genus Hymenaea may partially be a response to insect predation was tested in feeding experiments with the generalist herbivore, the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübn (Noctuidae). Leaf resins of all Hymenaea species are comprised of essentially the same suite of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, but discrete quantitative patterns have been classified as Compositional Types based on the amounts of major components. In this work pure extracts of leaf resins of Type I (high - and β-selinene), Type II (intermediate amounts of -and β-selinene and caryophyllene) and Type III (high caryophyllene) were incorporated into an artificial diet for the insects at 1 and 3.2% (dry wt). Resin Type treatments produced differential dose-dependent effects on growth rate (lower larval weights and increased time to pupation) and in mortality. More significant inhibitory effects occurred in Compositional Types with a predominance of a single compared (i.e. Types I and III). Significantly higher mortality occurring in Type III treatments suggests that caryophllene may have higher potential toxicity than - and β-selinene for S. exigua. These experiments indicate that feeding by generalist herbivores could be a factor determining quantitative compositional variation: (a) among populations; (b) during the development of leaves; (c) in the spatial distribution within the leaves; and (d) between parent tree and seedling progeny.