云南两个县陆稻稻瘟病菌稻巨座壳交配型测定及致病性分析

2014年,自云南省沧源县及耿马县陆稻地方品种上分离99个稻瘟病菌稻巨座壳单孢菌株,采用4个已知交配型的标准菌株对其进行育性和交配型测定.结果 表明,两地稻巨座壳菌株具较高的育性,平均可交配率高达90.8％,且可育菌株中,MAT1-1和MAT1-2菌株分别占60.9％和39.1％;分别随机对沧源县南撒村和班考村同一田块...     

稻瘟病菌稻巨座壳存活因子基因MoSVF1的功能分析

稻巨座壳引起的稻瘟病是一种重要的农作物真菌病害,该病害的发生和流行限制了水稻的产量,威胁全球粮食安全。细胞凋亡和自噬在稻巨座壳的致病性中起重要作用,抗细胞凋亡的存活因子Svf1在禾谷镰刀菌和核盘菌中被报道与致病力相关,但是其在稻巨座壳中的详细功能却并未见报道。本研究对MoSvf1进行序列分析,发现Svf1在真菌中高度保守。对其进行基因敲除并观察表型,发现Mosvf1突变体菌落生长减慢,菌丝形态异常,但其产孢量相比野生型有显著性增多。说明MoSvf1正调控稻巨座壳的营养生长,负调控孢子的形成。Mosvf1突变体的附着胞形成和致病力无可见缺陷。为进一步完善MoSvf1的互作调控网络,我们通过IP-MS的方法鉴定MoSvf1的互作蛋白,发现其中包含多个与胞内信号传导及细胞凋亡有关的蛋白。对MoSvf1互作蛋白的分析有助于进一步揭示MoSvf1的调控模式和作用途径,为阐明稻巨座壳的生长和凋亡打下重要基础。     

稻巨座壳小麦致病型检测防控研究进展

稻巨座壳小麦致病型是麦瘟病的致病菌,是一种新近出现并对全球小麦生产造成巨大威胁的危险性真菌.本文总结归纳了稻巨座壳小麦致病型分类学、地理分布和寄主范围等多方面信息,并探讨了该病菌检测和防控等方面的研究进展.迄今为止,该病害防控较为困难,化学杀菌剂并不能提供有效的防治效果,加强检疫并实施严格检疫措施是防控该病害发生扩散的...     

稻瘟菌无毒基因研究进展

稻瘟菌是引起水稻稻瘟病的病原物。水稻与稻瘟菌间存在广泛而特异的相互作用,是研究寄主与病原物互作的重要模式系统。本文对稻瘟菌与水稻互作最重要的激发子―无毒基因的研究现状进行了概括,讨论了无毒基因的定位、克隆方法以及已克隆无毒基因的功能及进化研究,同时对今后无毒基因研究的重要方向进行了探讨,为深入理解无毒基因的功能及与水稻可能的互作关系奠定了基础。     

贵州梨芽枯间座壳菌属Diaporthe的种类

为明确引起贵州梨芽枯病的间座壳菌种类,本研究进行了病害调查、病芽采集和病菌分离及纯化,根据其菌落特征与ITS序列鉴定,共获得94个间座壳属Diaporthe菌株,从中选取40个代表菌株进行多基因(ITS、TEF、CAL、HIS和TUB)系统发育分析和形态学观察,结果显示它们分属于间座壳属的8个种,包括核桃间座壳菌D. biguttulata、榆树间座壳菌D. eres、椭圆间座壳菌D. ellipsoidea、梭状间座壳菌D. fusicola、香港间座壳菌D. hongkongensis、塞纳间座壳菌D. sennae、大豆间座壳菌D. sojae和蜜柑间座壳菌D. unshiuensis,其中D. ellipsoidea、D. biguttulata和D. sennae为侵染梨的首次报道。玉露香梨离体枝条接种结果显示,8种间座壳的代表菌株均可产生与田间相同的症状,分离比最高的D. eres致病力较强,表明它们均为梨芽枯病的病原菌,其中D. eres为病原优势种。本研究首次报道了引起梨芽枯的间座壳菌种类组成,为该病的发生规律及防控技术研究提供了理论依据。     

湖南桃江病圃稻瘟病菌的无毒基因及水稻抗瘟单基因联合抗性分析

【目的】鉴定湖南省桃江病圃稻瘟病菌无毒基因型,为合理搭配种植湖南省水稻抗瘟品种和抗病育种提供依据。【方法】在湖南桃江病圃采集水稻品种"丽江新团黑谷"(LTH)稻瘟菌病样,用单孢分离法分离稻瘟病菌单孢并纯化获得单孢菌株,用针刺离体法将菌株接种到以"LTH"为轮回亲本培育而成的24个含单抗瘟基因的水稻5叶期第5叶片上,对供试菌株进行无毒基因鉴定,并应用联合致病性系数和联合抗病性系数分析抗瘟基因组合间的互作。【结果】供试92个稻瘟病单孢菌株含有全部的24个无毒基因,对24个已知含单抗瘟基因的水稻材料表现出不同程度的毒力水平,含水稻抗瘟基因Pi-20对供试菌株抗菌频率最高,达54.35%;通过联合致病性系数和联合抗病性系数分析抗瘟基因组合间的互作,结果表明最佳搭配组合为Pi-20×Pi-k~s(RAC=0.28,PAC=0.23)。【结论】湖南省桃江病圃稻瘟病菌致病力较强,24个抗瘟基因多已感病化,含抗性基因Pi-20与Pi-k、Pi-k~s、Pi-3组合的水稻品种目前可在湖南省推广利用,但需研究引进新的抗瘟基因。     

灰色大角间座壳菌(稻瘟病菌)蛋白激酶编码基因中SSR变异及其对蛋白结构的潜在影响

病原菌可以利用多种方式激活或者抑制蛋白激酶信号通路来增强其自身侵染力,在病原物与植物互作初期的信号识别和转导中蛋白激酶扮演着重要的角色。已有研究结果表明灰色大角间座壳菌(稻瘟病菌)蛋白激酶基因中含有丰富的SSR。作者通过对灰色大角间座壳菌(稻瘟病菌)基因组中的89个蛋白激酶基因的外显子区、内含子区、5′-UTR和3′-UTR区中的SSR进行了查找和分析,并对编码区中SSR的扩张或收缩对蛋白结构的影响进行了预测。结果表明,SSR在基因的调控区和编码区中的分布是不均一的,且这些基因的外显子区、内含子区、5′-UTR和3′-UTR区中SSR的组成和分布也均不相同;基因的编码区中三碱基和六碱基SSR相对较多,且SSR基序大都表现为GC含量较高,编码的亲水性氨基酸出现的频率也远远高于疏水性氨基酸。通过病菌群体中变异幅度的检测表明,几乎所有的SSR序列都存在多态性。根据灰色大角间座壳菌(稻瘟病菌)自然群体中SSR的变化幅度,对SSR的扩张或收缩对蛋白二级结构的影响进行预测,发现SSR的扩张或收缩都可能对蛋白的结构产生影响。这暗示着SSR的变异在致病相关基因的变异中可能起着十分重要的作用。     

进境乌克兰玉米中夹杂向日葵间座壳菌的鉴定

自进境乌克兰玉米中夹杂的向日葵籽上,采用常规平板分离法获得1株疑似向日葵间座壳菌Diaporthe helianthi的菌株76782-5。形态特征观察结果表明,该菌株在PDA上产生分生孢子器和大量β型分生孢子,但未见有性阶段。经rDNA ITS和β-tubulin基因序列比对分析,发现该菌株与GenBank中多个向日葵间座壳菌菌株的基因序列同源性达99%以上,位于同一个发育分支。致病性测定结果表明,该菌株可侵染向日葵根茎部,引起典型茎溃疡病症状。研究结果表明,进境乌克兰玉米中夹杂的向日葵籽上携带有向日葵间座壳菌D. helianthi,这是我国首次截获该种检疫性真菌。     

致病性与无致病性茄科罗尔斯通氏菌转录组测序与分析

为了挖掘茄科罗尔斯通氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）致病相关基因,分别提取致病性（RS+）和无致病性（RS-）茄科罗尔斯通氏菌的总RNA进行转录组测序。两组测序数据经组装后得到5 111条Contigs,RS-和RS+对比发现779条差异表达基因（DEGs）,其中上调表达376条,下调表达403条。功能注释显示,这些DEGs主要集中在氨基酸代谢、膜转运、细胞运动和翻译等途径。信号通路富集显示,茄科罗尔斯通氏菌对寄主的响应由众多信号通路共同参与,其作用方式可能包括增强细菌趋化性、强化鞭毛组装能力、提高细菌分泌系统、上调双组分信号转导系统、调整MAPK信号通路和增强氨基酸代谢等。转录组测序还发现许多毒力基因,其中茄科罗尔斯通氏菌Ⅲ型分泌系统的hrp基因簇中的23个基因,有16个在无致病性茄科罗尔斯通氏菌中下调表达。随机挑选4个DEGs进行qPCR分析,荧光定量结果与测序数据基本一致,说明基于转录组分析DEGs的表达较为可靠。研究为进一步深入探究茄科罗尔斯通氏菌致病分子机理提供参考。     

MoImd4 mediates crosstalk between MoPdeH-cAMP signalling and purine metabolism to govern growth and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae

The high-affinity cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase MoPdeH is important not only for cAMP signalling and pathogenicity, but also for cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. To explore the underlying mechanism, we identified MoImd4 as an inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) homologue that interacts with MoPdeH. Targeted deletion of MoIMD4 resulted in reduced de novo purine biosynthesis and growth, as well as attenuated pathogenicity, which were suppressed by exogenous xanthosine monophosphate (XMP). Treatment with mycophenolic acid (MPA), which specifically inhibits MoImd4 activity, resulted in reduced growth and virulence attenuation. Intriguingly, further analysis showed that MoImd4 promotes the phosphodiesterase activity of MoPdeH, thereby decreasing intracellular cAMP levels, and MoPdeH also promotes the IMPDH activity of MoImd4. Our studies revealed the presence of a novel crosstalk between cAMP regulation and purine biosynthesis in M. oryzae, and indicated that such a link is also important in the pathogenesis of M. oryzae.     

稻瘟菌Magnaporthe oryzae P-ATPases基因家族分析

利用TCDB(Transporter Classification Database)网站数据库中的P-ATPases氨基酸序列对稻瘟菌全基因组表达序列(Coding Sequence,CDS)数据库进行搜索和分析,共发现23个P-ATPases基因,进化树分析表明这23个基因分属于4个家族和7个亚家族。构建了本地ESTs数据库,通过P-ATPases基因CDS序列与EST序列比对分析发现,在这些基因中有20个存在EST同源体,另外3个基因没有发现EST同源体,因此这20个基因是真实P-ATPases基因的可能性更高。运用MEME程序分析了这些P-ATPases蛋白结构域的基序,有6种基序在90%以上的基因氨基酸序列中出现,属保守基序。对这23个P-ATPases基因GC含量的分析表明,它们的平均GC含量在0.519-0.628之间,稍高于稻瘟菌整个基因组GC平均含量(0.516),同时这些基因内各区段GC含量变化不大,没有明显的梯度变化。本文结果为下一步深入研究稻瘟菌中P-ATPases基因家族的功能奠定了基础。     

Disruption of actin motor function due to MoMyo5 mutation impairs host penetration and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae

Actin motor myosin proteins are the driving forces behind the active transport of vesicles, and more than 20 classes of myosin have been found to contribute to a wide range of cellular processes, including endocytosis and exocytosis, autophagy, cytokinesis and the actin cytoskeleton. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, class V myosin Myo2 (ScMyo2p) is important for the transport of distinct sets of cargo to regions of the cell along the cytoskeleton for polarized growth. To study whether myosins play a role in the formation or function of the appressorium (infectious structure) of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified MoMyo5 as an orthologue of ScMyo2p and characterized its function. Targeted gene disruption revealed that MoMyo5 is required for intracellular transport and is essential for hyphal growth and asexual reproduction. Although the ΔMomyo5 mutant could form appressorium‐like structures, the structures were unable to penetrate host cells and were therefore non‐pathogenic. We further found that MoMyo5 moves dynamically from the cytoplasm to the hyphal tip, where it interacts with MoSec4, a Rab GTPase involved in secretory transport, hyphal growth and fungal pathogenicity. Our studies indicate that class V myosin and its translocation are tightly coupled with hyphal growth, asexual reproduction, appressorium function and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus.     

Penetration and Post-Penetration Resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in Arabidopsis

The rate of entry of Magnaporthe oryzae into the Arabidopsis pen2 quintuple (pen2 NahG pmr5 agb1 mlo2) mutant was significantly higher than those into the pen2 quadruple (pen2 NahG pmr5 agb1 and pen2 NahG pmr5 mlo2) mutants. The lengths of the infection hyphae in the pen2 quintuple mutant were intermediate between the pen2 quadruple mutants. These results suggest that different genetic networks, consisting of PEN2, PMR5, AGB1, and MLO2, control penetration and post-penetration resistance to M. oryzae in Arabidopsis.     

A nonclassically secreted effector of Magnaporthe oryzae targets host nuclei and plays important roles in fungal growth and plant infection

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases and poses a growing threat to food security worldwide. Like many other filamentous pathogens, rice blast fungus releases multiple types of effector proteins to facilitate fungal infection and modulate host defence responses. However, most of the characterized effectors contain an N-terminal signal peptide. Here, we report the results of the functional characterization of a nonclassically secreted nuclear targeting effector in M. oryzae (MoNte1). MoNte1 has no signal peptide, but can be secreted and translocated into plant nuclei driven by a nuclear targeting peptide. It could also induce hypersensitive cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of the MoNTE1 gene caused a significant reduction of fungal growth and conidiogenesis, partially impaired appressorium formation and host colonization, and also dramatically attenuated the pathogenicity. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel effector secretion pathway and deepen our understanding of rice–M. oryzae interactions.     

稻瘟病菌分泌蛋白MoCDIE2诱导植物细胞死亡的功能分析

由稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)引起的稻瘟病是全球最严重的植物真菌病害之一。稻瘟病菌通过分泌效应蛋白进入与植物相互作用界面或转运到植物细胞内,抑制寄主植物的免疫防卫反应,使病原菌成功侵染。通过农杆菌介导的异源表达策略,筛选到能引起非寄主植物烟草细胞死亡的候选效应蛋白MoCDIE2(Cell Death-Inducing Effector)。序列分析表明:MoCDIE2基因编码一个蓖麻毒素B凝集素蛋白;系统发育树构建结果表明MoCDIE2同源蛋白保守存在于丝状真菌中;利用基因敲除的方法获得MoCDIE2的敲除突变体,结果表明MoCDIE2的敲除突变体在菌丝生长和致病性方面与野生型菌株Guy11没有明显差异。     

ERECTA contributes to non-host resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in Arabidopsis

ERECTA controls both developmental processes and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. We investigated the function of ERECTA in non-host resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in Arabidopsis. In the pen2 er mutant, penetration resistance and post-penetration resistance to M. oryzae were compromised. These results suggest that ERECTA is involved in both penetration and post-penetration resistance to M. oryzae in Arabidopsis.