中华猕猴桃GRAS基因家族鉴定及低温胁迫表达分析

GRAS基因家族广泛参与植物生长和逆境响应，而低温是制约猕猴桃生产和分布的重要因素之一，鉴定猕猴桃GRAS基因家族，分析其在低温胁迫中的表达情况，为猕猴桃的抗寒研究和品种选育提供理论依据。以中华猕猴桃‘红阳’基因组为参考进行GRAS家族保守结构域比对，通过对鉴定到的家族成员进行系统进化树、蛋白理化性质、基因结构、蛋白三级结构、蛋白质motif、顺式作用元件、共线性、密码子偏好性和基因表达模式等进行分析。结果表明，猕猴桃基因组共存在79个GRAS家族成员，分属于8个亚家族，且各亚家族基因、蛋白结构有所差异。顺式作用原件分析显示该家族基因参与多种植物激素、生长发育以及胁迫响应。密码子偏好性分析发现，该家族密码子第3位碱基更偏好使用嘧啶类碱基（G/T）。鉴定到6个基因可能参与猕猴桃低温胁迫过程，并进行荧光定量PCR验证了该猜测。该研究补充了猕猴桃GRAS基因家族鉴定分析的空白，为猕猴桃抗寒研究奠定分子基础。     

β—1，3葡聚糖酶与糖体失活蛋白融合基因的制备及表达载体的构建

将大豆的β－1,3葡聚糖酶基因与玉米的核糖体失活蛋白基因通过一个6个氨基酸的柔性短肽链连接起来,形成1个融合蛋白。编码区基因长1830bp,共编码609个氨基酸和1个终止密码子。经过使用蛋白质分析软件Antheprot4.3和Prosis(v5.00）对融合蛋白的二级结构、理化特性、潜在信号肽断裂位点等方面进行分析表明：融合蛋白较好的保持了原来的两个蛋白的各项理化特性,维持了两种蛋白的二级结构。将此基因克隆质粒PBI121上,构建成植物表达载体PBI／GR。     

一种石磺科贝类线粒体基因组全序列分析

石磺线粒体基因组全序列对研究石磺科分子系统进化具有重要意义。利用LA-PCR技术对一种石磺Platevin-dexmortoni线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明,线粒体基因组序列全长13 991 bp,碱基组成分别为27.27%A、16.78%C、20.23%G、35.72%T;由22个tRNA、2个rRNA、13个蛋白编码基因和25个长度为2-118 bp的非编码区组成。4个蛋白质编码基因和5个tRNA基因从L链编码,其余基因均从H链编码。蛋白质基因的起始密码子,除ND2为GTG以外,均为典型的起始密码子ATN。ND2和Cytb基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均使用典型的TAA或TAG。预测了22个tRNA基因的二级结构,发现tRNASer和TrnaAsn缺少DHU臂,tRNASer和tRNAThr的反密码子环上有9个碱基,而不是通常的7个碱基。最长的非编码区含有两个类似于的tRNAGln和tRNAPhy的二级结构。     

基因表达水平与同义密码子使用关系的初步研究

提出一个预测基因表达水平和同义密码子使用的自洽信息聚类方法。将同义密码子分成最适密码子、非最适密码子和稀有密码子,认为三者的使用频率是调控基因表达水平的主要因素。基于这一观点,对Ｅｃｏｌｉ和Ｙｅａｓｔ两类生物的基因表达水平和密码子的使用,用自洽信息聚类方法进行了预测。发现高低表达基因明显分开,基因表达水平被分为四级;甚高表达基因（ＶＨ）、高表达基因（Ｈ）、较低表达基因（ＬＭ）和低表达基因（ＬＬ）;     

高坡猪PRKAA1基因多态性检测及生物信息学分析

为了对PRKAA1基因的遗传机理进行更进一步的研究,本试验以高坡猪为研究对象,利用PCR技术对PRKAA1基因的全部外显子进行克隆扩增,并对扩增产物进行正反向直接测序,运用生物信息软件进行序列分析;结果表明,仅在第7外显子75 bp处发现了A/G 1个单核苷酸突变位点,且该位点突变导致氨基酸密码子由CAA变为CAG,所对应编码的氨基酸也由谷酰胺酸(Gln)变为精氨酸(Arg),由于氨基酸的改变导致了PRKAA1基因的mRNA二级结构和蛋白质三级结构发生了构象改变。突变前后该蛋白分子量分别为136.152 k D和136.166 k D,PRKAA1蛋白无跨膜结构,不属于分泌蛋白。本研究结果可为高坡猪的PRKAA1基因表达载体的构建提供依据。     

绿环缘蝽(昆虫纲,半翅目,缘蝽科)线粒体基因组分析(英文)

本研究测定了昆虫纲半翅几姬缘蝽科Rhopalidae绿环缘蝽Stictopleurussubviridis Hsiao的完整线粒体基凶组.为异翅亚目蝽次目Penmtomomorha中的首例研究.该线粒体基因组为全长15 139 bp的双链环状DNA分子,含有后生动物线粒体基凶组中典型的37个基因,AT含量为75.7%.各基因的排列方式与六足动物假想祖先相同.该线粒体基因组结构紧凑,有基因重叠现象.在tRNA-Ⅱe与tRNA-GLn问发现一个罕见的79bp的非编码序列.tRNA-Ser的二级结构中DHU臂缺失,无法折叠成典型的三叶草结构.CO2和CO3终止密码子为T,其下游为同链编码的tRNA基因.基因组AT含量为75.7%,密码子使用频率也反映出AT偏好.两条链上蛋白质编码基凶的CG-skew趋势相反,密码子使用频率也反映出两链不同的CG偏好.蛋白编码序列并不总是使用与tRNA的反密码子相对应的密码子,密码子的使用并不随机.使用频率最高密码子为NNA,使用频率最低的密码子为NNG.与臭虫次目Cimicomomorpha中的锥猎蝽Triaatoma dimidiata线粒体基因组比较分析表明,ATP8为进化最快的蛋白质,CO1最慢,但tRNA和rRNA基因的进化速率比蛋白质基因低.     

圆臀大黾蝽(昆虫纲,半翅目,黾蝽科)线粒体全基因组注释(英文)

昆虫纲半翅目异翅亚目黾蝽科圆臀大黾蝽 Aquarius paludum ( Fabricius,1794) 已成为生物学研究的理想生物材料之一,为更全面了解其分子生物学特征,本研究测定了圆臀大黾蝽 Aquarius paludum线粒体基因组全序列。该基因组全长15 380 bp,为双链环状 D N A 分子,包含 13 个蛋白编码基因、22 个 tRNA 基因、2 个 rRNA 基因及一个控制区。其基因排序与已报道的其它大部分异翅亚目类群排列方式相同。该基因组基因排列紧密,共观察到 64 bp 基因间隔 ( 除控制区 781 bp 外) 与 33 bp 基因重叠。全基因组 AT 含量为75. 7 % ,而控制区 AT 含量仅为 66. 2 % ,密码子使用也显示出 AT 使用偏好。13 个蛋白编码基因中,除 COⅠ、ND5 使用 TTG 作为起始密码子外,其余使用 ATV。此外,7 个蛋白编码基因使用常规三联终止密码子 TAA,TAG 作为终止密码子,其余以 T 作为终止密码子,下游为同链编码的tRN A 基因。在 tRN A-Ser ( G C T ) 二级结构中,D HU 臂缺失,未形成典型的三叶草结构。     

水稻扩展蛋白家族的生物信息学分析

扩展蛋白是植物细胞壁的重要组成部分,具有松驰细胞壁和增加细胞壁柔韧性的作用,在植物的生长发育及抗性等方面起到重要的作用。水稻的全基因组序列统计分析显示,水稻扩展蛋白基因家族包含58个成员,分属于A(34)、B(19)、LA(4)和LB(1)4个亚家族,分布在水稻10条染色体上的58个位点,且同一亚家族成员有成簇存在的现象。扩展蛋白基因长度范围为687~1128 bp,编码蛋白质具有保守的结构域,以及保守的半胱氨酸和色氨酸残基。多数情况下,亚家族成员之间的氨基酸一致率小于35%,而同一亚家族成员之间的氨基酸一致率大于35%。在内含子、外显子组成模式上,水稻扩展蛋白呈现明显的亚家族特异性,除个别基因以外,A类基因含有1或2个内含子,B类含有3个内含子,LA和LB类含有4个内含子。密码子使用统计显示,与其他物种相比,水稻中的扩展蛋白具有更多的密码子使用偏好性,有26个高频密码子存在。研究结果展示了水稻扩展蛋白基因家族的基本信息,为深入研究扩展蛋白基因的功能、探讨物种间的进化关系奠定基础。     

绿翅短脚鹎线粒体基因组测序分析

本文对绿翅短脚鹎Ixos mcclellandii线粒体基因组进行了测序分析。结果显示,绿翅短脚鹎线粒体基因组序列全长17 838 bp(Gen Bank登录号:KX640824),具有2个开放阅读框重叠区,即ATP6～ATP8(10 bp)和ND4L～ND4(7 bp),还有一些重叠发生在蛋白质基因和其相邻的tRNA基因之间。除COXⅠ、ND3的起始密码子分别为GTG、ATA外,其余11个蛋白质基因的起始密码子均为ATG。9个蛋白质基因以TAA、AGA或AGG为终止密码子,其余则以T(COXⅢ和ND4)或TA(ND2和ND4L)为终止密码子。蛋白质基因使用频率最高的密码子是CUA(217次)和ACC(205次),而GGU和GCG的使用频率最低,均为24次。tRNA基因分布在rRNA基因和蛋白质基因之间,长度为64～75 bp。通过分析已报道的雀形目Passeriformes鸟类线粒体控制区结构,发现了3种不同类型的控制区结构:1)仅存在1个控制区; 2)有2个长度相近且序列高度相似的控制区; 3)有2个高度异质的控制区。绿翅短脚鹎线粒体基因组含有2个高度相似的控制区(相似度91. 6%),长度分别为1 116 bp和1 144 bp,二者仅在控制区开始和末端部位的序列有所不同。     

人基因中密码子前后碱基使用与蛋白质结构

对６２个人基因中编码蛋白质各类二级结构（α－螺旋、β－折叠片、无规卷曲和回折）的密码子前后碱基的使用情况进行统计分析和比较,发现多数密码子前后碱基的使用有一定偏向,而且这些偏向与蛋白质的二级结构有关联。这同时亦提示,同义密码子的选用与蛋白质的二级结构有一些关联。结果对于蛋白质结构预测算法以及基因工程的研究有辅助作用。     

The relationship between synonymous codon usage and protein structure in Escherichia coli and Homo sapiens

The role of silent position in the codon on the protein structure is an interesting and yet unclear problem. In this paper, 563 Homo sapiens genes and 417 Escherichia coli genes coding for proteins with four different folding types have been analyzed using variance analysis, a multivariate analysis method newly used in codon usage analysis, to find the correlation between amino acid composition, synonymous codon, and protein structure in different organisms. It has been found that in E. coli, both amino acid compositions in differently folded proteins and synonymous codon usage in different gene classes coding for differently folded proteins are significantly different. It was also found that only amino acid composition is different in different protein classes in H. sapiens. There is no universal correlation between synonymous codon usage and protein structure in these two different organisms. Further analysis has shown that GC content on the second codon position can distinguish coding genes for different folded proteins in both organisms.     

Reinvestigating the codon and amino acid usage of S. cerevisiae genome: a new insight from protein secondary structure analysis

Biased usage of synonymous codons has been elucidated under the perspective of cellular tRNA abundance for quite a long time now. Taking advantage of publicly available gene expression data for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a systematic analysis of the codon and amino acid usages in two different coding regions corresponding to the regular (helix and strand) as well as the irregular (coil) protein secondary structures, have been performed. Our analyses suggest that apart from tRNA abundance, mRNA folding stability is another major evolutionary force in shaping the codon and amino acid usage differences between the highly and lowly expressed genes in S. cerevisiae genome and surprisingly it depends on the coding regions corresponding to the secondary structures of the encoded proteins. This is obviously a new paradigm in understanding the codon usage in S. cerevisiae. Differential amino acid usage between highly and lowly expressed genes in the regions coding for the irregular protein secondary structure in S. cerevisiae is expounded by the stability of the mRNA folded structure. Irrespective of the protein secondary structural type, the highly expressed genes always tend to encode cheaper amino acids in order to reduce the overall biosynthetic cost of production of the corresponding protein. This study supports the hypothesis that the tRNA abundance is a consequence of and not a reason for the biased usage of amino acid between highly and lowly expressed genes.     

Protein Abundance Prediction Through Machine Learning Methods

Proteins are responsible for most physiological processes, and their abundance provides crucial information for systems biology research. However, absolute protein quantification, as determined by mass spectrometry, still has limitations in capturing the protein pool. Protein abundance is impacted by translation kinetics, which rely on features of codons. In this study, we evaluated the effect of codon usage bias of genes on protein abundance. Notably, we observed differences regarding codon usage patterns between genes coding for highly abundant proteins and genes coding for less abundant proteins. Analysis of synonymous codon usage and evolutionary selection showed a clear split between the two groups. Our machine learning models predicted protein abundances from codon usage metrics with remarkable accuracy, achieving strong correlation with experimental data. Upon integration of the predicted protein abundance in enzyme-constrained genome-scale metabolic models, the simulated phenotypes closely matched experimental data, which demonstrates that our predictive models are valuable tools for systems metabolic engineering approaches.     

Analysis of genomic characters reveals that four distinct gene clusters are correlated with different functions in Burkholderia cenocepacia AU 1054

Possessing three circular chromosomes is a distinct genomic characteristic of Burkholderia cenocepacia AU 1054, a clinically important pathogen in cystic fibrosis. In this study, base composition, codon usage and functional role category were analyzed in the B. cenocepacia AU 1054 genome. Although no bias in the base and codon usage was detected between any two chromosomes, function differences did exist in the genes of each chromosome. Similar base composition and differential functional role categories indicated that genes on these three chromosomes were relatively stable and that a proper division of labor was established. Based on variations in the base or codon usage, four small gene clusters were observed in all of the genes. Multivariate analysis revealed that protein hydrophobicity played a predominant role in shaping base usage bias, while horizontal gene transfer and the gene expression level were the two most important factors that affected the codon usage bias. Interestingly, we also found that these gene clusters were correlated with different biological functions: (i) 45 pyrimidine-leading-codon preferred genes were predominantly involved in regulatory function; (ii) most drug resistance-related genes involved in 826 genes that coding for hydrophobic proteins; (iii) most of the 111 horizontal transfer genes were responsible for genomic plasticity; and (iv) 73 highly expressed genes (predicted by their codon adaptation index values) showed environmental adaptation to cystic fibrosis. Our results showed that genes with base or codon usage bias were affected by mutational pressure and natural selection, and their functions could contribute to drug assistance and transmissible activity in B. cenocepacia.     

Codon usage in bacteria: correlation with gene expressivity

The nucleic acid sequence bank now contains over 600 protein coding genes of which 107 are from prokaryotic organisms. Codon frequencies in each new prokaryotic gene are given. Analysis of genetic code usage in the 83 sequenced genes of the Escherichia coli genome (chromosome, transposons and plasmids) is presented, taking into account new data on gene expressivity and regulation as well as iso-tRNA specificity and cellular concentration. The codon composition of each gene is summarized using two indexes: one is based on the differential usage of iso-tRNA species during gene translation, the other on choice between Cytosine and Uracil for third base. A strong relationship between codon composition and mRNA expressivity is confirmed, even for genes transcribed in the same operon. The influence of codon use of peptide elongation rate and protein yield is discussed. Finally, the evolutionary aspect of codon selection in mRNA sequences is studied.     

Correlations between the compositional properties of human genes,codon usage,and amino acid composition of proteins

Summary We have analyzed the correlation that exists between the GC levels of third and first or second codon position for about 1400 human coding sequences. The linear relationship that was found indicates that the large differences in GC level of third codon positions of human genes are paralleled by smaller differences in GC levels of first and second codon positions. Whereas third codon position differences correspond to very large differences in codon usage within the human genome, the first and second codon position differences correspond to smaller, yet very remarkable, differences in the amino acid composition of encoded proteins. Because GC levels of codon positions are linearly correlated with the GC levels of the isochores harboring the corresponding genes, both codon usage and amino acid composition are different for proteins encoded by genes located in isochores of different GC levels. Furthermore, we have also shown that a linear relationship with a unity slope and a correlation coefficient of 0.77 exists between GC levels of introns and exons from the 238 human genes currently available for this analysis. Introns are, however, about 5% lower in GC, on average, than exons from the same genes.     

Adaptive basis of codon usage in the haploid moss Physcomitrella patens

Patterns of codon usage bias were studied in the moss model species Physcomitrella patens. A total of 92 nuclear, protein coding genes were employed, and estimated levels of gene expression were tested for association with two measures of codon usage bias and other variables hypothesized to be associated with gene expression. Codon bias was found to be positively associated both with estimated levels of gene expression and GC content in the coding parts of studied genes. However, GC content in noncoding parts, that is, introns and 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), was not associated with estimated levels of gene expression. It is argued that codon bias is not shaped by mutational bias, but rather by weak natural selection for translational efficiency in P. patens. The possible role of life history characteristics in shaping patterns of codon usage in this species is discussed.     

广西华珊瑚蛇线粒体基因组全序列测定与分析

本研究对眼镜蛇科广西华珊瑚蛇（Sinomicrurus peinani）线粒体基因组序列进行测定与分析,并探究其与近缘种的系统发育关系。结果表明,广西华珊瑚蛇线粒体基因组是一条全长19 477 bp的环状DNA,基因组碱基构成为A（33.4%）、T（28.1%）、C（26.6%）和G（11.9%）。共编码38个基因,包含2个核糖体RNA（rRNA）基因、22个转移RNA（tRNA）基因、13个蛋白质编码基因及1个线粒体基因控制区（D-loop）。13个蛋白质编码基因均采用AUG作为起始密码子,UAA和UGA作为终止密码子;蛋白质编码基因编码频率较高的氨基酸分别为亮氨酸（Leu）、异亮氨酸（Ile）、苏氨酸（Thr）和丝氨酸（Ser）;相对密码子使用度（RSCU）频率最高的4个密码子依次是CGA、UGA、CUA和CCA。22个tRNA,除tRNASer（一臂两环）外其他均可形成典型三叶草结构。基于眼镜蛇科线粒体基因组系统发育分析结果表明,与广西华珊瑚蛇关系最密切的是中华珊瑚蛇（Sinomicrurus macclellandi）,其次是孟加拉眼镜蛇（Naja kaouthia）与眼镜王蛇（Ophiophagus hannah）。