养殖动物及其相关环境耐药组的研究进展

畜牧养殖业中大量抗生素的使用,导致养殖动物及其相关环境中存在大量的耐药基因/耐药细菌。这些耐药基因可以借助基因水平转移等方式在环境中进一步扩散,甚至进入食品动物随食物链传播,对生态环境、食品安全和人类健康造成极大的威胁。随着基因组学研究手段的不断进步,养殖动物及其相关环境中耐药基因的多样性和生态学分布规律被广泛揭示。文中综述了相关领域耐药基因的研究进展,探讨了其对人体健康的潜在影响,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

饲料油脂氧化对养殖鱼类生长及健康的危害

水产养殖成功与否, 除取决于遗传、环境及养殖管理外, 还与水产饲料的质量 (营养素含量、营养素平衡和原料品质) 息息相关。与畜禽饲料相比, 水产饲料的一大典型特征为富含多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFAs)。在饲料生产加工、储存和运输过程中, 饲料中的PUFAs极易发生自由基链式反应, 产生一系列有害的氧化产物。摄食氧化油脂后, 养殖鱼类的摄食、生长性能、营养物质消化吸收、骨骼发育、肌肉品质和体表色素沉积等均会遭受不利影响, 鱼类的生产性能和健康状态面临严峻威胁。文章总结了饲料油脂氧化对养殖鱼类生长性能及健康状态的危害, 概述了油脂氧化产物的产生过程, 剖析了脂肪氧化产物对动物组织细胞的危害机理, 指出了现有研究所忽略的问题, 并对未来相关研究提出了展望。     

抗生素的环境归宿与生态效应研究进展

抗生素是人类与动物疾病防治中被广泛使用的抑菌或杀菌药物。近年来,随着环境耐药性基因的出现,抗生素引起的环境问题成为公众关注的热点。关于抗生素的检测、环境行为和生态毒性等方面的研究也越来越多。综合已有的研究资料,对抗生素在环境中暴露水平、降解行为及其对生态环境影响等方面进行探讨,并对今后的研究进行展望。     

现代微生物识别技术在水产养殖环境研究中的应用

养殖环境的恶化已成为制约水产业健康发展的瓶颈。鉴于微生物在养殖水体中的重要作用,本文从技术角度对近年来发展起来的现代微生物分子识别技术进行了概括介绍,并综述了以核酸为靶分子和以微生物表面抗原为靶分子的两类微生物识别技术在水产养殖中的应用进展,为水产养殖环境的改善及其病害防治提供参考。     

规模化畜牧养殖对生态环境的影响分析

现在规模化的畜牧养殖现象越来越多,由此它所产生的各种环境问题也开始逐渐的暴露出来,相关的环境保护工作人员开始对规模化畜牧养殖对生态环境的具体影响或者作用进行了具体的研究以及分析,只有这样才能够在根本上解决生态环境的污染问题。     

兽药的生态毒理及其对环境影响的研究进展

药物在环境中的转归和对生态环境的潜在影响已成为国际上研究的热点．兽药以原形或代谢产物形式经畜禽粪尿排出体外,沿不同的路径进入环境．在各种环境因素的作用下,通过不同的方式发生转归．环境中的兽药不仅可以影响不同的生物种群,而且通过不同生物间的关系,影响生态系统．就兽药在环境中的染毒线路、转归、兽药对环境生物(动物、植物、微生物)和土壤过程的影响等方面进行了论述,并简述了药物环境风险评估的重要性．     

水产养殖环境微生物研究进展

近年来,水产养殖产业的迅猛发展在带来巨大经济效益的同时,也使周边水质持续恶化。在水产养殖中,微生物在生态平衡和环境保护方面的作用日益明显。着重介绍了养殖水域菌落结构的持续性变化、微生物在水产养殖中的作用以及水产养殖水域微生物群系组成变化的原因,并阐述了改善养殖水环境的生物修复技术,旨在为水产养殖环境微生物的相关研究及其管理提供参考依据。     

龟鱼混养水质变化对鱼病影响研究

通过对龟鱼混养水体水质与养鱼水体水质进行监测,观察龟鱼混养对水质的影响。实验结果表明龟鱼混养可调节水体酸碱度,增加水体透明度,提高水体溶解氧,降低水体有机物污染,净化水质,改善水体生态环境,同时还能在一定程度上抑制总大肠菌群。龟鱼混养改善了水质,有利于减少鱼病的发生,对减轻鱼病防治中化学性药物对水体环境的危害、建立生态养殖之路、降低养殖成本和推进集约化养殖具有重要的现实意义。     

药物类新污染物的微生物降解机制研究进展

环境微生物作为自然界中主要的分解者蕴含着丰富的遗传和代谢多样性,在有机污染物降解中发挥着重要作用。药物被持续不断地释放到环境中,其环境暴露、环境风险和对人体健康的潜在影响已得到广泛关注。研究药物在环境中的微生物降解过程对于药物的环境命运、药物的环境风险评估和药物污染去除技术的开发等具有重要价值。本文重点综述了目前环境中常检出药物的微生物降解途径及其分子机理,总结了目前药物微生物降解研究领域的进展,最后探讨了药物的微生物降解领域未来的研究趋势。     

海洋固氮生物多样性及其对海洋生产力的氮、碳贡献

固氮生物及其共生体在自然生态系统的氮素供给和生产力的持续发展中有重要作用。是贫营养盐海域和海洋生态系统中新生产力的主要贡献者。就海洋固氮生物研究的历史和现状,以及在世界不同海域和海洋生态环境条件下,海洋固氮生物的物种多样性和在海洋生态环境中的生存方式、共生互作关系多样化,作较全面的概述。综合分析了海洋固氮生物的固氮能力（活性）、在光合固碳中的作用和对初级生产力的贡献。介绍了固氮生物在海洋生物链和海洋不同生态系统和生物群落中的作用及其对环境的影响的最新研究概况。     

Colloidal systems for drug delivery: from design to therapy

Nanomedicine, or medicine using nanometric devices, has emerged in the past decade as an exhilarating domain that can help to solve a number of problems linked to unsatisfactory therapeutic responses of so-called 'old drugs'. This dissatisfaction stems from inadequate biodistribution after a drug's application, which leads to a limited therapeutic response but also to numerous side effects to healthy organs. The biodistribution of drugs encapsulated in a nanoobject that will act as a vector can be modified to tune its therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a general overview of existing colloidal nanovectors: liposomes, polymeric micelles, polymeric vesicles, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and dendrimers. We describe their characteristics, advantages and drawbacks, and discuss their use in the treatment of various diseases.     

模拟水生态系统及其在环境研究中的应用

随着70年代污染生态毒理学的发展,微宇宙作为评价化学品的环境影响的有力工具日益受到重视。由于从点源和非点源释放的化学物质可经直接或间接途径进入水生态系统,水生微宇宙在环境研究中的应用发展很快。早期的研究工作侧重于化学污染物在水环境的归宿。自70年代末以来,研究注意力逐渐集中于有毒物质在水生态系统内不同生物学组织水平上的生态学效应。本文分下列4个方面进行述评:(1)关于模拟生态系统的若干基本概念;(2)应用于环境研究的不同类型水生微宇宙;(3)尚有争议的若干问题;(4)水生微宇宙技术应用的新动向和展望。     

The proteomic response of Mycobacterium smegmatis to anti-tuberculosis drugs suggests targeted pathways

Mycobacterium smegmatis is a fast-growing model mycobacterial system that shares many features with the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis while allowing practical proteomics analysis. With the use of shotgun-style mass spectrometry, we provide a large-scale analysis of the M. smegmatis proteomic response to the anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs isoniazid, ethambutol, and 5-chloropyrazinamide and elucidate the drugs' systematic effects on mycobacterial proteins. A total of 2550 proteins were identified with approximately 5% false-positive identification rate across 60 experiments, representing approximately 40% of the M. smegmatis proteome ( approximately 6500 proteins). Protein differential expression levels were estimated from the shotgun proteomics data, and 485 proteins showing altered expression levels in response to drugs were identified at a 99% confidence level. Proteomic comparison of anti-TB drug responses shows that translation, cell cycle control, and energy production are down-regulated in all three drug treatments. In contrast, systems related to the drugs' targets, such as lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism, show specific protein expression changes associated with a particular drug treatment. We identify proteins involved in target pathways for the three drugs and infer putative targets for 5-chloropyrazinamide.     

粒度变化对城市热岛空间格局分析的影响

尺度是景观格局和生态过程研究中的关键问题。综合目前城市热岛效应研究来看,景观格局指数的引入极大推进了热岛格局的定量研究,然而其尺度效应仍未得到重视。由于热岛空间格局与形成过程的复杂性和人类认识的局限性,对其尺度问题有待深入讨论。基于Landsat TM影像反演地表温度,采用均值-标准差分类方法划分热力等级,对珠三角城市热岛格局特征的粒度效应进行了研究。结果显示:随粒度增加,弱势热力斑块类型下降,向相邻斑块转移;景观指数在类型水平和景观水平均受空间粒度影响明显,"临界粒度"现象明显;总体而言,粒度150 m是城市热岛格局特征的临界粒度,对热岛格局进行景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围为30—150 m;不同景观指数粒度效应曲线有所差异,其中斑块密度和平均分维数在两个水平指数上都有较强的规律性;根据各景观指数变化特征,研究区尺度域主要在(30 m,150 m),表明在该尺度范围内构建的热岛效应预测模型可经简单推绎后使用。分析热岛格局随空间粒度变化特征对了解热岛格局的形成机制及进行尺度推绎具有重要意义。     

Drug affinity to immobilized target bio-polymers by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis

This review addresses the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) as affinity separation methods to characterise drugs or potential drugs-bio-polymer interactions. Targets for the development of new drugs such as enzymes (IMERs), receptors, and membrane proteins were immobilized on solid supports. After the insertion in the HPLC system, these immobilized bio-polymers were used for the determination of binding constants of specific ligands, substrates and inhibitors of pharmaceutical interest, by frontal analyses and zonal elution methods. The most used bio-polymer immobilization techniques and methods for assessing the amount of active immobilized protein are reported. Examples of increased stability of immobilized enzymes with reduced amount of used protein were shown and the advantages in terms of recovery for reuse, reproducibility and on-line high-throughput screening for potential ligands are evidenced. Dealing with the acquisition of relevant pharmacokinetic data, examples concerning human serum albumin binding studies are reviewed. In particular, papers are reported in which the serum carrier has been studied to monitor the enantioselective binding of chiral drugs and the mutual interaction between co-administered drugs by CE and HPLC. Finally CE, as merging techniques with very promising and interesting application of microscale analysis of drugs' binding parameters to immobilized bio-polymers is examined.     

Maternal effects in disease resistance: poor maternal environment increases offspring resistance to an insect virus

Maternal effects can be adaptive and because of their intrinsic time delays may have important effects on population dynamics. In vertebrates, and increasingly invertebrates, it is well established that offspring defence is in part determined by maternal parasite exposure. It has also been suggested that there may be indirect maternal effects on immunity mediated by other components of the maternal environment, including density and resource availability. Here, we examine the effect maternal resource availability has on the immunity of offspring in an insect-virus system. We use five different maternal resource levels and examine immunity in the offspring both directly, by challenge with a virus, and by measuring a major component of the immune system, across three offspring environments. Both the direct infection assay and the measure of immunocompetence show clearly that offspring from mothers in poor environments are more resistant to parasites. This may result from life-history optimization of mothers in poor environments, or because the poor environment acts as a cue for higher disease risk in the next generation. This emphasizes the importance of maternal effects on disease resistance, mediated through indirect environmental factors that will have important implications to both the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite interactions.     

生态环境大数据面临的机遇与挑战

随着大数据时代的到来和大数据技术的迅猛发展,生态环境大数据的建设和应用已初露端倪。为了全面推进生态环境大数据的建设和应用,综述了生态环境大数据在解决生态环境问题中的机遇和优势,并分析了生态环境大数据在应用中所面临的挑战。总结和概括了大数据的概念与特征,又结合生态环境领域的特点,分析了生态环境大数据的特殊性和复杂性。重点阐述了生态环境大数据在减缓环境污染、生态退化和气候变化中的机遇,主要从数据存储、处理、分析、解释和展示等方面阐述生态环境大数据相较于传统数据的优势,通过这些优势说明生态环境大数据将有助于全面提高生态环境治理的综合决策水平。虽然生态环境大数据的应用前景广阔,但也面临着重重挑战,在数据共享和开放、应用创新、数据管理、技术创新和落地、专业人才培养和资金投入等方面还存在着许多问题和困难。在以上分析的基础上,提出了生态环境大数据未来的发展方向,包括各类生态环境数据的标准化、建设生态环境大数据存储与处理分析平台和推动国内外生态环境大数据平台的对接。     

Glyphosate in northern ecosystems

Glyphosate is the main nonselective, systemic herbicide used against a wide range of weeds. Its worldwide use has expanded because of extensive use of certain agricultural practices such as no-till cropping, and widespread application of glyphosate-resistant genetically modified crops. Glyphosate has a reputation of being nontoxic to animals and rapidly inactivated in soils. However, recent evidence has cast doubts on its safety. Glyphosate may be retained and transported in soils, and there may be cascading effects on nontarget organisms. These processes may be especially detrimental in northern ecosystems because they are characterized by long biologically inactive winters and short growing seasons. In this opinion article, we discuss the potential ecological, environmental and agricultural risks of intensive glyphosate use in boreal regions.