酵母PHO2与PHO4蛋白的激活活性的分析及两者的相互作用

ＰＨＯ２与ＰＨＯ４是酵母ＰＨＯ５基因的两个正调控因子,本文发现,ＰＨＯ２与酵母转录因子ＧＡＬ４的ＤＮＡ结合功能域融合后就能激活报道基因ｌａｃＺ的表达,其激活力受高低磷影响,表明ＰＨＯ２蛋白上存在酸性转录激活区。ＰＨＯ２蛋白上酸性氨基酸丰富的２８７－３２６肽段并非ＰＨＯ２的激活区。在ＰＨＯ２蛋白上２３０位Ｓｅｒ处于磷酸化状态２ＰＨＯ２才有激活作用,表明了这一磷酸化位点可能与ＰＨＯ２的转录激活能力有关     

应用实时BIA研究酵母PHO4和PHO2的相互作用

应用实时生物分子相互作用分析技术（ＢＩＡ）分析了酵母ＰＨＯ４和ＰＨＯ２蛋白的相互作用。将ＰＨＯ４蛋白通过氨基耦联在感应片上。进样５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ重组的谷胱甘肽转移酶融合的ＰＨＯ２蛋白（ＧＳＴ－ＰＨＯ２）及其两种突变体融合蛋白。结果表明ＰＨＯ２的２３０位丝氨酸变为天冬氨酸的突变体（ＧＳＴ－２ＳＤ）与ＰＨＯ４有强的表面等离子体激元共振信号,而生型ＰＨＯ２和２３０位丝氨酸变为丙氨酸的突变体（ＧＳＴ－２ＳＡ     

酵母转录因子PHO2在PHO5,HIS4及HO基因表达中的作用

酵母ＰＨＯ２蛋白在多个不同基因的表达中起作用,是一个多效的转录激活因子。本文比较了该因子要ＰＨＯ５,ＨＩＳ４及ＨＯ３种基因表达系统中的作用。ＰＨＯ２的缺失使ＰＨＯ５在低磷时不能去阻遏;使ＨＩＳ４和ＨＯ的表达分别降低到正常的２５％和４０％。如果把克隆于抵拷贝穿梭质粒的ＰＨＯ２基因转入ＰＨＯ２缺陷的酵母菌,则３种基因的表达都恢复正常。     

PHO4和PHO2蛋白与PHO81基因调控序列的相互作用

高效表达产纯化了ＰＨＯ４和ＰＨＯ２蛋白,凝胶阻抑电泳分析证明了ＰＨＯ４和ＰＨＯ２蛋白与ＰＨＯ８１上游－４０１－２８９ｂｐ片段的结合,定点突变ＰＨＯ２的２３０位丝氨酸为天冬氨呈丙氨酸,不影响ＰＨＯ２蛋白与此片段的结合。足迹法分析证明了ＰＨＯ４结合在ＰＨＯ８１基因上游的３５４－３３３ｂｐ,ＰＨＯ２结合在３４１－３３４ｂｐ。因此,这些结果表明－４０１－２８９ｂｐ包含了ＰＨＯ８１的上游激活序列（ＵＡＳ）,     

酵母PAP1与PHO85激酶复合物对PHO4的磷酸化

酵母ＰＨＯ８５结合蛋白ＰＡＰ１与其它的ＰＨＯ８５结合蛋白ＰＨＯ８０、ＰＣＬ１及ＰＣＬ２有较高的同源性。我们上ＰＡＰ１与ＨＡ抗原的融合基因,利用抗－ＨＡ抗体进行免疫沉淀。体外翻译的融合ＨＡ标记肽的ＰＡＰ１与体外翻译的ＰＨＯ８５的免疫共沉淀证明了ＰＡＰ１与ＰＨＯ８５的结合。同时纯化了大肠杆菌表达的ＰＨＯ４蛋白,并构建了Ｐ９ＨＯ８５：：ＰＲＰ１缺失株。ＰＡＰ１与ＨＡ的融合基因被置于酵母ＡＤＨ１启动子的控     

醇母PHO81基因的克隆和表达

从酵母染色体ＤＮＡ中获得１个约３．０ｋｂ的ＢａｍＨＩ的克隆片段和１个约５．０ｋｂ的ＰｓｔＩ片段,前者包含１７４５ｂｐ的ＰＨＯ８１基因编码序列及１２４４ｂｐ的上游序列,后者包含２２３６ｂｐ的编码序列及约２．８ｋｂ的下游序列,经拼接得到完整的ＰＨＯ８１基因。以ＵＲＡ３基因取代部分ＰＨＯ８１的编码序列,通过体内同源重组,获得ＰＨＯ８１基因缺陷的酵母细胞株。构建ＰＨＯ８１－ＬａｃＺ融合基因,以β－半乳糖苷酶的活力表示ＰＨＯ８１基因的表达水平,研究了它的表达作用。ＰＨＯ８１基因为阻遏型表达,受无机磷浓度的控制,高磷使基因表达阻遏,低磷去阻遏。ＰＨＯ８１对其自身的表达有正调控作用,它与ＰＨＯ５和ＰＨＯ１１基因的调控模式相似,但ＰＨＯ８１上游调控序列和ＰＨＯ５及ＰＨＯ１１的同源性很低。     

酵母PHO80基因的克隆,表达及功能分析

利用原位杂交方法从野生型酵母菌染色体ＤＮＡ中克隆了ＰＨＯ８０基因,全长约４．２ｋｂ,包括１．１ｋｂ的上游序列和８７９ｂｐ的编码序列。以ＵＲＡ３基因为筛选标记,通过体内同源重组和营养互补筛选获得了ＰＨＯ８０基因缺失突变株。进一步研究了ＰＨＯ８０在细胞内的功能,它是酵母阻遏型酸性磷酸酯酶结构基因以及调控基因ＰＨＯ８１表达的负调控因子,但不影响ＰＨＯ４和ＰＨＯ８５的表达。还构建了ＰＨＯ８０－ＬａｃＺ融合基因,探索它在细胞内的表达规律。β－半乳糖苷酶活力测定结果表明,ＰＨＯ８０基因在细胞内呈低水平表达,并受自身产物和ＰＨＯ８５的抑制,推测它与ＰＨＯ５和ＰＨＯ８１基因的调控模式可能相似。     

酵母PHO81在酸性磷酸酯酶基因表达调控中的作用

利用酵母ＰＨＯ８１与大肠杆菌β－半乳糖苷酶的融合基因,系统地研究了ＰＨＯ８１基因在酵母酸性磷酸酯酶的不同调控因子的单缺失株和双缺失株中的表达规律,它与酸性磷酸酯酶基因ＰＨＯ５和ＰＨＯ１１的控制机制相似。构建 了ＡＤＨ１启动子控制下ＰＨＯ８１表达质粒。在ＰＨＯ８１在细胞内组成型表达时,酸性磷酸酯酶基因的表达仍受无机磷的控制,提示ＰＨＯ８１蛋白可能在不同浓度无机磷条件发生变构。ＰＨＯ８１的酸性磷酸酯酶     

酵母PHO85结合蛋白PAP1基因的克隆和表达

酵母调探因了ＰＨＯ８５是一个依赖于细胞周期蛋白（ｃｙｃｌｉｎ）的蛋白酶（ＣＤＫ）,参与对细胞周期和酸性磷酸酯酶基因表达的调控。冯ＰＨＯ８５为靶分子,利用酵母的染色体基因文库中克隆到了一个新的与ＰＨＯ８５相结合的蛋白因子的基因,利用酵母双杂交（ｔｗｏ－ｈｙｂｒｉｄ）系统从酵母的染色体基因文加中克隆到了一个新的与ＰＨＯ８５相结合的蛋白因子的基因,将此蛋白质命名为ＰＡＰ１（ＰＨＯ８５ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ     

酵母PHO2蛋白的磷酸化研究

本文报道了ＰＨＯ２蛋白能被一种未知的蛋白激酶磷酸化。ＰＨＯ２蛋白的第２３０－２３３位氨基酸残基因组成一个可能ｐ３４＾ｃｄｃ３／ＣＤＣ２８相关的蛋白激酶识别的一致序列,用点突变的方法将Ｓｅｒ－２３０变成Ａｌａ可导致ＰＨＯ２蛋白激活ＰＨＯ５表达能力的完全丧失。     

The two positively acting regulatory proteins PHO2 and PHO4 physically interact with PHO5 upstream activation regions.

The repressible acid phosphatase gene PHO5 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the two positively acting regulatory proteins PHO2 and PHO4 for expression. pho2 or pho4 mutants are not able to derepress the PHO5 gene under low-Pi conditions. Here we show that both PHO2 and PHO4 bind specifically to the PHO5 promoter in vitro. Gel retardation assays using promoter deletions revealed two regions involved in PHO4 binding. Further characterization by DNase I footprinting showed two protected areas, one located at -347 to -373 (relative to the ATG initiator codon) (UASp1) and the other located at -239 to -262 (UASp2). Exonuclease III footprint experiments revealed stops at -349 and -368 (UASp1) as well as at -245 and -260 (UASp2). Gel retardation assays with the PHO2 protein revealed a binding region that lay between the two PHO4-binding sites. DNase I footprint analysis suggested a PHO2-binding site covering the region between -277 and -296.     

PHO2-dependent degradation of PHO1 modulates phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis thaliana pho2 mutant, which is defective in a ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme, displays inorganic phosphate (Pi) toxicity as a result of enhanced uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Pi. To elucidate downstream components of the PHO2-dependent regulatory pathway, we identified two pho2 suppressors as carrying missense mutations in PHO1, which has been implicated in Pi loading to the xylem. In support of the genetic interaction between PHO1 and PHO2, we found that the protein level of PHO1 is increased in pho2, whereas such accumulation is ameliorated in both pho2 suppressors. Results from cycloheximide and endosomal Cys protease inhibitor E-64d treatments further suggest that PHO1 degradation is PHO2 dependent and involves multivesicular body-mediated vacuolar proteolysis. Using the transient expression system of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves, we demonstrated that PHO1 and PHO2 are partially colocalized and physically interact in the endomembranes, where the ubiquitin conjugase activity of PHO2 is required for PHO1 degradation. In addition, reduced PHO1 expression caused by PHO1 mutations impede Pi uptake, indicating a functional association between xylem loading and acquisition of Pi. Together, our findings uncover a pivotal molecular mechanism by which PHO2 modulates the degradation of PHO1 in the endomembranes to maintain Pi homeostasis in plants.     

PHO80、PHO85基因和芽殖酵母金属离子耐受

PHO8 5基因是芽殖酵母中的一个多功能基因。它参与了无机磷酸的代谢、碳源利用、糖原积累、特定蛋白质的降解和细胞周期调控。研究了酵母株YPH499及其衍生的pho85缺失株、pho80缺失株、pap1(pcl7)缺失株在不同浓度的不同金属离子中的存活情况 ,结果表明和芽殖酵母YPH499相比 ,pho85缺失株和pho80缺失株表现出对K 、Mg2 、Zn2 、Ca2 和Mn2 的耐受下降 ,而PAP1基因的缺失则不会导致芽殖酵母对上述金属离子的敏感性的变化 ;而对Cu2 ,3株突变株都表现出和YPH499相同的耐受性。同时测定了各缺失株和YPH499对上述金属离子的半致死浓度以及pho85缺失株、pho80缺失株和YPH499的细胞内总钙量。这些结果显示 ,PHO85蛋白激酶通过和它的PCLPHO80而不是PAP1结合 ,参与了芽殖酵母K 、Mg2 、Zn2 、Ca2 和Mn2 离子平衡的调控。PHO85和PHO80基因的缺失损害了芽殖酵母钙的储存。     

Negative regulators of the PHO system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: isolation and structural characterization of PHO85.

One of the negative regulators of the PHO system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PHO85, has been isolated by transformation and complementation of a pho85 strain. The complementing activity was delimited within a 1258 bp DNA segment and this region has been sequenced. The largest open reading frame found in this region can encode a protein of 302 amino acid residues. A pho85 mutant resulted from disruption of the chromosomal counterpart of the open reading frame described above. Therefore, we concluded that the gene we have cloned is PHO85. This result also indicates that PHO85 is nonessential. Northern analysis revealed that the size of the PHO85 message is 1.1 kb. No similarity was found between the putative amino acid sequences of two negative regulators, the PHO80 and PHO85 proteins.