Sabin-IPV抗原性及免疫原性分析

目的比较3个不同厂家的Sabin-IPV抗原性及免疫原性特点。方法采用ELISA方法,利用血清型和抗原位点特异性的单克隆抗体检测Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗D抗原含量,分析疫苗相对D抗原含量和单克隆抗体的相对反应性,评估疫苗抗原性;利用大鼠体内效力试验分析Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗的免疫原性,评估疫苗效力。结果与英国国家c IPV标准品Pu91相比,3个厂家的Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗相对D抗原含量存在差异,其中C厂家的相对D抗原含量最高;3个厂家的血清Ⅰ型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗抗原性差异无统计学意义;血清Ⅱ型中,除B厂家的Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗的抗原位点1的抗原性较弱以外,A、C其2个厂家的Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗抗原性差异无统计学意义;血清Ⅲ型中,3个厂家的Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗与抗原性差异有统计学意义。接种Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗的大鼠血清对Sabin株及Salk株病毒具有良好中和效力。结论除血清Ⅲ型外,血清Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型Sabin株脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗的抗原性与疫苗免疫原性一致。ELISA检测疫苗抗原性的方法有望替代疫苗动物体内效力评价试验。     

肠道病毒EV71疫苗效力国家参考品的协作标定

目的建立肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)疫苗效力参考品,用于EV71疫苗效力的小鼠ED50检测质量控制。方法选取经Ⅲ期临床试验验证具有良好保护效果的一批EV71疫苗作为候选参考品,采用EV71小鼠ED50检测方法,对候选参考品进行效力的协作标定及适用性研究。结果候选参考品在各实验室的ED50均值分别为9.5~51.0 U,CV为3.8%~18.7%;5个实验室总均值为23.5 U,CV为60.9%。各实验室检测结果均符合正态分布;3个EV71灭活疫苗与参考品均表现出了良好的剂量效应关系,中和抗体阳转率均随疫苗稀释度的增加而降低,下降曲线形态相近。当以候选参考品为标准,3个灭活疫苗的体内效价比均值分别为2.7倍、0.8倍和0.9倍;CV分别为5.5%、27.5%和11.2%。结论建立的EV71疫苗效力国家参考品(320 U/0.5 m L),可用于EV71疫苗效力的小鼠ED_(50)检测质量控制。     

金黄色葡萄球菌a-溶血素亚单位疫苗在小白鼠模型的免疫效力评价

目的:以小白鼠为试验模型,检测金黄色葡萄球菌α 溶血素基因工程蛋白单位疫苗的抗体效价水平和免疫保护力,初步评价此亚单位疫苗的免疫效力。方法:Bradfrod法对目的蛋白进行蛋白含量测定,Geoffroy法测定目的蛋白半数溶血效价和活性,建立ELISA方法测定抗体效价,并且通过攻毒得出疫苗免疫保护力。结果:纯化的目的蛋白在53kDa处显示单一条带,蛋白含量为0.1278mg/ml;溶血比活为8012.5HU/mg;所有试验小鼠在首免一周后采集的血清中都检测到了特异性抗体,而抗体效价开始时呈逐渐上升趋势,达最高值后随时间延长逐渐降低。结论:纯化的目的蛋白达到电泳级纯度,且依然保持良好的黏附活性,蛋白疫苗作用机体产生的抗体水平符合抗体消长规律。     

血源乙型肝炎疫苗的效力稳定性试验研究

对保存温度分别为３７℃、２－８℃、１８－２２℃,保存时间分别为１年、１．５年、２．５年的血源乙型肝炎疫苗进行了效力稳定性试验。结果表明,３７℃保存４周经效力测试已无活性存在,而２－８℃、１８－２２℃保存１年、１．５年、２．５年的疫苗经效力试验测定,２－８℃试ＥＤ５０／参ＥＤ５０比值可达１．０５－２．７４,２．５年后比值仍可达１．０５－１．６７,保持在合格限以上。但１８－２２℃试ＥＤ５０／参ＥＤ５０比值为０．７８－１．５２,其活性已下降。试验结果表明血源乙型肝炎疫苗在２－８℃保存的疫苗稳定性良好,其有效期至少在２．５年以上。     

人免疫球蛋白中肠道病毒71型中和抗体效价的测定

目的:对人免疫球蛋白和肠道病毒71型和抗体效价进行测定。方法:采用微量细胞病变法,以试验和毒株-01、毒株-02进行检测,对比三种试验检测结果的差异。结果:检测人免疫球蛋白中肠道病毒71型中和抗体效价范围在105~256之间,效价≥239为12批,占总批数的40%,效价≥256为10批,占总批数的33.3%;毒株-01检测效价范围约为224~476,平均滴度为334。3批静注肠道病毒71型平均滴度为1400,高于3个厂家10批人免疫球蛋白含量,(P<0.05)。毒株-02检测效价范围在195~620之间,平均滴度为330,与毒株-01的检测结果差异不明显,不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。毒株-01和毒株-02检测的17批人免疫球蛋白的肠道病毒71型中和抗体平均滴度为333,效价≥256,可应用于临床重症治疗。结论:经检测,我国各厂家中的人免疫球蛋白中的肠道病毒71型中核抗体效价均为阳性,静注肠道病毒71型免疫球蛋白高于普通人免疫球蛋白的中和效价。     

CHO细胞重组乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫原性及保存稳定性的研究

将9批CHOC28细胞重组乙肝疫苗（简称CHO苗）与同期生产的48批血源性化学灭活疫苗（简称血源苗）,检定所CHO参比苗、血源参比苗、酵母重组苗和巴士德CHO苗按10μg／ml同等剂量进行免疫原性的比较。产生小民免疫后50％阳转的最小抗原至平均值分别是0.10μg、0．17μg、0．18μg、0．35μg、0.79μg和0．18μg,CHO苗与血源苗的免疫原性水平均较高,但前者优势明显,而酵母重组苗的EDO结果最差。武汉所CHO苗在4～8℃保存2年后ED50均值仍是0．14μg,有效抗原性基本不变,CHO参比苗2年后ED50为0．35μg,仍具有高效免疫活性;血源参比苗稳定性效果一年半的ED5O为1.20;稳定性最差的是该批酵母重组苗,在1年内ED50位降至稀释度4以下（大于2．5μg）。上述结果表明CHO细胞重组苗在长期保存稳定性方面质量可靠,同类苗中武汉所疫苗占一定的优势。     

戊型肝炎疫苗上市后质量控制

目的对中国独创的基因重组戊型肝炎(hepatitis E,HE)疫苗Hecolin~?上市后质量的一致性进行评价。方法比较了Hecolin~?批签发疫苗与III期临床试验疫苗的效力试验检测结果,进而通过趋势分析评价Hecolin~?疫苗上市5年来的批间质量一致性。结果批签发疫苗与Ⅲ期临床试验疫苗的体内效力试验结果一致。批签发疫苗体内效力、铝含量、硫柳汞含量、p H等关键指标,中国食品药品检定研究院与企业的趋势分析结果均显示具有较好的一致性。结论趋势分析结果表明,上市后Hecolin~?疫苗批间质量一致性较好,质量稳定。     

双抗体夹心ELISA法检测狂犬病疫苗抗原活性组分

采用多克隆双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法快速检测狂犬病毒抗原含量。结果表明,灵敏度达到１５μｇ／ｍｌ,同时特异性及变异系数均合乎要求。本方法用于精制狂苗制备过程中有效抗原活性组分的检测准确、快速、重复性好,且抗原的ＥＬＩＳＡ效价与ＮＩＨ动物法测定效价具有平行趋势。     

多效唑对紫穗槐生长及生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法研究了土施不同浓度多效唑(1、5、10、15、20 mg/L)对紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa Linn.)生长及生理特性的影响,以探明多效唑对紫穗槐的作用机制和最佳处理方式。结果显示:随着多效唑处理浓度(1~20 mg/L)的增加,紫穗槐幼苗株高、单叶面积和主根长呈下降趋势,基径、叶片长宽比、根鲜重和根冠比呈上升趋势;多效唑各处理均使紫穗槐幼苗叶片的相对含水量、叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,POD活性显著增加,MDA含量和相对电导率显著下降。采用隶属函数法对各项生长、生理指标进行综合评价,结果发现20 mg/L多效唑处理下紫穗槐幼苗的抗性最强。说明多效唑可通过调节紫穗槐幼苗的生物量分配、水分状况、细胞渗透性和抗氧化性等,有效改善其生长、生理特性及提高抗逆性。本研究结果为多效唑在边坡植被建成和恢复中的应用提供了理论依据。     

A semi-quantitative serological method to assess the potency of inactivated rabies vaccine for veterinary use

Potency is one of the most important indexes of inactivated vaccines. A number of methods have been established to assay the potency, of which the NIH test and single-dose mouse protection test are the “prescribed methods”. Here, we report a method to semi-quantitatively assay the potency of an inactivated rabies vaccine, which uses fewer animals and takes less time to complete. Depending on the quality requirements of a vaccine (e.g. minimum potency), a rabies reference vaccine is, for example, diluted to the minimum potency, and 50 μL of the dilution is taken to inoculate 10 mice. The same amount of the test rabies vaccine is inoculated into another 10 mice. After two weeks, all mice are bled and serum samples are assayed for viral neutralizing antibody by the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test. By comparing the median and interquartile range of antibody titers of the reference vaccine with those of the test vaccine, the test vaccine potency can be semi-quantitatively judged as to whether it is in accord with the required quality. The reliability of this method was also confirmed in dogs. The procedure can be recommended for batch potency testing during inactivated rabies vaccine production.     

Report on the international workshop on alternative methods for human and veterinary rabies vaccine testing: State of the science and planning the way forward

Potency testing of most human and veterinary rabies vaccines requires vaccination of mice followed by a challenge test using an intracerebral injection of live rabies virus. NICEATM, ICCVAM, and their international partners organized a workshop to review the availability and validation status of alternative methods that might reduce, refine, or replace the use of animals for rabies vaccine potency testing, and to identify research and development efforts to further advance alternative methods. Workshop participants agreed that general anesthesia should be used for intracerebral virus injections and that humane endpoints should be used routinely as the basis for euthanizing animals when conducting the mouse rabies challenge test. Workshop participants recommended as a near-term priority replacement of the mouse challenge with a test validated to ensure potency, such as the mouse antibody serum neutralization test for adjuvanted veterinary rabies vaccines for which an international collaborative study was recently completed. The workshop recommended that an in vitro antigen quantification test should be a high priority for product-specific validation of human and non-adjuvanted veterinary rabies vaccines. Finally, workshop participants recommended greater international cooperation to expedite development, validation, regulatory acceptance, and implementation of alternative test methods for rabies vaccine potency testing.     

A review of the effectiveness of vaccine potency control testing

The use of potency control testing is a valuable tool for testing the actual relative strength of manufactured assembly lots of vaccine. Biological-based manufacturing methods are inherently variable and potency testing is a tool to ensure lot-to-lot consistency of commercial vaccines. A strong historical link to clinical efficacy has been established where correlation to efficacy and adequate test validation have been achieved. The link to immunogenicity and efficacy has traditionally been strongest with attenuated vaccines and toxoids. Control potency test failure does predict that a serial or batch of vaccine would most likely provide insufficient immunogenicity in typical field applications. Because of the complexity of pathogenic processes and associated immune responses, potency tests may not always directly predict the effectiveness of a vaccine. Thus, vaccines that pass control potency testing may not always provide adequate efficacy. This is particularly true of adjuvanted, inactivated vaccines. In the development of vaccine formulations and control tests for vaccines, the nature of the desired protective immune responses to the targeted pathogen (when known) should be considered. These considerations could provide better alternatives in the assays chosen as correlates of immunity and may more accurately predict efficacy and assure batch-to-batch consistency. Also, the effects of the dose and duration of antigen exposure as well as the nature of antigen presentation and generation of extrinsic cytokines could be characterised and correlated to vaccine potency as additional indicators of vaccine efficacy.     

改良抗体结合实验检测灭活狂犬病疫苗效价

目的:建立抗体结合试验检测狂犬病疫苗(aG株)效价的方法。方法:将待检测疫苗与疫苗标准品梯度稀释后分别加入人抗狂犬病毒免疫球蛋白国家标准品中和1 h,之后加入80%感染剂量的狂犬病毒CVS-11,体外中和1h后接种BSR细胞,培养24 h后免疫荧光染色,在显微镜下观察结果,通过检测剩余病毒量计算待检疫苗的效价,同时与小鼠中和试验法(NIH法)测定狂犬病疫苗效价进行比较。结果:2种方法对8个样品效价的检测结果无显著统计学差异(P=0.997,配对t检验)。结论:初步建立了改良抗体结合试验,可用于狂犬病疫苗中间产品的质量控制。     

Potency test of hepatitis B vaccines by the parallel line assay method in mice

Adequate conditions for the potency test of hepatitis B (HB) vaccines in mice were looked for. Preliminary tests showed that BALB/c female mice of 5 weeks of age are adequate for the test. An immunization period of 5 weeks was found satisfactory for the test. Under these conditions, mice were immunized with each of serial dilutions of the test vaccine and a reference vaccine. The use of the parallel line assay method and the expression of the potency relative to that of the reference vaccine gave a reliable estimate of the potency of HB vaccine.     

Rabies vaccine standardization: International collaborative study for the characterization of the fifth international standard for rabies vaccine

A collaborative study was carried out to establish a replacement for the International Standard for Rabies Vaccine, the stocks of which are exhausted. Three rabies vaccines for human use derived from different rabies virus strains and prepared on different cell culture substrates were compared with the International Standard for Rabies Vaccine using in vivo and in vitro assay methods in a collaborative study involving 14 participants. The proposed fifth International Standard (PISRAV) which was derived from the same virus strain as the present international standard preparation, the Pitman Moore (PM) strain, was found to be approximately twice as potent relative to the International Standard in immunogenicity assays as in antigenicity assays. On the other hand another vaccine, derived from the LEP strain, was considerably more potent in antigenicity assays than in immunogenicity assays. The glycoprotein of the proposed replacement standard measured in antigenicity assays appeared to be stable at +37 degrees C for 245 days, whereas the immunogenicity of the proposed replacement vaccine was sensitive to this heat treatment and the vaccine lost 66% of its immunogenic potency. The results of this study indicate that the NIH protection test should continue to form the primary basis for potency assay of rabies vaccine as glycoprotein content does not appear to correlate with immunogenic potency for different types of vaccine. The vaccine coded PISRAV has been established as the fifth International Standard for Rabies Vaccine and a potency of 16 International Units of Rabies Vaccine (based on the immunogenicity assays) assigned to the contents of each ampoule. Each ampoule has also been assigned a unitage of 10 IU of PM Rabies Virus Glycoprotein and 135 IU of PM Rabies Virus Ribonucleoprotein.     

Use of a monoclonal antibody for quantitation of rabies vaccine glycoprotein by enzyme immunoassay

The use of a monoclonal antibody specific for the envelope glycoprotein of rabies virus has been used in a direct enzyme immunoassay to quantify the glycoprotein content of rabies vaccines produced in two kinds of cell culture. The results of this direct enzyme immunoassay are well correlated with the in vivo NIH potency test. This test may be a useful tool to rapidly and accurately control the antigenic value of a vaccine. It could also be used for the "in process' control of vaccine production before deciding whether a vaccine batch may reasonably be subjected to the NIH potency test.     

A rapid quantitative microtest for live, attenuated rabies vaccine

A rapid fluorescent antigen test (RFAT) was developed in microplates to evaluate quantitatively attenuated, live rabies vaccine, ERA strain, at different stages of vaccine manufacture. This technique is based on the principle of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Several samples of bulk rabies vaccine (ERA strain) were tested in parallel using the RFAT and the mouse lethal dose 50 (M-LD50) test, the method currently used to evaluate vaccine potency. Although the two tests were found to be comparable in sensitivity the RFAT is of significant benefit in terms of simplicity and rapidity for potency evaluation during vaccine manufacture.     

Standardization of cholera vaccine and preparation of a national reference standard

The antigenic potency of the proposed national reference preparations in comparison with that of the corresponding international reference preparations was studied by means of the active protection test in mice. The antigenic potency of the proposed national reference preparations for Inaba and Ogawa was found to be the same or even greater than the antigenic potency of the international reference preparations for cholera vaccine. A high level of antigenic activity was observed during comparison of a production lot of cholera divaccine with the international reference preparation and the national reference preparation in parallel tests. The proposed national reference preparations for Inaba and Ogawa may be used for evaluating the antigenic potency of the lot of cholera vaccine produced in Bulgaria as the standard preparation.     

Reduction of numbers of animals used in the quality control of biologicals

Laboratory animals are used for the quality control of vaccines. In particular, the potency testing of batches of inactivated vaccine requires large numbers of animals. The possibilities for reduction have been evaluated, and the results are summarised in this paper. Several approaches were studied, including the retrospective analysis of test data, with the objectives of determining the minimum number of animals required per vaccine dilution group, and evaluating the feasibility of a single-dose potency test. Other studies focused on the development of serology-based models and the use of genetically uniform animals. Based on the outcome of these studies, a substantial reduction in the number of animals used for the potency testing of toxoid vaccines has been achieved or will be achieved in the near future. As reduction alternatives can generally be explored in a relatively simpler and less time-consuming way than replacement alternatives, more emphasis should be placed on reduction strategies than at present.