乌孜别克族成人的体型特点

目的：了解乌孜别克族成人的体型特点。方法：运用HeathCarter体型法对201名（男110,女91）乌孜别克族成人体型进行分析。结果：乌孜别克族男性为偏内胚层的中胚层型体型（3.7—5.1—2.0）,女性为偏中胚层的内胚层型体型（5.9—4.9—1.4）。60岁之前随年龄增长,男女性均呈内、中因子值上升而外因子值下降的趋势,二者体型的性别差异极显著。与其他群体相比,乌孜别克族女性的中因子成分明显占优,男性平均体型则与加拿大人最相似。结论：乌孜别克族成年男女的体格都比较健壮。     

从体型特征来探讨中国夏尔巴人的族源

中国夏尔巴人是未识别民族。本文研究中国夏尔巴人体型特点,并通过夏尔巴人与中国其他族群体型比较,从体质人类学角度为夏尔巴人的族源研究提出新的证据。测量夏尔巴人的体质数据,采用Heath-Carter法计算夏尔巴人的体型值,通过主成分分析法分析夏尔巴人与其他族群体型的特点和相似程度,从体质人类学方面对夏尔巴人的族源提出看法。西藏夏尔巴人男性平均体型为均衡的中胚层体型,体脂发育水平中等,骨骼、肌肉比较发达,身体线性度中等。女性平均体型为偏内胚层的中胚层体型,夏尔巴人女性的体型特点是体脂欠发达,骨骼和肌肉含量中等,身体线性度中等。夏尔巴人男性、女性与怒族、木雅人、尔苏人体型接近。体部特征分析不支持夏尔巴人是藏族分支的观点。体型特征支持夏尔巴人源于党项羌的观点。     

Which is the best anthropometric technique to identify obesity: body mass index, waist circumference or waist-hip ratio?

This study was designed to define the most suitable anthropometric technique among body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) as indices of obesity in adult people living in Adana, a Southern province of Turkey. A random sample design was used. A total of 900 individuals (men and non-pregnant women aged 25-65 years) were enrolled in the study. Of subjects, 50.9% were females. Anthropometric measurements were performed. Data were analysed using statistical package program. The prevalence of obesity among adults living in Adana was 20.8% 28.4% when defined using BMI, 30.5% by WC and 15.8% 42.0% by WHR. Truncal obesity and gynoid obesity showed similar prevalence with 26.6%, in the same age group. Waist circumference, BMI and WHR identified different proportions of the population, as measured for obesity prevalence. The most common methods for diagnosing overweight and obesity are based on BMI (kg/m2). However, BMI is suboptimal marker for total body fat percentage and even less suitable to assess body fat distribution. WHR is the most useful measure of obesity and the best simple anthropometric index in predicting a wide range of risk factors and related health conditions.     

云南蒙古族体质特征

在云南省通海县调查了439例(男为202例, 女为237例)蒙古族人的67项体质指标(9项观察指标和58项测量指标), 计算出32项体质指数, 并对身高和11项指数进行了分型统计。研究结果表明: (1)云南蒙古族有蒙古褶率较低,有上眼睑皱褶率较低。鼻根高度男的中型率最高, 女的低型率最高。鼻翼高度男女均以中型率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度男女多为中等; 耳垂男女以三角形率最高。发色多为黑色, 眼色多为褐色, 肤色多为黄色。(2)云南蒙古族身高男女均为亚中等身材, 男性的亚中等型率最高, 女性的矮型率最高。按分型比例来看, 云南蒙古族男女均为中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、超狭面型、中胸型、中肩型、中腿型、窄骨盆型、中躯干型率最高。头宽高指数男性为中头型率最高, 女性为阔头型率最高。(3)在7个蒙古族族群中, 蒙古族头长值、鼻高值最大, 鼻宽、口裂宽、形态面高值最大,头宽、额最小宽、面宽、身高、体重值最小。(4)在14个云南族群中, 云南蒙古族形态面高、鼻高、体重值大, 身高值较大,鼻宽、口裂宽值较小。(5)云南蒙古族体质与阿昌、白族、彝族最为接近。(6)云南蒙古族总体上属于蒙古人种南亚类型体质, 是南亚类型中体质相对接近于北亚类型的一个族群。(7)云南蒙古族体质形成与其族源及与周边族群的基因交流有关。     

布依族成人Heath-Carter法体型研究

本文运用Heath-Carter人体测量体型方法,研究了贵州省布依族494例(男259例,女235例)成人体型。研究结果表明:(1)布依族男性与女性平均体型均为偏内胚层的中胚层体型,男性均数为3·0—5·3—2·4,女性均数为4·3—4·9—1·9。(2)随年龄增长,布依族男性内因子值变化不大,中因子值增大,外因子值减小。但总的说来,男性体型各年龄组变化不大。(3)随年龄增长,女性内因子值与中因子值增大,外因子值减小。(4)布依族体型介于南方人群和北方人群之间。     

Sexual dimorphism in reactions to stress during regular and altered photoperiods

Sexual dimorphism of rats in response to physiological stress influences was discovered. The emotional stress in female animals caused a sharp intensification of synthesis and corticosterone secretion, while in males there was an increase only in hormone synthesis and not its secretion. Females are more sensitive even to short-term changes in photoperiod. Stress reaction in females under conditions of three-day light depressed sharply and increased under conditions of three-day darkness. Stress reaction in males did not change under these conditions. The reactivity of adaptation system in females shortens the period of adaptation to the altered illumination regimen, which is manifested in the restoration of typical stress reactions. In males, refractoriness to weak stress influences lengthens the period of adaptation, which is manifested in the suppression of typical stress reaction observed in males.     

Changes in somatotypes of European males between 17 and 24 years

In order to examine the possible changes in somatotype of young males, 14 boys who had been somatotyped annually from 11 to 18 years by the Health-Carter anthropometric rating method were re-somatotyped at 24 years. The analysis focused on years 17, 18 and 24. Discriminant analysis, somatotype dispersion indices and distances, and the I-index were used to analyze the data. The findings showed a significant shift in somatotype from ectomorphmesomorph towards endo-mesomorphy between 17 and 24 years. This shift was greater than that observed by Zuk ('58), and was in the same direction. It is hypothesized that the somatotypes of males become more endo-mesomorphic from 17 years to the mid-twenties.     

Morphofunctional parameters and adaptation capabilities of students at the beginning of the third millennium

On the basis of comprehensive anthropometrical observation of 1st and 2nd year students from different faculties of Moscow State University (MSU) carried out in 2002-2003, functional characteristics of the cardiovascular system (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) were investigated in 205 young men and 327 young women along with traditional morphological parameters. In comparisons of contemporary young men and women with their peers, whose characteristics were obtained in the course of investigations carried out over the period 1920-1990, secular trends towards an increase of body length and a worsening of strength indices were detected. Evaluation and comparative analysis of adaptation capabilities of students were carried out based on screening and assessment of adaptation potential using the Bayevsky method (1987). It was shown that the parameters of physical development and the level of adaptation of an organism to environmental conditions can be used as additional markers for determination of the health status of contemporary students for early prevention of some diseases, improvement of their physical status and increase of adaptation potentials.     

蒙古族体型的Heath—Carter人体测量法研究

本文运用Ｈｅａｔｈ－Ｃａｒｌｅｒ人体测量体型法,研究了内蒙古科左后旗４８０例蒙古族人的体型。研究结果表明：（１）蒙古族平均体型男性为内胚－中胚均衡型,女性为偏中胚型的内胚型;（２）男女间体型存在差极显著性差异;（３）随着年龄的增长,蒙古族男女体型均呈内胚型值增大,外胚型值减小的变化。女性３５岁以后体型变化显著;（４）与其它群体相比,蒙古族人内胚型值较高,男性中胚型值偏低、女性外胚型值偏低。     

布依族体质特征研究

本文调查了布依族成年人494例(男为259例,女为235例)的体质特征,计算出58项测量项目的均值和标准差、31项指数值和9项观察项目的出现率,并与国内一些群体的体质特征进行了比较,得出布依族的体质特征为:上眼睑皱褶出现率高,男为95 .4%,女为97. 0%。蒙古褶出现率低,男为30. 5%,女为35. 3%。鼻根男多为中等型,女多为低型。鼻翼高度多为中等。多为圆形耳垂。发色多为黑色,眼色多为褐色。男性多为黄色肤色,女性多为浅黄色肤色。圆头型、高头型、阔头型、阔面型、中鼻型、中躯干型、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型出现率最高。男身高均值为158. 6cm,女身高均值为149. 4cm。     

Body composition and fat distribution pattern of urban elderly females, Delhi, India

The present study was conducted on females (n = 279) in the age range of 51-89 year, living in the urban dwellings of Delhi, India. Another group of 21-25 years old young adult females was taken as a control group. A total of 14 anthropometric measurements were taken: stature, sitting height, weight, skinfold thickness at nine different sites over the body and body girths such as upper arm, waist and hip circumference. Indices like body mass index, grand mean thickness, waist-hip ratio were computed to assess the body composition. Fat profile and responsiveness of different skinfold sites towards fat accumulation were studied to find out the regional fat distribution with advancing age. Redistribution of body fat was found to take place with increasing age. A relative preponderance of upper body fat was visible among elderly subjects. However, a clear reverse trend was observed in the young control group females. Significant differences were observed with regards to the body composition and fat profile between young adult females and test group females. Abdomen and the sub-scapular area were reported to be the most sensitive sites for fat deposition as the age advanced. The stature and sitting height showed significant decline with age. All the indices of adiposity i.e. grand mean thickness, waist-hip ratio and body mass index revealed significant changes in elderly females when compared with young adult control group females.     

Cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress: relationship with menstrual cycle and gender

The purpose of the present study was to determine the fluctuation in cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress during the menstrual cycle by comparing heart rate variability (HRV), and other physiological and psychological data in females with those in males. Cardiovascular reactivity to two mental tasks was measured in 14 females during the follicular and luteal phase of menstruation over two menstrual cycles. The same tasks were subsequently given to a matched pair of males (N=14), at the same intervals as their corresponding females. Heart rate, blood pressure and HRV were used as indices of cardiovascular reactivity. Subjective mental workload was measured at the end of each task. Power spectral analysis of HRV showed that the high frequency (HF) component in HRV decreased more during the luteal phase than the follicular phase. The low frequency (LF) component in HRV and the LF/HF ratio in the luteal phase were significantly higher than that in the follicular phase. The LF component and the LF/HF ratio were significantly lower in females than in males; conversely, the HF component was significantly higher in females than in males. Neither significant effects of menstrual cycle, gender and mental stress nor any significant interactions were found for mental workload. These findings indicate that sympathetic nervous activity in the luteal phase is significantly greater than in the follicular phase whereas parasympathetic nervous activity is predominant in the follicular phase. The results also suggest that predominance of sympathetic nervous activity in males compared with a dominant parasympathetic nervous activity in females.     

江西赣州城市成年客家人体型及其年龄变化

采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对江西城市客家人304例(男154例,女150例)进行了体型评定。结果显示:1)江西城市客家人男性平均体型值为4.0-4.6-2.0,属于偏内胚层的中胚层体型;女性平均体型值为5.0-4.2-1.9,属于偏中胚层的内胚层体型。2)男女均以30岁为体型分界点,表现为30岁前后的体型差异。3)60岁前男女体型存在显著性差异。60岁后男女体型没有差异。4)与国内其他城市汉族比较,城市客家人男性平均体型点与内蒙古汉族最近,女性与云南汉族最为接近。客家人男女体型较其他城市汉族纤瘦,身体的线性度较高。     

The organism tolerance to extreme factors: physiological basis, regulation, prediction

The modern ideas about organism reactivity and tolerance, approaches to their estimation and prediction were observed in the paper. The ionizing radiation used as the basic factor, because this factor is the most convenient for the experimental investigation and experimental modeling of the different factors. The individual radiotolerance were observed as the reflection and the component of the organism general nonspecific tolerance. The enough voluminous of different physical factors combined influences were investigated, their reciprocally modified influences to the organism tolerance were estimated. The investigation of mammalian organism tolerance types and tactics of adaptation to the repeated influence of the stress-factors opens the new way to their estimation and prediction. The enough simple and reliable method of the individual tolerance (in particular, with used of the hormonal regulation system indices) were devised. This method is more effective than methods devised earlier.     

Somatotype of the individuals with lower extremity amputation and its association with cardiovascular risk

Anthropometric somatotyping is one of the methods to describe the shape of the human body, which shows some associations with an individual's health and disease condition, especially with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Individuals with lower extremity amputation (LEA) are known to be more vulnerable to the cardiovascular risk. The objectives of the present study are to report the somatotype of the individuals having lower extremity amputation, to study the possible variation in somatotype between two groups of amputated individuals, and to study the association between cardiovascular disease risk factor and somatotype components among individuals with locomotor disability. 102 adult male individuals with unilateral lower-extremity amputation residing in Calcutta and adjoining areas were investigated. The anthropometric data for somatotyping and data on cardiovascular risk traits (such as body mass index, blood pressure measurements, blood lipids) have been collected. The somatotyping technique of Carter & Heath (1990) has been followed. The result shows high mean values of endomorphy and mesomorphy components and a low mean value of the ectomorphy component among the amputated individuals having cardiovascular risks. The results of both discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis show a significant relationship between somatotype components and CVD risk among the individuals with LEA. The findings of the present study support the findings of similar studies conducted on the normal population. Diagnosis of CVD risk condition through somatotyping can be utilized in prevention/treatment management for the individuals with LEA.     

The skeletal biology of two Italian peninsular Magna Graecia necropoles, Timmari and Montescaglioso

The aim of this work is to outline a general picture of life style and conditions of a population living in Magna Graecia between the 7th and the 4th c. BC by the study of human skeletal remains found in two necropoles from the Matera province, Timmari and Montescaglioso, neighbouring Metaponto, one of the main Ionian Greek colonies. The biological reconstruction was attempted by a holistic approach which foresees the use of anthropometric, anthroposcopic, palaeodemographic, palaeopathological data, the study of skeletal and dentoalveolar indicators of environmental stress and the integration with archaeological and historical information. Interpretation of the results was also based on comparisons with coeval sites from Central-Southern Italy, from Greece and with earlier and later sites from the same region. The two samples from Matera did not show appreciable differences with the other Southern Italian coeval series when compared on the basis of metric and morphometric traits. The comparison with Greek samples was hampered by the scarcity of pertinent data. A high level of muscular activity was observed in males and females, with males clearly more mobile than females. Sexual dimorphism and limb bone lateralisation were marked. Health conditions and nutritional status were good.     

Age-related alterations in NOS and oxidative stress in mesenteric arteries from male and female rats.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that advancing age affects the cardiovascular system of men and women differently. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of aging on nitric oxide synthase (NOS), oxidative stress, and vascular function are different in males and females. Mesenteric arteries from young (3 mo) and old (24 mo) male and female Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats were studied. Western blot analysis and NOS activity were performed on the homogenized mesenteric arterial bed separated into cytosolic and membrane-associated fractions. Plasma 8-isoprostane measurements assessed oxidative stress. Vascular reactivity was determined by using a wire myograph in the absence and presence of a NOS inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine, to examine endothelial function and basal and stimulated nitric oxide release. In additional arteries, reactivity was performed in the presence of polyethylene glycol-SOD to assess the impact of superoxide on vascular function. Among females, aging was associated with a decline in membrane-associated NOS activity and membrane-associated NOS III protein expression. Advancing age in males was associated with increased cytosolic NOS III protein expression. Among both males and females, advancing age resulted in increased oxidative stress. Vascular function was maintained with age in arteries from both males and females, and there was no difference in either basal or stimulated nitric oxide release with age. Despite sex-specific effects of advancing age on the NOS system and increases in markers of oxidative stress, vascular function is maintained in mesenteric arteries from aged Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats. These data suggest that age-related alterations in the resistance vasculature are complex and likely involve multiple compensating vasoactive pathways.     

Non-disjunction mutations inDrosophila exposed to magnetic fields

The frequency of XO mutations inDrosophila melanogaster was significantly higher than normal in magnetic field exposed, immature males, than in exposed, mature males. Mutation levels increased with magnetic field strength. Intercellular rings of black magnetic particles were formed in the high magnetic flux region of dorsally exposed, early stage pupae and to a lesser degree in the abdomen of young adult females. Orientation of minute, chromosome associated, magnetic domains within the microenvironment of the developing organism was believed to alter oxidative processes within maturing X⁺ sperm which during fertilization were incompatible with and destructive to an X^w chromosome in the zygote.     

贵州土家族体质人类学研究

本文对394名(男183人, 女211人)生活在贵州的土家族进行活体观察和测量(观察项目28个, 测量项目64个)。调查对象年龄18-55岁, 三代均为土家族。分析结果表明: 贵州土家族为圆头型, 男性正头型、女性高头型, 阔头型, 男性阔面型、女性中面型, 中鼻型, 窄肩型, 中间体型, 亚短腿型, 宽手型, 亚中等型身材。与我国南方其他20个少数民族群体聚类分析的结果显示: 贵州土家族体质特征与湖南瑶族、土家族、广西瑶族、贵州台江苗族最为接近, 与贵州布依族、广西壮族、海南黎族次之, 与湖南侗族、贵州过卯水族、毛南族、白裤瑶较远。