声驱网捕白鱀豚

为确保白鱀豚物种的繁衍,加快我国豚类生物学的研究步伐,为饲养在我所长达六年之久的“淇淇”寻找配偶,急需活捕白鱀豚。但是过去渔民偶然捕得的白鱀豚皆因钩伤严重,难以存活。1979年湖北省石首县渔民曾采用封堵江湾汊口的办法捕白鱀豚,由于不熟悉白鱀豚的生态习性,也未成功。       

THE ACCELERATION OF SAPONIN HEMOLYSIS BY PROFLAVINE

Proflavine is a very powerful accelerator of saponin hemolysis of rabbit, human, and dog erythrocytes. Lysolecithin hemolysis, on the other hand, is inhibited. Dog erythrocytes in the presence of proflavine undergo marked changes in shape, finally becoming rods of about 13 µ in length. Rabbit and human erythrocytes are not altered in form under these conditions.     

稻瘟病菌微波诱发突变体的分析*

通过诱变获得突变体是研究稻瘟病菌变异机制的基础。本文用微波炉对稻瘟病菌分生孢子进行低强度短时间处理获得了一批形态发育和致病性突变体,并对它们进行了分析。突变体1-40-271菌落呈白色,产孢与萌发均正常,但萌发后即便在人工疏水表面上也不能形成附着胞,且丧失了致病性;突变体2-20-6菌落呈黄色,孢子萌发率为1%,萌发的孢子其附着胞形成率仅为0.01%,致病性减弱;突变体2-30-3菌落呈黄色,形成的附着胞大部分不正常,但致病性正常。Rep-PCR指纹分析发现,突变体2-20-6和2-30-3比其相应野生型少1条带,而突变体1-40-271与其野生型比较没有变化,说明微波可能造成稻瘟病菌基因组DNA缺失或点突变而发生变异。继代分析表明微波处理获得的稻瘟病菌形态和致病性突变体是稳定的。     

ACCELERATION OF YOGURT FERMENTATION BY BACTERIAL MEMBRANE FRACTION BIOCATALYSTS

Bacterial membrane fraction biocatalysts obtained from Escherichia coli (E-8), Gluconobacter oxydans (Gox) and Acetobacter xylinum (Acx), as well as the commercial oxygen scavenger Oxyrase^TM, at concentrations of 0.1–2.0 U/ml effectively stimulated cell growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Sreptococcus thermophilus, and lactic acid production during yogurt fermentation. The membrane fractions scavenged oxygen in the fermented milk to an optimal oxygen tension for growth of yogurt cultures. The yogurt culture populations with membrane fraction(s) increased faster than those without. Total counts in the presence of yogurts with Oxyrase, E-8, Gox, and Acx were 0.5–1, 0.5, 1.5, or 1.2 log cycles, respectively, greater than counts of the control after 3 h of fermentation. The commercial membrane fraction Oxyrase reduced the fermentation time by 1 h needed to reach pH 4.5 compared to the controls, while E-8, Gox, and Acx reduced time by about 0.5 h, 1.5 h and 1–1.5 h, respectively, depending on the membrane concentrations. The titratable acidity was corresponded well with the reduction in pH. Ratios of rods to cocci among the samples with and without membrane fraction supplementation were not different (P > .05). Each membrane fraction biocatalyst enhanced the depletion rate of dissolved oxygen in a yogurt mix differently.     

UNDERWATER NOISE OF WHALE-WATCHING BOATS AND POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON KILLER WHALES (ORCINUS ORCA), BASED ON AN ACOUSTIC IMPACT MODEL

Underwater noise of whale-watching boats was recorded in the popular killer whale-watching region of southern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State. A software sound propagation and impact assessment model was applied to estimate zones around whale-watching boats where boat noise was audible to killer whales, where it interfered with their communication, where it caused behavioral avoidance, and where it possibly caused hearing loss. Boat source levels ranged from 145 to 169 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m, increasing with speed. The noise of fast boats was modeled to be audible to killer whales over 16 km, to mask killer whale calls over 14 km, to elicit a behavioral response over 200 m, and to cause a temporary threshold shift (TTS) in hearing of 5 dB after 30–50 min within 450 m. For boats cruising at slow speeds, the predicted ranges were 1 km for audibility and masking, 50 m for behavioral responses, and 20 m for TTS. Superposed noise levels of a number of boats circulating around or following the whales were close to the critical level assumed to cause a permanent hearing loss over prolonged exposure. These data should be useful in developing whale-watching regulations. This study also gave lower estimates of killer whale call source levels of 105–124 dB re 1 μPa.     

RESPONSES BY HECTOR'S DOLPHINS TO BOATS AND SWIMMERS IN PORPOISE BAY,NEW ZEALAND

Theodolite tracking (61 d; 251 h) was used to quantify dolphin reactions to boats and swimmers in the austral summers of 1995-1996 and 1996-1997. Dolphins were accompanied by swimmers (within 200 m) for 11.2% of the total observation time, whereas boats accounted for an additional 12.4%. Dolphins were not displaced by either of these activities. Swimmers caused only weak, non-significant effects, perhaps because dolphins could very easily avoid them. Reactions to the dolphin-watching boat were stronger. Analyses of relative orientation indicate that dolphins tended to approach the vessel in the initial stages of an encounter but became less interested as the encounter progressed. By 70 min into an encounter dolphins were either actively avoiding the boat or equivocal towards it, approaching significantly less often than would be expected by chance. Analyses of group dispersion indicate that dolphins were significantly more tightly bunched when a boat was in the bay.     

应用数字滤波器消除神经放电中的噪声

本研究目的在于应用高通—低通数字滤波器消除神经放电中的噪声。数字滤波器通带频率500～1000Hz,其高通和低通阻带截止频率分别为300和2000Hz,阻带衰减大于25dB。以6阶和4阶Butterworth模拟滤波器变换为数字高通及低通滤波器,并在Apple—Ⅱ和MCS—51系列微机上得以实现。在消除家兔神经动作电位波形的噪声信号时取得了满意的结果。     

不同DGGE谱带信息提取方法对分析结果的影响

自1993年Muyzer,et al.[1]将变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)引入到微生物生态学研究以来,DGGE已被广泛应用于各种生态系统(如淡水、海洋、土壤、动物消化道等)的微生物群落结构分析[2—6]。但对于DGGE凝胶的分析至今仍没有统一的方法,     

影响籼稻基因枪法遗传转化效果的几个因素的研究(简报)

基因枪转化技术在水稻的遗传转化上已被广泛地应用并获得显著的成效。与原生质体转化法相比较,基因枪法具有不受或少受基因型限制的优点且提高了转化效率,但对籼稻,仍有不少问题需要解决,转化系统尚须进一步完善。因此有必要对影响转化频率的因素进行深入的研究。我们在以barnase基因对籼稻的遗传转化以诱发工程雄性不育的研究中,特别注     

噪声短时暴露所致的耳蜗电位改变

本实验观察115dB(SPL)白噪声暴露20min对豚鼠耳蜗直流电位(EP),复合听神经动作电位(CAP),微音器电位(CM)的影响。发现此种噪声暴露确可提高源于血管纹的正EP(P-EP),说明有血管纹功能的代偿性增强;而负EP(N-EP)变化不大。AP及CM输入-输出函数的变化说明噪声首先影响外毛细胞的主动运动功能。EP与耳蜗电图的对照分析表明,血管纹功能的改变确能影响噪声性听损伤的发展。     

ACCELERATION OF NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION ON DNA MICROARRAYS DRIVEN BY pH TUNABLE MODIFICATIONS

A series of peptides containing histidine residues were designed as potential hybridization rate enhancers within a polymeric matrix of DNA microarrays. The polymeric matrix modified with these peptides showed strong attraction to DNA molecules under conditions of induction. DNA probes on the peptide-modified sites rapidly hybridized to their complementary targets with single base pair mismatch discrimination.     

THE BALANCE OF FORCES GENERATED BY THE WATER POTENTIAL IN THE CELL-WALL-MATRIX—A MODEL

A cell in contact with air is considered. The nature of the water within a cell wall is assumed (with citations in support) to be that of free water and essentially free of diffusible solutes, so that the air-water interface generates negative pressures (P_f) (at all relative humidities less than 100%), equal to the overall cell-water-potential. At the inner wall-surface, the turgor pressure (P_t) is balanced by the sum of P_f and a pressure resisting collapse of the wall matrix (P_si); at the outer wall-surface, P_f is balanced only by a similar pressure (P_so). Under all circumstances, P_si = P_t – P_f, and the osmotic term of the internal cell-water-potential (Ψ_is) = –P_si. At full turgor, P_so is zero, and it rises as water is lost, equalling P_si when P_t is zero (P_si = –P_f). In cells in contact with solutions of solutes which penetrate the wall, P_f and P_so are zero and P_si follows P_t. In either case, the hoop stress, tending to enlarge the cell surface, is proportional to P_t, but the cell-in-contact-with-air has radial stresses not found in submerged cells. The nature of the forces resisting radial compression of the wall is discussed, and thought to be a combination of mechanical elastic forces and osmotic forces due to non-diffusible polysaccharides of the wall.     

EXAMINING HYPOTHESES GENERATED BY FIELD MEASURES OF SEXUAL SELECTION ON MALE LIZARDS,UTA PALMERI

I examined sexual selection in the iguanid lizard Uta palmeri by measuring phenotypic selection in a cohort of males. Relative fitness was estimated by copulation rate from one breeding season, and I analyzed selection on five morphological traits (snout–vent length, mass, jaw length, head width, and head depth) and on male territory quality. Only territory quality and head depth were identified as direct targets of selection in a linear selection gradient analysis. Head depth was suggested to also be subject to quadratic selection. All traits exhibited significant directional selection differentials, suggesting indirect selection also was present because of the correlation of these traits with direct targets of selection. I used these results to generate hypotheses about the mechanisms of selection. For traits not identified as direct targets of selection (snout–vent length, mass, head width, jaw length), I could accept the null hypothesis of no female preference for the analyzed male traits; if these morphological traits were preferred by females in mate choice, they would have been identified as direct targets of selection. Exploring possible functional relationships within the cohort, I found that all five morphological traits contributed to explaining variation in territorial status. And in staged aggressive interactions between males that were similar in snout–vent length and mass, winning was associated only with greater head depth and not with head width or jaw length. Several possible interpretations of these results are presented. This study suggests that differential mating success arising from variation in territory quality gives rise to indirect selection on morphology. The possible mechanisms giving rise to the proposed direct selection on head depth require further study.     

激光粒度仪测定浮游植物粒径的可行性研究

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INDUCTION OF MORPHOGENETIC CHANGES AND ACCELERATION OF LEAF INITIATION BY GIBBERELLIC ACID IN XANTHIUM PENNSYLVANICUM

One application of gibberellic acid (GA₃) to young internodes significantly accelerated the rate of leaf initiation and caused an increase in the number of internodes in shoots of Xanthium pennsylvanicum. The average duration of one plastochron was reduced from 3.3 to 1.9 days. The rate of growth of the GA₃-treated internodes, and also of those positioned above and below, was at least twice that of the control. It appeared that the growth substance was translocated both acropetally and basipetally from the locus of application and that it significantly accelerated the rate of stem elongation. Gibberellic acid also had a pronounced morphogenetic effect on the leaves. It induced the development of lanceolate leaves instead of typical deltoid leaves. The area and the leaf length of the treated plants were both significantly reduced. Each response may be regulated by increasing or decreasing the concentration of gibberellic acid. The induced morphogenetic changes were not permanent. A reversion to the original condition was noticeable about 8 wk after treatment.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS GENERATED FROM SKIN CDNA CLONES OF Equus caballus BY SINGLE PASS SEQUENCING

A cDNA library was built using RNA extracted from the skin tissue of an adult horse. The library was primed with oligo (dT) and sequences were directionally inserted in order to produce an expression library. The library has 5.8X 10⁵ plaque forming units with 99.6% recombinant phage. The average insert size is 1.3 Kbp. Three hundred and thirteen expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from sequencing of the 5 prime end of randomly selected skin cDNA clones. The ESTs were sequenced on an ABI 377 using Big-Dye chemistry. A similarity search was performed on each EST using the NCBI non-redundant protein database and 206 ESTs were putatively identified. Twenty six percent of the identified ESTs were redundant. The ESTs were categorized by function. The most frequently identified functional class was translational proteins.