不同亚细胞定位的黏着斑激酶对肿瘤的调控机制

黏着斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,FAK)是一种非受体蛋白酪氨酸激酶.在细胞质黏着斑中,FAK通过调控细胞黏着斑的解聚与组装及多个蛋白质的磷酸化从而调节细胞的增殖和迁移.FAK也定位于细胞核和内体中.在细胞核中,FAK可导致p53的多聚泛素化及降解,从而影响正常细胞的存活和肿瘤细胞的生长.此外,核...     

p21WAF1/CIP1基因与肿瘤

肿瘤的发生发展是多基因参与的复杂而多步骤的过程.p21WAF1/CIP1基因作为一种重要的细胞周期抑制基因与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,近年来的研究表明它在不同肿瘤发生发展中有着不同的作用.     

p21活化激酶的生物学活性及其与肿瘤的关系

p21活化激酶(p21-activatedkinase,PAK),为一类进化上保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。PAK在许多组织中广泛表达,作为小G蛋白Rho家族Cdc42和Rac1的下游靶蛋白,可以被生长因子及其他胞外信号通过GTP酶依赖的信号通路或非GTP酶依赖的信号通路活化,发挥多种生物学效应。PAK作为一种重要的生物学调节因子,在哺乳动物一系列细胞功能中具有重要作用,如:细胞运动、细胞生存、细胞周期、血管生成、基因转录调节及癌细胞的侵袭转移。通过对PAK家族成员信号转导机制的研究,为癌症治疗提供分子靶标。     

外源性Rb基因对平滑肌细胞p21基因表达的影响

应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和免疫组化法测定ｐ２１ｍＲＮＡ及蛋白表达水平;蛋白质印迹法观察Ｒｂ蛋白的磷酸化;流式细胞术分析细胞周期,并以细胞形态观察和β－半乳糖苷酸染色检测细胞衰老。结果发现,外源性Ｒｂ基因导入人脐动脉血管平滑肌细胞后,诱导ｐ２１基因表达,使Ｒｂ主要怍于非磷酸化状态,引起约７０％的细胞生长停滞在Ｇ０／Ｇ１期,平滑肌细胞发生衰老。结果提示,Ｒｂ基因通过诱导ｐ２１基因表达以调节细胞周期和促进细胞衰     

衣原体蛋白的亚细胞定位

沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis,CT)是一种严格细胞内寄生、有独特发育周期的原核细胞型微生物.CT在宿主细胞浆内增殖,形成光镜可见的典型细胞内包涵体,包涵体为CT在宿主细胞内的生长繁殖提供屏障保护,同时也是CT与宿主细胞进行物质交换和信息传递的门户,CT不仅可从宿主细胞摄取营养物质,还可分泌效应蛋白进入宿主细胞质调节宿主细胞功能.CT基因组DNA序列和功能注释完成后,衣原体蛋白的亚细胞定位、结构和功能的研究已成为衣原体研究领域的热点之一[1-3].在CT与宿主细胞相互作用过程中,Inc蛋白、分泌蛋白等衣原体蛋白可能发挥着重要作用,鉴于蛋白质的亚细胞定位情况往往与其功能密切相关,衣原体蛋白在感染细胞中的定位认识成为其功能研究中的重要环节.     

白介素21及其对肿瘤的抑制作用

白介素21(interleukin-21, IL-21)是新近发现的具有多效免疫调节活性的细胞因子.遗传学和生化分析证实,IL-21是IL-2细胞因子家族的新成员.IL-21受体复合物包含γc-受体亚单位,活化后可引起JAK/STAT信号转导级联放大效应.IL-21由活化的CD4 T细胞合成,调节B细胞、T细胞、NK细胞和树突状细胞的增殖和分化.IL-21通过增强IgG抗体应答反应,抑制IgE合成而调节正常的体液免疫.IL-21也是重要的细胞免疫调节子,通过调节CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的活性清除鼠的肿瘤.     

蛋白质亚细胞定位的识别

根据蛋白质的亚细胞定位,将蛋白质分为12类,用离散量的数学理论,以蛋白质中400个氨基酸二联体数目构成离散源,通过计算离散增量预测蛋白质的亚细胞定位,用Self-consistency和Jackknife两种方法测试均获得较高的预测成功率。结果表明：Self-consistency方法预测成功率为84．5％,Jackknife方法预测成功率为81．1％。     

向光色素Phototropin1的细胞和亚细胞定位

向光色素 1 (ｐｈｏｔ1 )是在蓝光 (ＢＬ)下进行自我磷酸化的Ｓｅｒ/Ｔｈｒ型光受体激酶 ,它的两个保守的ｄｏｍａｉｎ分别结合着作为发色团的两个ＦＭＮ分子。它是与原生质膜 (ＰＭ)结合的 1 2 0ｋＤ的蛋白。ｐｈｏｔ 1和ｐｈｏｔ 2蛋白都是植物向光性反应的光受体 ,它们也是调节叶绿体运动、开闭气孔和快速抑制黄化芽延长生长的蓝光受体。为了解ｐｈｏｔ 1和ｐｈｏｔ 2调节这 4个反应的机理 ,有必要了解其细胞和亚细胞定位。将编码融合的ｐｈｏｔ 1和ＧＦＰ(绿色荧光蛋白 )的结构 (在内源ＰＨＯＴ1启动子控制下 )转化无ｐｈｏｔ1的拟南芥…     

Regulation of RelA Subcellular Localization by a Putative Nuclear Export Signal and p50

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) represents a family of dimeric DNA binding proteins, the pleotropic form of which is a heterodimer composed of RelA and p50 subunits. The biological activity of NF-kappaB is controlled through its subcellular localization. Inactive NF-kappaB is sequestered in the cytoplasm by physical interaction with an inhibitor, IkappaBalpha. Signal-mediated IkappaBalpha degradation triggers the release and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. It remains unknown whether the NF-kappaB shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus is subjected to additional steps of regulation. In this study, we demonstrated that the RelA subunit of NF-kappaB exhibits strong cytoplasmic localization activity even in the absence of IkappaBalpha inhibition. The cytoplasmic distribution of RelA is largely mediated by a leucine-rich sequence homologous to the recently characterized nuclear export signal (NES). This putative NES is both required and sufficient to mediate cytoplasmic localization of RelA as well as that of heterologous proteins. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic distribution of RelA is sensitive to a nuclear export inhibitor, leptomycin B, suggesting that RelA undergoes continuous nuclear export. Interestingly, expression of p50 prevents the cytoplasmic expression of RelA, leading to the nuclear accumulation of both RelA and p50. Together, these results suggest that the nuclear and cytoplasmic shuttling of RelA is regulated by both an intrinsic NES-like sequence and the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB.     

copine V蛋白的亚细胞定位

目的：确定copine V蛋白的亚细胞定位,初步研究该蛋白的生物学功能.方法：将copine V编码区基因分别构建真核表达载体pEGFP-copine V（或pRED-copine V）,转染HEK293、HeLa细胞,在激光共聚焦荧光显微镜下与转染空载体pEGFP-N1（或pRED-N1）的细胞比较观察.结果：经限制性内切酶分析鉴定,构建的重组表达载体正确.通过激光共聚焦荧光显微镜观察,转染了重组载体pEGFP-copine V的细胞荧光信号集中分布于胞膜和内膜系统;进一步研究表明copine V定位于内质网而非线粒体,而空载体则在整个细胞中均匀分布.结论：copine V蛋白定位于细胞膜和内质网上,而不定位于线粒体.     

蛋白质分子细胞定位的应用

蛋白质分子的功能与其在细胞内的定位密切相关,其细胞定位在新基因克隆、基因功能研究、多肽分子细胞内传送、临床药物设计方面发挥越来越重要的作用。     

Subcellular localization of HCV core protein regulates its ability for p53 activation and p21 suppression

An internal RNA standard proved less suitable in bacterial gene expression experiments. We therefore developed a method for simultaneous RNA and gDNA (genomic DNA) isolation from in vitro and in vivo samples containing staphylococci and combined it with quantitative PCR. The reliability of gDNA for bacterial quantification and for standardisation in gene expression experiments was evaluated. Quantitative PCR proves equivalent to quantitative culture for in vitro samples, and superior for in vivo samples. In gene expression experiments, gDNA permits a good standardisation for the initial amount of bacteria. The average interassay variability of the in vitro expression is 20.1%. The in vivo intersample variability was 73.3%. This higher variability can be attributed to the biological variation of gene expression in vivo. This method permits exact quantification of the number of bacteria and the expression of genes in staphylococci in vivo (e.g., in biofilms, evolution in time) and in vitro.     

Protein Subcellular Localization in Bacteria

Like their eukaryotic counterparts, bacterial cells have a highly organized internal architecture. Here, we address the question of how proteins localize to particular sites in the cell and how they do so in a dynamic manner. We consider the underlying mechanisms that govern the positioning of proteins and protein complexes in the examples of the divisome, polar assemblies, cytoplasmic clusters, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles. We argue that geometric cues, self-assembly, and restricted sites of assembly are all exploited by the cell to specifically localize particular proteins that we refer to as anchor proteins. These anchor proteins in turn govern the localization of a whole host of additional proteins. Looking ahead, we speculate on the existence of additional mechanisms that contribute to the organization of bacterial cells, such as the nucleoid, membrane microdomains enriched in specific lipids, and RNAs with positional information.Our view of the organization of the bacterial cell has changed radically over the past two decades. Once seen as an amorphous vessel harboring a homogeneous solution of proteins, these primitive organisms are now known to have an intricate subcellular architecture in which individual proteins localize to particular sites in the cell, often in a dynamic manner. Of course, bacteria frequently show conspicuous morphological features, such as division septa, flagella, pili, and stalks, which implied a nonuniform, underlying distribution of proteins. But it was not until the early 1990s that it became clear that proteins can, and often do, have distinctive subcellular addresses. Among the earliest discoveries were: (1) the formation of a ringlike structure at the mid cell position by the cytokinetic protein FtsZ (Bi and Lutkenhaus 1991), (2) the clustering of chemotaxis proteins at the poles of cells (Alley et al. 1992), (3) the compartment-specific production of sporulation proteins and their assembly into shell-like structures (Driks and Losick 1991), and (4) the asymmetric distribution of proteins involved in actin polymerization along the cell surface (Goldberg et al. 1993; Kocks et al. 1993). These discoveries were initially made by immunoelectron and immunofluorescence microscopy with fixed cells, but the discovery of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the demonstration that proteins could retain their proper subcellular localization as GFP fusions opened the way to visualizing proteins and their dynamic behavior in living cells, including, importantly, in bacteria (Arigoni et al. 1995).Knowing where proteins are in the cell is often critical to understanding their function. Thus, the position of the aforementioned FtsZ ring (the Z-ring) dictates where cytokinesis will take place (Margolin 2005). The clustering of chemotaxis proteins plays an important role in the extraordinary gain in the responsiveness of chemotatic behavior to small changes in attractants (Ames and Parkinson 2006). Where sporulation proteins are produced and the way in which they assemble governs spore morphogenesis (Stragier and Losick 1996; Errington 2003). The asymmetric distribution of actin-polymerization proteins on the cell surface explains how certain pathogens harness host cytoskeletal proteins for their own motility (Smith et al. 1995). From these and other examples emerge a view of the bacterial cell as a dynamic, three-dimensional system in which protein localization and changes in protein localization over time orchestrate growth, the cell cycle, behavior, and differentiation.Here, after an initial discussion of general principles governing the positioning of proteins within the cell, we consider five broad categories of subcellular localization: the divisome, polar assemblies, cytoplasmic clusters, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles. We end by looking ahead to exciting new aspects of bacterial cytology just emerging from current research. Our goal is not to be comprehensive but rather to focus on examples that are illustrative of general principles of protein localization. Comprehensive treatment of individual topics can be found in other articles on this topic.     

人牛精浆相关蛋白的亚细胞定位及生物活性

利用红色荧光蛋白表达载体pDsRed1-N1与人睾丸中牛精浆相关蛋白基因(hbrp)重组为pDsRed1-N1/hbrp,真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-myc-his与hbrp重组为pcDNA3.1-myc-his/hbrp,分别转染HEK293细胞,建立稳定的真核表达细胞系。在荧光显微镜下观察HBRP的亚细胞定位,并用放射自显影检测该细胞系的蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性。HBRP定位在细胞膜及胞浆近膜处;HBRP对PKC活性有明显的抑制作用。从而确定了人新的精子结合蛋白HBRP在细胞内的定位,并认定了HBRP为有生物活性的功能蛋白。     

Subcellular Localization of p44/WDR77 Determines Proliferation and Differentiation of Prostate Epithelial Cells

The molecular mechanism that controls the proliferation and differentiation of prostate epithelial cells is currently unknown. We previously identified a 44-kDa protein (p44/wdr77) as an androgen receptor-interacting protein that regulates a set of androgen receptor target genes in prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer. In this study, we found that p44 localizes in the cytoplasm of prostate epithelial cells at the early stage of prostate development when cells are proliferating, and its nuclear translocation is associated with cellular and functional differentiation in adult prostate tissue. We further demonstrated that cytoplasmic p44 protein is essential for proliferation of prostate epithelial cells, whereas nuclear p44 is required for cell differentiation and prostate- specific protein secretion. These studies suggest a novel mechanism by which proliferation and differentiation of prostate epithelial cells are controlled by p44’s location in the cell.     

拟南芥血红蛋白3的亚细胞定位

拟南芥的血红蛋白3（AtGLB 3）属于截短的血红蛋白。与拟南芥血红蛋白1相比,拟南芥血红蛋白3具有不同的起源、不同的生化特性和结构;但其功能还不清楚。蛋白质的定位与蛋白质的功能息息相关。为深入研究该基因功能,构建了拟南芥血红蛋白3基因与绿色荧光蛋白融合的植物表达载体pUCGFP/AtGLB3。利用基因枪转化法将重组载体转入洋葱表皮细胞瞬时表达,通过检测融合蛋白在洋葱表皮细胞中的分布来确定拟南芥血红蛋白3在细胞中的定位。荧光显微镜检测结果表明,AtGLB3基因表达产物主要定位在细胞膜上。     

拟南芥血红蛋白1的亚细胞定位

为研究拟南芥的血红蛋白1(AtGLB1)基因的亚细胞定位,该实验构建了拟南芥血红蛋白1基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因融合的植物表达载体pUCGFP/ AtGLB1.利用基因枪转化法将重组载体转入洋葱表皮细胞瞬时表达,通过检测融合蛋白在洋葱表皮细胞中的分布来确定拟南芥血红蛋白1在细胞中的定位.荧光显微镜检测结果表明,AtGLB1基因表达产物主要定位在细胞核中,少量定位在细胞质中.