gbpC和gbpD基因在盘基网柄菌细胞趋化性和趋电性运动中的差异研究

目的 趋化性和趋电性是细胞定向迁移的主要方式，并在生物有机体的生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用，但二者存在差异。本文对盘基网柄菌gbpC和gbpD基因在细胞趋电性和趋化性中的作用进行对比研究，以寻找两种迁移方式之间的新差异。方法 将gbpC基因突变株gefT-和gbpD基因突变株gefU-分别置于场强为12 V/cm的直流电场中，分析细胞在电场中的运动方向及运动速度，探讨细胞的趋电性变化；利用电穿孔技术将标记F-actin的Lifeact-GFP质粒转化进入细胞，用荧光显微镜观察活细胞运动时F-actin的分布；用蛋白质印迹技术定量分析细胞的肌球蛋白调节轻链（RLC）在受直流电场刺激后的磷酸化变化情况。结果 gefT-突变株细胞极化消失，但保持与野生型类似的趋电性；gefU-突变株细胞发生超极化，但趋电性显著降低。在直流电场中，突变株细胞和野生型细胞的F-actin主要分布在伪足部位。在电场作用下，细胞株的肌球蛋白RLC磷酸化变化情况存在差异，即野生型细胞以时间依赖的方式发生磷酸化，gefT-突变株细胞先急剧下降，然后再上升，gefU-突变株细胞却以时间依赖方式脱磷酸化。结论 本研究表明gbpC和gbpD基因在盘基网柄菌趋化性和趋电性中的作用不同，暗示了电信号与化学信号确实通过不同的机理指导细胞的定向迁移。     

敲除LSD1基因对人慢性髓系白血病K562细胞周期的影响

为了探讨敲除LSD1基因后抑制人慢性髓系白血病 K562细胞增殖的原因,使用前期CRISPR/Cas9技术构建的人慢性髓系白血病 K562 LSD1基因敲除株,通过细胞凋亡Annexin V/PI（碘化丙啶）双染色、细胞PI染色以及流式细胞术技术,探究敲除LSD1基因后,K562细胞的凋亡水平是否改变,细胞周期是否受到影响。结果表明敲除LSD1基因后K562细胞被阻滞在G0/G1期,进入DNA复制期的细胞变少,因此导致细胞增殖速度减慢;通过细胞凋亡Annexin V/PI双染色并分析早期以及晚期凋亡细胞总比例,显示敲除LSD1基因后,不影响K562细胞的凋亡。研究结果表明,敲除LSD1基因后人慢性髓系白血病 K562细胞的增殖受到抑制,这是由于K562细胞增殖周期发生了改变,进入DNA复制期和分裂期的细胞减少;而与细胞凋亡水平的变化无关。     

新型隐球菌临床菌株中CNAG_01032基因的鉴定和功能研究

新型隐球菌是一种具有荚膜的重要临床致病真菌。本课题组在前期工作中发现CNAG_01032基因可能引起不同来源菌株的表型差异,本研究在此基础上以新型隐球菌临床来源菌株IFM56800（C1）、IFM56769（C2）为背景构建CNAG_01032基因敲除突变体,并检测突变株和野生型菌株经典毒力因子变化情况;使用API 20C AUX测试系统测试突变株和野生型菌株对19种糖的利用情况;使用尾静脉注射法感染BALB/c雌性小鼠进行致病性检测。结果显示：成功构建以临床株C1、C2为背景的CNAG-01032基因敲除突变株;突变株在37℃生长、黑色素产生与野生型菌株无显著差异,但荚膜厚度分别比C1、C2减少16.4%、18.2%;两基因敲除菌株均不能分解利用纤维二糖;致病性与野生型菌株无显著差异。新型隐球菌CNAG_01032基因可能参与临床来源菌株IFM56800、IFM56769的荚膜合成和纤维二糖的代谢。     

敲除含α-Arrestin结构域蛋白3对肾癌细胞PI3K/AKT信号通路及增殖能力的影响

目的:探究敲除含α-Arrestin结构域蛋白3 (α-Arrestin-Domain-Containing-3,ARRDC3)对肾透明细胞癌786-O细胞PI3K/AKT信号通路和增殖能力的影响及作用机制。方法:使用Crispr-Cas9技术构建稳定敲除ARRDC3的786-O细胞系;通过免疫印迹检测敲除ARRDC3对AXL蛋白水平的影响;借助免疫沉淀技术研究敲除ARRDC3对AXL泛素化水平的影响;利用免疫印迹、shRNA干扰蛋白表达技术和及构建的敲除ARRDC3细胞检测ARRDC3和AXL表达水平对PI3K/AKT信号通路活性的影响;CCK-8技术检测ARRDC3和AXL表达水平对肾癌细胞增殖能力的影响。结果:与野生型786-O细胞相比,稳定敲除ARRDC3的786-O细胞内AXL的蛋白水平显著升高。进一步检测细胞内AXL的泛素化水平发现,ARRDC3稳定敲除组细胞内AXL蛋白的泛素化水平显著降低;免疫印迹和CCK-8实验结果显示,敲除ARRDC3会显著增加AXL/PI3K/AKT信号通路磷酸化和细胞增殖能力,而在ARRDC3缺陷细胞内降低AXL蛋白的表达,会导致AXL/PI3K/AKT的活性和细胞增殖能力恢复到与野生型相似的水平。结论:在786-O细胞内敲除ARRDC3可通过降低ARRDC3对AXL的泛素化降解,上调AXL蛋白水平和PI3K/AKT信号通路的活性,并促进肾癌细胞的增殖。     

小鼠皮肤黑色素瘤细胞在三种不同基质上的趋电性比较

微小直流电场具有指导细胞进行定向迁移的作用。各种细胞外基质的物理、化学性质会影响细胞的迁移。该研究以小鼠皮肤黑色素瘤细胞（B16-F10）为模型,比较微直流电场（250mV／mm）指导下细胞在平滑基底与两种不同市售基质Matrigel及FNC上的趋电性。结果显示,黑色素瘤细胞在三种基底上均有明显的向电场阴极迁移的趋电运动,但在不同基质上细胞趋电的方向性无显著差异,但细胞迁移速度及在细胞沿电场进行定向迁移的持续性有显著差异。     

CRISPR/Cas9介导的同源重组插入敲除人SH2B3基因

SH2B3基因的突变可以显著提高人干细胞向红细胞诱导分化的效率。该研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术介导的同源重组插入敲除策略,建立了一种高效获得特定基因编辑类型的敲除SH2B3基因的方法。通过设计两个含有不同荧光标记和不同抗性基因的同源重组筛选载体和一个靶向SH2B3基因的CRISPR/Cas9敲除载体,共转染HeLa细胞,然后用嘌呤霉素和新霉素进行筛选,两周后一部分细胞用于分子生物学检测,另一部分细胞通过有限稀释法分离单细胞克隆。结果显示,在药物抗性筛选两周的HeLa细胞中,野生型SH2B3基因转录产物几乎检测不到,可以检测到重组型转录产物的表达。敲除效率的统计结果显示,在获得的19株SH2B3基因敲除细胞中,有11株细胞为双等位基因插入敲除。另外8株细胞为单等位基因插入敲除,其中有2株细胞的等位基因没有检测到突变,而剩余的6株细胞的等位基因都检测到有突变。因此,该研究的双插入敲除率为57.9%,双敲除率达到89.5%。该研究为构建SH2B3基因敲除的人多能干细胞系奠定了基础,也为建立一种高效、低成本的诱导红细胞的技术体系提供了有效的工具。     

酿酒酵母Mbp1缺陷型菌株的构建及其乙醇发酵特性

【目的】研究酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)工业菌株Mbp1基因的功能,探讨Mbp1基因对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵性能的影响。【方法】以酿酒酵母MF1015为出发菌株,用PCR方法构建Mbp1基因敲除组件Loxp-KanMX-Loxp,将敲除组件转化两种配型的酿酒酵母单倍体,通过单倍体复倍获得敲除Mbp1基因的二倍体突变菌株,研究突变菌株形态变化及乙醇发酵特性。【结果】敲除Mbp1基因后突变菌株生长曲线无显著变化,出芽率降低,细胞体积增大19.2%,对饥饿更敏感,较早出现假菌丝。甘蔗糖蜜在静置条件下发酵,突变菌株的乙醇产量明显低于野生型;在130 r/min的条件下发酵,突变菌株和野生型发酵液中的乙醇产量基本相同。【结论】Mbp1基因缺失使酿酒酵母的乙醇发酵能力下降并影响细胞的形态分化。     

Exonuclease-1缺失延缓端粒酶缺失小鼠造血微环境的衰老

目的研究Exo-1对端粒酶缺失小鼠造血微环境衰老的影响。方法以端粒酶基因敲除小鼠（Terc-/-）和Exo-1基因敲除小鼠（Exo-1-/-）杂交,并进一步互交产生第三代端粒酶基因敲除小鼠（G3Terc-/-）以及第三代Terc和Exo-1双基因敲除小鼠（G3Terc-/-Exo-1-/-）。以CD45.1野生型小鼠的骨髓细胞为供体,以2月龄G3Terc-/-或G3Terc-/-Exo-1-/-小鼠为受体,进行骨髓移植。在受体小鼠9月龄时,取骨髓、脾脏、胸腺、外周血等组织器官的细胞进行流式分析,研究G3Terc-/-和G3Terc-/-Exo-1-/-受体小鼠中的野生型供体来源的造血干细胞的发育分化。结果同G3Terc-/-小鼠相比,G3Terc-/-Exo-1-/-双基因敲除受体小鼠骨髓中野生型供体来源的B220＋细胞比例升高,前体B细胞的比例也明显升高;脾脏B220＋细胞的比例明显升高;胸腺发育正常;外周血中B220＋细胞比例升高。结论 Exo-1缺失延缓了端粒酶基因敲除小鼠造血系统微环境的衰老,从而逆转了端粒功能障碍引起的骨髓造血干细胞发育分化异常。     

2型猪链球菌中国强毒株05ZYH33 sao基因敲除突变株的构建及其生物学功能

构建2型猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis serotype 2,S.suis 2)中国强毒株05ZYH33的sao基因敲除突变株。构建中间为壮观霉素抗性基因,两侧为sao编码基因上下游同源序列的基因敲除载体,同源重组筛选sao基因敲除突变株。PCR、RT-PCR、Western Blot对疑似突变株进行验证,实验结果均证实sao基因完全被spc抗性基因替代,成功构建了突变株05ZYH33-sao。对野生型菌株和突变株进行菌落溶血活性、生长特性、小鼠致病性比较,结果表明sao基因的敲除并未使野生型菌株在以上三方面产生明显的变化。筛选获得的05ZYH33 sao基因突变株为进一步研究sao基因在05ZYH33致病过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

嗜热四膜虫两类不同金属硫蛋白的功能补偿分析简

为了分析嗜热四膜虫两类金属硫蛋白之间的关系,研究分别构建了MTT1-MTT3和MTT2-MTT4的基因敲除载体,通过同源重组获得敲除大核MTT1-MTT3和MTT2-MTT4的两种嗜热四膜虫突变体细胞株△MTT1-MTT3和△MTT2-MTT4。两种突变体细胞株暴露在Cd2+、Cu2+和H2O2的生长表现出显著不同,△MTT1-MTT3突变体细胞对Cd2+的耐受性显著下降,而△MTT2-MTT4突变体细胞对Cu2+和H2O2的耐受性均显著下降。实时荧光定量PCR分析不同突变体中其他MTT基因的表达变化,在△MTT2-MTT4突变体细胞株中,MTT5的表达水平下调,在500μmol/L Cu2+处理后,△MTT2-MTT4突变体细胞中MTT1、MTT3和MTT5表达相对野生型分别上调6.1、9.5和8.5倍。在△MTT1-MTT3突变体细胞中,MTT2、MTT4和MTT5的表达水平下调,当5μmol/L Cd2+处理后,△MTT1-MTT3突变体细胞株MTT5表达水平相对野生型上调2.9倍,而MTT2和MTT4表达水平相对野生型分别下降了4.9倍和2.5倍。结果表明嗜热四膜虫中的金属硫蛋白MTT1、MTT3和MTT5主要参与细胞的重金属解毒功能;而MTT2和MTT4主要参与细胞内正常的新陈代谢功能,不同的金属硫蛋白基因之间的表达存在相互调控和功能补偿。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.