Bt水稻杂交育种中转基因的遗传分析

利用PCR、GUS染色和Western印迹杂交技术检测了Bt水稻杂交后代群体,发现在394株GUS阳性株中,共有392株表达Bt蛋白,协同表达株率达99.49%。由此表明,在杂交后代中报告基因Gus和目的基因crylAb紧密连锁遗传与表达。本试验还发现,在BC1、BC1F2和粳粳交F2群体中转基因呈单基因显性遗传,而在籼粳交F2群体中偏离3:1分离。 Abstract:Improved histochemical staining for GUS activity,PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the population of Bt rice crossed to conventional rice varieties.A total of 392 plants expressing Bt toxin protein were found in 394 GUS positive plants.The result demonstrated that cry1Ab gene closely inherited and expressed with reporter gene gus.Therefore,it is possible to develop GUS-assisted-selection to preliminarily identify the Bt gene and study the inheritance of transgenes in (back)cross breeding.Mendelian segragation of reporter gene Gus was observed in F2,BC1 and BC1F2 progenies.Thus indicated that transgenes inherited as a single dominant gene in the progenies of Bt rice crossed to conventional rice varieties.     

水稻丽粳2号近等基因系杂种后代耐冷性遗传研究

在昆明低温冷害条件下,以十和田×(十和田和丽粳2号BC4F5)配制的杂种BC5F1、BC5F2、BC5F3和BC5F4及亲本为材料,用主基因-多基因混合遗传模型对丽粳2号作耐冷基因供体培育出的近等基因系进行孕穗期耐冷性遗传研究。结果表明:(1)杂种BC5F2、BC5F3和BC5F4分离群体在同一世代每穗实粒数与总粒数、结实率呈极显著的正相关;(2)以结实率为耐冷性鉴定指标,近等基因系孕穗期耐冷性受2对主基因和多基因共同控制,其主效基因的遗传率为90.97%,微效基因遗传率为3.83%,主基因和微效基因都存在加性-显性-上位性效应。     

小麦HMW-GS转基因沉默效应的遗传分析

以主栽小麦品种'高原602'和'高原142'为母本,'QQ5'为父本进行杂交,采用SDS-PAGE检测亲本、杂种F1、F2及BC1F1、BC1F1′代的HMW-GS表达情况.结果表明:'QQ5'中HMW-GS的沉默效应在杂交后代中表现为显性,在杂种F1、F2及BC1F1、BC1F1′代中遵循孟德尔遗传规律;'QQ5'自身的沉默效应对育成品种中的其他HMW-GS也有作用;在'QQ5'和杂交后代中,对HMW-GS的沉默并不影响LMW-GS的表达;在杂交F2中,出现了一些原本只在'QQ5'的野生型(bobwhite)中表达的带型,这说明'QQ5'中HMW-GS的基因组DNA并没有被破坏,其沉默机制可能在mRNA水平.     

转基因水稻中转录水平crylAb基因的沉默及其阶段复活

以田间环境释放条件下农杆菌介导法转化而成的转crylAb基因水稻为研究对象,利用GUS组织化学染色法、Western杂交技术,在不抗虫转基因中8215株系后代中筛选到一个无Cry1Ab蛋白表达产物株系.分子杂交结果证实,转基因crylAb在中8215株系后代中发生了转录水平沉默,整合过程中基因重排使两个拷贝的ubiquitin启动子同时插入到水稻基因组中.甲基化分析证实ubiquitin启动子区域发生了甲基化,从而导致crylAb基因沉默.利用去甲基化试剂5-氮胞苷处理转基因沉默水稻种子,并在苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期及成熟期检测了其对沉默基因的复活效应,结果表明:5-氮胞苷处理使沉默的crylAb基因在灌浆期恢复表达活性,复活率约为8%～30%,且以低浓度(45 mg/L处理1,2 d)处理的复活率及恢复表达水平较高,复活基因表达的Cry1Ab蛋白最高可达可溶性总蛋白的0.147%.     

不结球白菜优异种质对小菜蛾抗性的遗传分析

以不结球白菜抗小菜蛾材料508为母本(P1)、以感虫材料114为父本(P2)构建了包括P1、P2、F1、F2、BC1P1和BC1P2的6个世代群体,通过人工网室鏊定各世代群体的抗虫性,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型联合分析法分析了不结球白菜抗虫遗传规律.结果表明:在508×114组合中,感虫对抗虫表现部分显性,抗虫性遗传符合一对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传模型,在BC1P1、BC1P2和F2群体中的主基因遗传率分别为57.21%、25.87%和76.05%,为有效利用抗虫资源和挖掘抗虫基因奠定了基础.     

玉米pepc基因在杂交转育的转基因水稻后代中的传递和表达特征

在合肥、海南两地以高光效转玉米pepc基因水稻为父本,与培矮64S、2302S、2304S、2306S、5129、02428、皖粳97和双九A等8个受体杂交,转育转pepc基因水稻新种质材料。至2002年已转育成一批转pepc基因水稻品系,对这些材料世代跟踪研究显示：(1)玉米pepc基因以一个显性基因稳定传递给后代,符合孟德尔分离规律,自交F2呈3：1分离,BC1为1：1分离;(2)玉米pepc基因在杂交转育的转基因水稻中高水平表达,与受体亲本相比,PEPC活性提高3.7～17．4倍,表达水平与受体亲本和转基因拷贝数有关,来源相同的世代间有相似的表达水平,但同一世代不同个体间表达水平有差异,这可能与其位置效应、拷贝数和环境条件有关;(3)杂交后代结实率不高,容易产生异交结实导致转基因材料混杂分离。采取抗生素催芽初筛、PCR分析抽检、PEPC活性测定和田间表型观测的转玉米pepc基因水稻选育筛选体系,辅之以受体为轮回亲本适当回交可有效地控制。利用该途径已育成3个稳定的高表达的转玉米pepc基因水稻品系H1596、H1597和Y1470,说明通过常规杂交转育的方法,可以培育实用的稳定高表达的转玉米pepc基因水稻品种。     

斑茅割手密复合体杂交利用过程野生特异基因遗传分析

揭示斑茅割手密复合体在杂交利用过程中的斑茅、割手密野生特异基因在各世代的遗传规律,为利用斑割复合体创制甘蔗育种新亲本提供理论依据。利用AFLP-PCR分子标记结合毛细管电泳技术对斑割复合体在杂交利用过程中的斑茅、割手密野生特异基因在各世代的传递动态进行分析,并研究它们之间的遗传关系。29对AFLP引物组合共扩增出3695个位点,多态性比例为97.89%。斑茅和割手密对斑割复合体的遗传贡献率分别为43.96%和56.04%。斑茅特异位点在F1、BC1和BC2 3个世代的平均遗传率分别为8.25%、1.90%和0.63%,割手密特异位点在F1、BC1和BC2 3个世代的平均遗传率分别为16.98%、2.40%和0.21%,特异遗传物质均呈逐代减少趋势。比较不同世代甘蔗栽培种亲本遗传到后代的特异位点比率,F1的GT02-761特异位点比率最高,BC1的GT05-2743特异位点比例平均高达92.75%,BC2的ROC23遗传率最低,为49.09%,FN39遗传率最高,达94.32%。聚类分析结果表明斑割复合体偏向父本遗传,斑割复合体杂交后代偏向甘蔗栽培种遗传,与分子遗传关系分析结果一致。研究表明,经过3代的遗传重组,斑割复合体后代的遗传物质与斑割复合体相比已发生了很大的改变;研究明确了斑茅、割手密2个亲本在3个世代的遗传贡献规律,为进一步的杂交选育提供理论支持。     

水稻核不育系6442S—7显性早熟性的遗传分析

研究了早籼核不育系6442S-7与明恢63等16个中迟熟品种杂交F1及其部分组成F2和B1F1的抽穗期遗传.结果表明,6442S-7具有完全显性早熟特性,主要受2对无连锁关系的显性早熟基因控制.同时,还对IR68,献国、9311和BG1639等其他4个迟熟品种与6442S－7杂交F1和F2代,以及三交F1代的抽穗期进行遗传分析,发现IR68、献国和BG1639等4个迟熟品种均含1对等位的不完全显性抑制基因,可部分抑制6442S－7显性早熟基因的表达。认为6442S－7携带的显性早熟基因对水稻遗传改良具有重要的应用价值。     

水稻资源GXM-001-2对稻瘿蚊的抗性鉴定与遗传分析

稻瘿蚊对南方水稻的危害日趋严重,育种上急需新的抗源。利用广西地方品种GXM-001-2作父本,分别与感虫品种TN1和已知抗性基因载体品系W1236(Gm1)、IET2911(Gm2)、BG404-1(gm3)、OB677(Gm4)、ARC5984(Gm5)、多抗1号(Gm6)杂交、自交和回交,获得F1、F2、BC1F1群体,对亲本和各杂交后代进行稻瘿蚊的抗性评价及遗传分析。结果表明,抗源GXM-001-2高抗稻瘿蚊中国Ⅱ型,抗中国Ⅳ型,且抗性均由1对显性基因控制;等位性测定表明抗源中的抗性基因与已知抗性基因Gm1、Gm2、gm3、Gm4、Gm5、Gm6不等位,推测该基因可能是1个新的抗稻瘿蚊基因。     

脆茎基因在水稻亚种间杂种后代中的遗传

脆茎基因在水稻粳型品种间杂种后代中按孟德尔遗传比例传递,而在亚种间杂种后代中呈脆茎(bcl bcl)频率显著增加和显著降低两种偏离孟德尔比例的异常分离型。Kamairazu／／Ketan Nangka／Kamairazu F1呈脆茎频率增加型,F2群体则呈正常分离,但F3和F4仍出现少数增加型和降低型的株系。IR36／Kamairazu的F2呈降低型分离,F3和F4株系中有正常型和降低型两种,F4还出现个别增加型株系。Ketan Nangka／IR36／／Kamairazu的F2中除了有增加型和降低型外,出现部分正常型。水稻bcl基因的异常分离与花粉育性无关,而是由雄配子选择性授精引起,与位于第3染色体的配子体基因ga2、ga3和ga14有关。     

Stable Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin content in interspecific F1 and backcross populations of wild Brassica rapa after Bt gene transfer

Stable expression of a transgene may lead to increased fitness for wild plants after acquiring the transgene via crop-weed hybridization. Here, we investigate the stability of Bt toxin content in wild Brassica rapa acquiring the Bt gene from Bt Brassica napus. The Bt toxin content in nine Bt-expressing B. napus lines was 0.80-1.70 micro g/g leaf tissue throughout the growing season. These nine lines were crossed with three accessions of wild B. rapa and the Bt gene was successfully transferred to interspecific hybrids (F1) and successive backcross generations (BC1 to BC4). The Bt toxin level in F1 and BC progenies containing the Bt gene remained at 0.90-3.10 micro g/g leaf tissue. This study indicates that the Bt gene can persist and be stably expressed in wild B. rapa.     

小麦农家品种大籽糙抗条锈性的遗传分析

以抗条锈病的农家品种大籽糙作父本、感病品种铭贤169作母本杂交获得F1代杂交种,F1代植株自交获得F2代种子,F1代植株与铭贤169回交获得 BC1代种子。在人工控制条件下,用我国小麦条锈菌优势小种条中28号和条中32号,分别对F1、F2、BC1代及其亲本的幼苗进行人工接种,研究了它们的抗性表现和杂交后代中抗条锈性的分离情况。结果表明,大籽糙对条中32号小种的抗性由一对隐性基因控制;对条中28号小种的抗性由一对显性基因和一对隐性基因的互补作用控制。 Abstract:Dazicao,a native wheat variety with stripe rust resistance from Henan,China,was crossed with susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169 as the female parent.The F1 progeny was selfed to produce F2 progeny and backcrossed with Mingxian 169 to produce BC1 progeny.In air-conditioned greenhouse,seedlings of the F1,F2,BC1 progenies and their parents were inoculated with the prevalent races CY28 and CY32 of Puccinia striiformis respectively.The phenotypes of the F1,F2 and BC1 plants were analyzed for resistance to the two races.The results indicated that the resistance in the Dazicao to race CY32 was controlled by one recessive gene,and the resistance to race CY28 by complementary action of one dominant gene and one recessive gene.     

Homologous recombination-mediated knock-in targeting of the MET1a gene for a maintenance DNA methyltransferase reproducibly reveals dosage-dependent spatiotemporal gene expression in rice

Although homologous recombination-promoted knock-in targeting to monitor the expression of a gene by fusing a reporter gene with its promoter is routine practice in mice, gene targeting to modify endogenous genes in flowering plants remains in its infancy. In the knock-in targeting, the junction sequence between a reporter gene and an endogenous target promoter can be designed properly, and transgenic plants carrying an identical and desired knock-in allele can be repeatedly obtained. By employing a reproducible gene-targeting procedure with positive–negative selection in rice, we were able to obtain fertile transgenic knock-in plants with the promoterless GUS reporter gene encoding β-glucuronidase fused with the endogenous promoter of MET1a , one of two rice MET1 genes encoding a maintenance DNA methyltransferase. All of the primary (T₀) transgenic knock-in plants obtained were found to carry only one copy of GUS , with the anticipated structure in the heterozygous condition, and no ectopic events associated with gene targeting could be detected. We showed the reproducible, dosage-dependent and spatiotemporal expression of GUS in the selfed progenies of independently isolated knock-in targeted plants. The results in knock-in targeted plants contrast sharply with the results in transgenic plants with the MET1a promoter -fused GUS reporter gene integrated randomly in the genome: clear interindividual variation of GUS expression was observed among independently obtained plants bearing the randomly integrated transgenes. As our homologous recombination-mediated gene-targeting strategy with positive–negative selection is, in principle, applicable to modify any endogenous gene, knock-in targeting would facilitate basic and applied plant research.     

Visualization of somatic deletions mediated by R/<Emphasis Type="Italic">RS</Emphasis> site-specific recombination and induction of germinal deletions caused by callus differentiation and regeneration in rice

A transgenic rice plant expressing the recombinase of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter was crossed with a transgenic plant carrying a cryptic (beta-glucuronidase) GUS reporter gene, which was activated by recombinase-mediated deletions between two specific recombination sites ( RSs). In F(1) plants, GUS activity was observed as blue spots and stripes in vascular bundles in several parts of the leaves. GUS expression was detected in all of the calli induced from F(1) seeds and throughout the regenerated plants. DNA analysis using the polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting showed that R/ RS-mediated deletions occurred in all of the cells of the regenerated plants. Stable GUS expression was confirmed in the progeny resulting from self-pollination. Thus, the deletions obtained in the regenerated plants were genetically equivalent to the germinal deletions. These results indicate that the induction of callus differentiation and shoot regeneration is an effective manner to activate the R/ RS system and to produce plants with chromosomal deletions.     

AtSTP3启动子控制的外源基因在转基因水稻中的特异表达研究

利用PCR技术从哥伦比亚型拟南芥基因组DNA中分离了AtSTP3绿色组织特异表达的启动子,序列分析表明,扩增片段(1774bp)与已报道序列的相应区域同源性达99.9%。将其与GUS报告基因融合在一起,构建了植物表达载体,并由农杆菌介导法导入水稻品种‘中花11’中。对转基因水稻植株中的GUS活性进行定性与定量测定结果表明,AtSTP3启动子可驱动GUS报告基因在转基因水稻植株叶片中特异性表达,而在根和种子等器官中不表达或表达活性极弱,AtSTP3启动子表现出明显的组织特异性。     

rha1, a gene encoding a small GTP binding protein from Arabidopsis, is expressed primarily in developing guard cells.

The rha1 gene from Arabidopsis encodes a small GTP binding protein belonging to the Ypt/Rab family. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing the promoter region of the rha1 gene fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene revealed gus expression limited mainly to the guard cells of stomata, the stipules, and the root tip of young plants. In flowering plants, expression was found predominantly in the receptacle and in guard cells of the different flower organs. High GUS activity could also be seen in callus tissue and developing seeds. No detectable activity was present in other plant tissues; activity could not be induced by various treatments. GUS activity was visualized histochemically using both 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-glucuronide and a newly developed GUS substrate: Sudan II-beta-glucuronide. The latter precipitates as red crystals at the site of GUS activity. Results obtained by the gus analysis were confirmed by whole-mount mRNA in situ hybridization. A hypothesis for the function of the Rha1 protein is discussed.     

水稻显性早熟材料D64B的发现、遗传分析和分子标记定位

D64B是从籼型杂交稻保持系D63B中发现的一个无色早熟突变株。用不育系、保持系、恢复系以及早稳型水稻品种与之杂交,F1的抽穗期多数与早熟亲本D64B相同或相近,部分偏向早熟亲本。这些结果表明D64B具有显性早熟特性。将D64B在海南陵水短日照和温江长日照下分期种植,观察到两地点因生长发育期间温度变化引起的抽穗期的变化的程度是一致的,并且在一定范围内随着生长发育期间温度升高,D64B抽穗缩短,可知D64B不感光,感温性中等。种植D64B与蜀恢527的正反交F2和回交一代BC1,三者的抽穗期均呈双峰分布,并且峰谷处于同一位置,以峰谷值103d为转折点进行分组,早熟与迟熟植株的分离比经x^2检验分别符合3：1和1：1,表明D64B的早熟特性主要受一对显性早熟核基因控制。用356对微卫星引物对亲本D64B和蜀恢527进行多态性分析,并用多态性引物扩增蜀恢527／D64B的F2早熟和迟熟近等基因池,找到多态引物RM279,进一步用RM279附近的微卫星引物扩增F2早熟和迟熟近等基因池、迟熟植株,筛到多态性引物RM71。用MAPMAKER／EXP3．0软件分析,将该早熟基因定位于第2染色体的短臂端,位于RM179和RM71之间,遗传距离分别为12．6cM和13．3cM,该基因拟名EF-3(t)。在育种实践中用D64B育成早熟不育系D64A。     

Zinc finger nuclease-mediated transgene deletion

A transgene, flanked by zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) cleavage sites, was deleted from a stably transformed plant by crossing it with a second plant expressing a corresponding ZFN gene. A target construct, containing a GUS reporter gene flanked by ZFN cleavage sites, a GFP reporter gene and a PAT selectable marker gene, was transformed into tobacco. Basta^®-resistant plants were regenerated and screened for GUS and GFP expression. A second construct, containing a ZFN gene driven by the constitutive CsVMV promoter and an HPT selectable marker gene, was also transformed into tobacco. Selected T₀ plants were grown to maturity and allowed to self-pollinate. Homozygous target plants, which expressed GUS and GFP, were crossed with homozygous ZFN plants, which expressed the ZFN gene. Numerous GUS-negative plants were observed among the hybrids with one particular cross displaying ~35% GUS-negative plants. Evidence for complete deletion of a 4.3 kb sequence comprising the GUS gene was obtained and sequence confirmed. Co-segregation in F₂ progenies of ‘truncated’ and ‘intact’ target sequences with expected reporter gene phenotypes were observed. Since ZFNs can be designed to bind and cleave a wide range of DNA sequences, these results constitute a general strategy for creating targeted gene deletions.