莲状虫草及其刺束梗孢无性型

报道采自安徽省万佛山自然保护区的一种寄生在蜘蛛上的虫草标本,经鉴定为莲状虫草Cordycepsnelumboides。经多批次利用子囊孢子分离得到其刺束梗孢无性型Akanthomyces,属首次报道,并在人工固体培养基上得到了与野生标本一致的子实体,从丽确证了有性型与元性型之间的对应关系。经研究发现,KOBAYASI和SHIMIZU对莲状虫草次生子囊孢子的原始描述可能有误。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrothecium dimorphum</Emphasis>, sp. nov., a soil fungus from beach sand in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands,Japan

A new Myrothecium species isolated from beach sand in the Bonin Islands, Japan, is characterized by dark green sporodochia composed of conidiophores with verticillate phialides and ovate and ellipsoidal, often curved conidia on their apexes mixed with erect, straight setae, and seta-like conidiophores with terminal polytomous structures composed of 2–8 digitate polyphialides bearing single globose conidia at each apex.     

Cyanonectria, a new genus for Nectria cyanostoma and its Fusarium anamorph

The new genus Cyanonectria is proposed for Nectria cyanostoma (≡ Cyanonectria cyanostoma comb. nov.). This genus is characterized by Nectria-like, red perithecia that have a bluish-purple papilla and a Fusarium anamorph. DNA sequences (large subunit and internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear rDNA) indicate that C. cyanostoma is not closely related to Nectria sensu stricto. In addition, the phylogenetic data also show that the closest relatives for Cyanonectria also have Fusarium anamorphs. Taxonomic novelties Cyanonectria Samuels & Chaverri, Cyanonectria cyanostoma (Sacc. & Flageolet) Samuels & Chaverri     

虫草及相关真菌的次生代谢产物及其活性

全面系统地总结了目前在虫草及相关真菌中次生代谢产物研究方面的最新成果,发现目前在虫草及其密切相关的虫生真菌中共报道272个有具体结构的化合物,其活性涉及杀虫、抗癌、抗菌、免疫调节和抗疟原虫等多方面。这些化合物主要来源于20余种虫草、虫草无性型或与虫草密切相关的虫生真菌。虽然近年来有关虫草中生物活性代谢物的研究受到世界各国广泛关注,但仍有90%以上虫草及相关虫生真菌种类中尚无任何具体成分的研究报道,因此有关研究尚需要进一步深入。     

冬虫夏草无性型—中国被毛孢固态发酵条件的初步研究

采用以麦角甾醇含量为指标间接测定固态发酵产物生物量的方法,对冬虫夏草无性型—中国被毛孢的固态发酵条件进行了研究。正交试验结果表明固态发酵最佳培养基组成为：大米5g,玉米粉2g,蚕蛹粉1g,麸皮2g;单因素试验结果表明：当培养温度20℃、料水比1：1.5、料层厚度2cm、无光照时对菌体生长较为有利。发酵条件优化后,菌丝体中麦角甾醇的含量可达0.5911mg/g,比优化前提高了38.6%。     

冬虫夏草研究进展

冬虫夏草是一种名贵的药用真菌 ,由于其自身独特的药用价值而成为各国研究的热点。其生物学特性、化学成分已经阐明 ,从先前的天然采集到现在的菌体人工培养 ,这种根本性的过渡也极大丰富了它的产量和应用。目前对其药用机理已研究清楚 ,药用范围也十分广泛。挖掘和开发这一名贵中药 ,在我国乃至世界医药上均具有十分重要的意义。     

古尼虫草与亚香棒虫草亲缘关系初探

目的：用分子生物学方法,对古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草进行研究,对其寄主昆虫COI（cytochrome oxidase subunit I,细胞色素氧化酶亚基I）和真菌ITS（Internal Transcribed Sequence,内转录间隔区）区的基因序列进行比较,以确定两者亲缘关系。方法：在古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草性状研究的基础上,对两者来源真菌ITS区和寄主昆虫COI基因进行了PCR扩增和序列测定,对序列进行比对分析,并与GenBank核酸序列数据库中的序列进行BLAST检索比对。结果：发现古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草的来源真菌ITS区和寄主昆虫COI基因序列均有较高相似度。结论：古尼虫草和亚香棒虫草有较近的亲缘关系。     

A novel fibrinolytic enzyme from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordyceps militaris</Emphasis>, a Chinese traditional medicinal mushroom

A novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Cordyceps militaris was purified and partially characterized for the first time, which was designated C. militaris fibrinolytic enzyme (CMase). This extracellular enzyme from C. militaris was isolated by ammonium sulphate fraction, and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using gel filtration chromatography. The apparent molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 27.3 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were pH 6.0 and 25 °C, respectively. In the presence of metal ions such as Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions the activity of the enzyme increased, whereas EDTA and Cu²⁺ ion inhibited the enzyme activity. Interestingly the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the enzyme is extremely similar to those of the trypsin proteinases from insects, and has no significant homology with those of the fibrinolytic enzyme from other medicinal mushroom. In conclusion, C. militaris produces a strong fibrinolytic enzyme CMase and may be considered as a new source for thrombolytic agents.     

Morphological and genetic characterization of a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis fungus and its polysaccharide component possessing antioxidant property in H22 tumor-bearing mice

Cordyceps sinensis, one of the most precious traditional Chinese medicines, possesses the antitumor activity, antioxidant activity and the capability of modulating the immune system. In the present study, a fungus strain G1 isolated from wild C. sinensis was identified and initially characterized. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of related fungi. The analysis of ITS sequence showed that fungus G1 was clustered together with C. sinensis, Tolypocladium cylindrosporum and Tolypocladium inflatum in the phylogenetic tree. Both the morphological character and the ITS sequence analysis establish that fungus G1 is one of the anamorph strains of C. sinensis and belongs to Tolypocladium genus. Furthermore, the polysaccharide (PS) extracted from fungus G1 and its antioxidant activity on H22-bearing mice was investigated. H22 cells were hypodermically injected into the right oxter of each mouse after the ICR mice were treated with PS by means of gavage for 7 days. Then the same administration process continued for 9 days. At the end of the experiments, the tumor weight of each mouse was measured. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in mouse liver, brain and serum, as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in mouse liver and brain were assayed. The results showed that the H22 tumor growth was significantly inhibited by PS. Moreover, PS significantly enhanced SOD activity of liver, brain and serum as well as GSH-Px activity of liver and brain in tumor-bearing mice. PS also significantly reduced the level of MDA in liver and brain of tumor-bearing mice.     

Puccinia carici-adenocauli, a new rust fungus onCarex, and its anamorph,Aecidium adenocauli

Field observations and inoculation experiments showed thatAecidium adenocauli onAdenocaulon himalaicum was an anamorph of aPuccinia onCarex hakonensis andC. uda. From comparative morphology with caricicolous puccinias, the rust on theseCarex species was considered as a new species and was named asPuccinia carici-adenocauli. Contribution No. 142, Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba     

Sem study on the invasion of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) on silkworm,shape Bombyx mori Linn. causing green muscardine

The mature conidia of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) germinate on the larval integument of Bombyx mori within 24 h and penetrate the cuticle within 36 h after inoculation at 24.0 ± 1.0 °C temperature and 80.0 ± 5.0% relative humidity. The penetrating hyphae multiply by budding and septa formation in the hemocoel, and the larva succumbs to the infection 6–7 days post-treatment. The hyphal bodies elongate and become interwoven with other hyphae forming a mycelial complex across different tissues. The ramification of hyphae along the epidermal tissue results in larval mummification in 7–8 days. Numerous conidiophores emerge, producing a confluent white fungal mat over the entire surface of the host larva by 9–10 days. Pale green conidia develop, making the larval body green. Life cycle of the fungus on B. mori is completed in 10–11 days. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Occurrence and biosynthesis of asperphenamate in solid cultures of Penicillium brevicompactum

The ester of N-benzoylphenylalanine and N-benzoylphenylalaninol, asperphenamate, was isolated from solid cultures of Penicillium brevicompactum. Isotope from l-[U-¹⁴C] phenylalanine was well incorporated into both benzoyl groups and into the phenylalanine and phenylalaninol moieties. Isotope from [U-¹⁴C]benzoic acid was also well incorporated into asperphenamate.     

Molecular phylogeny of the entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps (Ascomycota:Clavicipitaceae) and its evolutionary implications

Cordyceps is an endoparasite ascomycetous genus containing approximately 450 species with a diversity of insect hosts,traditionally included in the family Clavicipitaceae of Ascomycota.Establishing the relationships among species with a varied range of morphologies and hosts is of importance to our understanding of the phylogeny and co-evolution of parasites and hosts in entomopathogenic ascomycetes.To this end,we used a combination of molecular index and morphological characters from 40 representative species to carry out comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses.Based on the phylogenetic tree,we used the program DISCRETE for inferring the rates of evolution and finding ancestral states of morphological character.The phylogenetic analyses revealed two important points.(i) Types of perithecia attached to stroma reflected an evolutionary trend in Cordyceps.The vertically immersed perithecia form was the ancestral state,superficial and obliquely immersed perithecia were derived characters,obliquely immersed was irreversible.Species with obliquely immersed perithecia were in a closely related group and were the derived group.(ii) A strong correlation between fungal relatedness and the microhabitat supported the hypothesis that the host jumps through commingling in soil microhabitats.Based on the results of these analyses,host switching explains the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Cordyceps.     

Orbilia querci sp. nov. and its knob-forming nematophagous anamorph

Orbilia querci, a new nematode-trapping fungus, was found on rotten wood of Quercus sp. in Huai-rou County, Beijing, China. It is characterized by having a tear-shaped spore body in the cylindrical ascospore. Pure culture was obtained from the ascospores. Conidiophores were simple or occasionally branched, bearing a single conidium on the tip. Conidia were spindle-shaped, mostly with 3-septa. Nematodes were captured by means of adhesive stalked knobs. The adhesive knobs were produced frequently on nutritional agar plates even in the absence of challenging nematodes. Its anamorph is placed in Dactylellina and named as D. querci. The sequence divergence of the ITS1 region between the fungus and the other knob-forming species tested was 23.8-33.4%, supporting O. querci as a distinct species. This is the first report of the connection between a knob-forming nematophagous hyphomycete and an Orbilia teleomorph.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dacryoscyphus chrysochilus</Emphasis>, a new staurosporous anamorph with cupulate conidiomata from China and with affinities to the Dacrymycetales (Basidiomycota)

An anamorphic fungus forming laterally attached, cupulate, gelatinous, hyaline to white conidiomata with a golden yellow rim producing 2–4-armed stauroconidia from monoblastic conidiogenous cells was collected on dead twigs of Rhododendron sp. in southwestern China. Ultrastructure of the septal pore and comparative analysis of the 5 region of the nuclear large subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene sequence revealed a phylogenetic relationship with members of the Dacrymycetales. Morphological studies and comparison with similar anamorphic fungi indicate the novelty of the taxon, and the new genus and species Dacryoscyphus chrysochilus is proposed.     

人工蛹虫草不同菌株菌丝形态与其虫草素含量关系

对4个不同来源人工蛹虫草菌株进行平板试验,在培养条件相同情况下,观察比较其生长情况;对相同菌龄不同菌株菌丝体所含虫草素进行超声波提取。结果表明：峰面积与虫草素含量呈良好的线性关系,精密度高,其中菌株YJ11 3菌丝体虫草素含量最高,为0.505%,其次为菌株YJ11 1、YJ11 4,最低的是YJ11 2,仅0.097%;菌丝湿重依次为YJ11 3〉YJ11 1〉YJ11 4〉YJ11 2;不同蛹虫草菌株菌丝湿重与其虫草素含量呈正相关关系。     

Susceptibility of larvae of Trichoplusia ni and Anticarsia gemmatalis to intrahemocoelic injections of conidia and blastospores of Nomuraea rileyi

The LD₅₀ for larvae of Trichoplusia ni injected with blastospores of Nomuraea rileyi was 4.30 ± 1.16 hyphal bodies/larva; the LD₅₀ for injected conidia was ca. 25,000 conidia/larva. The dose-mortality regression line for blastospores was Y = 4.6504 + 0.5487 X. Larval mortalities of Anticarsia gemmatalis and T. ni at 100 blastospores/larva were 0.4 ± 0.5% and 96.7 ± 1.9%, respectively. At a dosage of 25,000 conidia/larva, larval mortalities for A. gemmatalis and T. ni were 0.4 ± 0.5% and 43.1 ± 8.7%, respectively. Thus, larvae of A. gemmatalis were > 100 times and >200 times more resistant to injected conidia and blastospores, respectively, than were larvae of T. ni. Resistance of A. gemmatalis to N. rileyi may not be solely at the integumental barrier, as is often believed, but may also be a function of an internal physiological response.     

In vivo stimulatory effect of Cordyceps sinensis mycelium and its fractions on reproductive functions in male mouse

Cordyceps sinensis (CS), an Ascomycetes fungus parasitic to Lepidoptera larvae, has been traditionally used as nutritious food for the enhancement on sexual performance and the restitution of impairment in sexual function in Chinese society. We have previously demonstrated the stimulatory effect of CS and its fractions on steroidogenesis both on primary mouse Leydig cells and MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. In the present studies, we determined the in vivo effects of CS and its fractions on steroidogenesis in mouse. Different concentrations of CS and CS fractions (0.02 and 0.2 mg/g body weight) were fed to immature or mature mice from 1 to 7 days. The plasma levels of testosterone were evaluated by radioimmunoassay. The weights of reproductive organs were also determined. Results illustrated that CS significantly induced plasma testosterone levels both in immature and mature mice in 3 and/or 7 days treatment (p < 0.05). F2 and F3 at 0.02 and/or 0.2 mg/g body weight for different feeding duration could also significantly stimulated plasma testosterone levels both in immature and mature mice (p < 0.05). In general, CS, F2 and F3 didn't have considerable effect on the weights of reproductive organs. Taken together, these studies illustrate that CS and its fractions significantly stimulated in vivo mouse testosterone production.     

冬虫夏草与韩芝液体发酵混合培养特性研究

平板培养基上比较了冬虫夏草、韩芝及树舌的菌丝生长速度和对淀粉的利用情况,结果显示三者的生长速度分别达到1.28、0.64和0.55 cm/d,且韩芝与树舌对淀粉的利用均优于冬虫夏草;混合培养结果得出菌种的最佳菌龄比为虫草:韩芝=3 d:5 d,最佳的接种比例为2:3;正交试验混合发酵最佳的培养基配方(%):葡萄糖1.0、淀粉2.0、黄豆粉2.0、酵母粉0.5,在此条件下,菌丝生物量达到最大值1.97 g/100 mL。