文昌鱼肝盲囊与脊椎动物肝脏起源

早期形态和胚胎学研究结果表明, 文昌鱼哈氏窝、内柱和肝盲囊分别是脊椎动物脑垂体、甲状腺和肝脏的同源器官。文章总结了近年来有关文昌鱼肝盲囊与脊椎动物肝脏之间关系的研究成果, 揭示文昌鱼肝盲囊和脊椎动物肝脏具有同源性, 并证明文昌鱼中存在类似脊椎动物的GH/IGF (Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor)和TH/THR (Thyroid hormone/thyroid hormone receptor)信号通路, 为脊椎动物肝脏起源于文昌鱼肝盲囊样结构提供了分子水平证据。     

静水与流水下气泡幕对异齿裂腹鱼的阻拦效应

为了探究不同水流条件下不同形式的气泡幕对异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax oconnori)趋避行为的影响。在黑暗环境下测试了两种流速条件(静水与流水)、三种气量(15、30、45 L/min)及两种摆放角度(与水流方向呈90°和45°)的气泡幕对异齿裂腹鱼的阻拦效果,在静水和流水条件下各设置一组空白对照(气量为0 L/min)。结果显示: (1)在静水条件下, 工况2阻拦率最高(50%); 在流水条件下, 工况7阻拦率最高(50%)。(2)气量15 L/min时, 流水及90°摆放阻拦时间显著大于其他工况; 30 L/min时, 静水及90°摆放阻拦时间远大于其他工况。(3)在静水和流水中, 当异齿裂腹鱼尝试次数达到6次左右时对气泡幕表现出适应性, 并在48min前通过气泡幕; (4)在流水中各工况下气泡幕的影响距离显著大于静水(P<0.05), 即异齿裂腹鱼产生逃逸行为时距离气管的距离显著大于静水中。研究可得出结论: 推荐阻拦效果最佳的组合方式为流水条件下15 L/min 90°摆放(工况7)、静水条件下30 L/min 90°摆放(工况2); 气泡幕连续阻拦时间不宜超过48min。实验结果可为实际工程中气泡幕的布置提供参考。     

黑龙江省佳木斯地区华枝睾吸虫第二中间宿主的调查

作者对华枝睾吸虫病爆发流行区的鱼体囊蚴进行了现场调查。共检查15种385尾淡水鱼,用鱼肉压片法发现9种255尾鱼感染了华枝睾吸虫囊蚴,阳性鱼种的检出率为60％(9/15),阳性鱼的感染率为66.2％(255/385),其中麦穗鱼和青鳉的感染率为100％,感染度分别为233.57个/克和106.8个/克。对严重感染的麦穗鱼、黑龙江鳑皱、鲈塘鳢、青鳉等4种鱼进行了囊蚴数的测定。对感染度高的麦穗鱼、黑龙江鳑鮍、青鳉等3种鱼做了囊蚴分布的调查,发现鱼皮内和鱼肉内囊蚴最多,各部位囊蚴的数量是否与检查季节有关,须进一步探讨。     

测定乌鳢Ophiocepalus argus腦中胆固醇的初步報告

鱼脑中胆固醇(cholesterol)的含量,一般说来,还没有广泛地研究过。除鰵鱼(Rosenheim,1914a)外,共他鱼脑中胆固醇的含量都不知道,故就数种習见的鱼,把它们脑中胆固醇的含量加以分析是十分必要的。此地鸟鳢极易得到,我们现先就此鱼作了较详尽的分析,所得结果,报告如下。     

高速逆流色谱仪分离纯化芦荟多糖的研究

采用紫外-可见分光光度计法进行了高速逆流色谱技术分离芦荟多糖的溶剂系统研究,得出了高速逆流色谱分离芦荟多糖的溶剂系统为w(PEG600)∶w(KH2PO4)∶w(K2HPO4)∶w(H2O)=5∶15∶15∶65,加入NaCl的质量分数为2%。在水浴温度30℃,转速600 r/min,下相流速为2 mL/min的条件下,采用高速逆流色谱技术成功分离出芦荟多糖粗品,得到APS-1和APS-2两个组分,经Sephadex G-100凝胶柱层析技术和高效凝胶渗透色谱技术初步分析:APS-1和APS-2均为单一组分。     

注射用高纯度蛋黄卵磷脂制备新工艺的研究

本文探索建立了一条以新鲜蛋黄为原料,以乙醇为唯一提取溶剂,制备高纯度注射用蛋黄卵磷脂的新工艺。首先,用4倍重量的96%(v/v)乙醇作为沉淀剂将新鲜蛋黄中的蛋白质沉淀为滤饼,得到初级提取液;然后,再用4倍重量的96%(v/v)乙醇对滤饼抽提3次,提取残余卵磷脂,得到次级提取液。合并提取液,置9℃下静置分层,除去大部分蛋黄油。所得上清液上硅胶柱,用86%(v/v)的乙醇作为洗脱剂,纯化蛋黄卵磷脂,经高效液相色谱检测纯度达98%。并对提取过程进行了优化,得到最佳工艺条件:35℃的96%乙醇溶液,添加量为1∶4(w/w)提取蛋黄液,180 rpm转速下搅拌10 min。抽滤后,用60℃的96%乙醇提取滤饼3次,料液比为1∶4,静置15 min。最佳工艺条件下,蛋黄卵磷脂的提取率可达93.38%。     

几种物质对苯噻草胺在水中光降解的影响

高压汞灯下不同物质对水中的苯噻草胺光化学降解的影响研究表明,NO₂^-和NO₃^-对苯噻草胺的光解有猝灭作用,其中NO₃^-在10∶1的添加浓度(质量浓度)下猝灭作用最明显,照光15 min猝灭率达53.3%;卤素离子对苯噻草胺光解有重原子猝灭效应,作用最强的是添加10∶1的I^-(质量浓度),照光15 min 猝灭率达76.9%;4种表面活性剂随添加浓度的增大对苯噻草胺光解的阻滞作用增强,除农乳404在较低添加浓度下(质量浓度比1∶5和1∶1)对苯噻草胺的光解表现出微弱的敏化效应外,其余均表现为猝灭作用;4种除草剂(杀草丹、苄嘧磺隆、甲草胺和绿磺隆)中,只有苄嘧磺隆在低添加浓度(质量浓度比1∶10)时对苯噻草胺有光敏化作用,照光25 min光敏率为18.2%,其余除草剂各添加浓度下均对苯噻草胺表现出光猝灭作用;充氮气10 min,苯噻草胺的光解半衰期由不充氮气的7.14 min缩短为6.70 min.     

饲料鱼溶浆影响黄颡鱼的胆汁酸代谢及脂肪沉积

为探讨鱼溶浆(SW)对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)胆汁酸代谢的影响, 以30%鱼粉日粮为对照(FM), 在无鱼粉日粮中分别添加约8% (SW8)、17% (SW17)和25% (SW25)的鱼溶浆(干物质), 设计4组等氮等能日粮, 在池塘网箱中养殖黄颡鱼[初始体重(15.67±0.11) g] 60d。结果显示: 与FM组相比, SW25组黄颡鱼全鱼脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05), SW17、SW25组肝胰脏脂肪含量显著降低; 同时, SW17、SW25组血清胆固醇降低11.9%—16.6%, 甘油三酯降低32.5%—47.9% (P<0.05)。SW25组肝胰脏胆汁酸水平比FM组降低了76.3% (P<0.05), 而在血清、肠道中胆汁酸水平升高了125.7%和123.3% (P<0.05)。黄颡鱼肝胰脏CYP7A1基因的mRNA表达量没有显著变化(P>0.05), BSEP、ABCC4、NTCP 基因的表达量随鱼溶浆添加量增加而呈现上升趋势, SW25组的表达量比FM组高16.9%、68.2%和222.8%, ABCC4、NTCP表达量变化显著(P<0.05)。结果表明: 在无鱼粉日粮中添加25%的鱼溶浆(干物质), 不影响黄颡鱼肝胰脏胆汁酸的合成作用, 但促使胆汁酸向血液、肠道中转移, 增强了脂肪的能量代谢作用, 减少鱼体脂肪沉积。     

黄精中阿维菌素残留量检测方法研究

研究了高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测中草药黄精中阿维菌素残留量.以丙酮为提取溶剂,经酸性氧化铝柱层析净化,用紫外检测器(UVD)在245 nm处进行检测,流动相为甲醇-水(体积比为85∶15),流速为1 mL/min.结果表明:阿维菌素在质量浓度为0.01~200μg/mL范围内有良好的线性关系,该方法添加回收率为87.74%~103.47%,变异系数为1.73%~4.43%,检出限为0.01 mg/kg.符合阿维菌素残留的检测要求.     

MS-222对布氏鲷幼鱼的麻醉效果研究

在水温26.5℃±0.2℃条件下,研究了麻醉剂MS-222对布氏鲷Tilapia buttikoferi幼鱼(13.5 g±1.2 g)的麻醉效果。试验表明:低浓度(10 mg/L)MS-222可使鱼体兴奋并出现剧烈打斗行为,随着麻醉剂浓度的升高(30¹10 mg/L),鱼体依次达到1110 mg/L),鱼体依次达到1⁶期最终麻醉状态;1106期最终麻醉状态;110¹90 mg/L为MS-222对布氏鲷幼鱼的有效麻醉浓度范围,试验鱼能在3 min之内达到第4期麻醉状态,并能在3 min内复苏,且麻醉15 min成活率为100%;多重比较结果显示,130190 mg/L为MS-222对布氏鲷幼鱼的有效麻醉浓度范围,试验鱼能在3 min之内达到第4期麻醉状态,并能在3 min内复苏,且麻醉15 min成活率为100%;多重比较结果显示,130¹90 mg/L药物浓度下,布氏鲷幼鱼进入第4期麻醉所需时间、复苏时间无显著差异(P>0.05);150 mg/L药物浓度麻醉5 min,随着空气暴露时间的增加(0190 mg/L药物浓度下,布氏鲷幼鱼进入第4期麻醉所需时间、复苏时间无显著差异(P>0.05);150 mg/L药物浓度麻醉5 min,随着空气暴露时间的增加(0²5 min),试验鱼复苏时间逐渐减少,暴露25 min之后复苏时间快速增加。本研究结果可为MS-222在布氏鲷的生产、研究等领域的应用提供参考。     

鱼类细胞核移植的历史回顾与讨论

介绍60年代以来主要是中国在鱼类克隆研究中所获得的实验进展和成果,包括迄今只能在鱼类中得到的,具有发育“全能性”的核质杂种克隆鱼,和早在80年代初中国就已报道过用体细胞核移植所获得的“克隆鱼”,其记录要比“多莉羊”的报道早15年之久。本文还对过去36年中所获得的有关实验结果进行了分析和讨论并试图联系其它“克隆动物“对其发展前景作些探讨。     

赣西北溪流鱼类区系组成及其生物地理学特征分析

赣西北地区包括幕阜山脉东南面, 九岭山南北两侧以及鄱阳湖平原之西的广大山区和丘陵地区(图1), 位于E113°55′—116°08′、N28°10′—29°56′。北临湖北、西近湖南、东濒鄱阳湖, 南、北、西三面环山, 中部丘陵起伏。       

第二松花江中下游汞污染对鱼类影响的研究

五十年代,日本发现了震惊世界的水俣病(原田正纯,1975),受到了有关国家政府和学术界的关注。这种病主要是食含甲基汞的鱼引起的(上田喜一,1974;武内忠男,1973)。我国第二松花江中下游自1958年以来,汞污染逐渐严量。仅吉林化学工业公司所属厂的四个车间,历年累计排汞量就高达一百余吨(除大量无机汞外,还含有甲基汞和其     

Studies on the Feeding of Coregonus pollan (Thompson) Alevins and Fry in Lough Neagh

Pollan alevins and fry were collected in the open lake between March and July. Fish were measured in total length, upper (U_j) and lower (L_j) jaws and weighed. The gape-height was calculated according to two different formulae. For the examined fish the relationship between total length (L_t) and gape-height (D) was found to be D=0.092 L_t—0.306. The size of food in the gut content was measured, and this increased during fish growth, but amounted to 13.2–26.0 % of D. In the first food of pollan alevins, nauplii and copepodites dominated, but after the alevins had reached 20 mg, copepods appeared to be more frequent food items. In the middle of May, Daphnia longispina was found in the food of pollan fry with an individual weight over 45 mg. Benthic invertebrate fauna were taken after the fish weighed more than 1.4 g. Chironomus anthracinus and Chironomus sp. larvae were among the food item dominants.     

The Spawning and Early Life History of the Pollan (Coregonus pollan THOMPSON) in Lough Neagh,Northern Ireland

Studies had been carried out on the local non-migratory whitefish. Spawning behaviour and light conditions on the spawning ground are recorded. After artificial spawning, embryonal development took place under controlled conditions and the larvae were reared. Detailed characteristics of swim bladder creation and differentiation of the digestive tract are given. Distribution and number of pollan larvae near the spawning area and in the open lake were examined. Data are presented concerning the growth rates of larvae and fry in captivity and under lake conditions. Ecological data related to other coregonids are discussed and compared with the present study.     

Effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Turkey

Throughout the world a number of problems have arisen following the introduction of new fish species; impacts of introductions are not limited to biological and ecological effects but may also have socioeconomic implications. Exotic and translocated fish species have become established in various parts of the inland waters of Turkey since the 1950s. The present paper reviewed ecological and economical effects of introduced freshwater fish of Turkey.     

Studies on the role of exogenous proteolytic enzymes in digestion processes in fish

Studies were carried out on the proteolytic activity of the fry of common carp, rainbow trout, grass carp, and whitefish, as well as on the activity of digestive organs of adult common carp and rainbow trout. Activity of exogenous enzymes in relation to endogenous ones was assessed on the basis of the proteolytic value of fish food and the activity of digestive organs. It was found that the share of proteolytic enzymes of natural food in the digestion process in fish was high. Beginning from a weight of 50–100 g for common carp and 10 g for rainbow trout, the relation between the daily enzymatic ration and the weight of fish indicates the cooperation of an approximately constant amount of exogenous enzymes.     

Ecological assessment of finfish as indicators of habitats in the Gulf of Nicoya,Costa Rica

Trawl samples of demersal fish populations within the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica were conducted during February and July, 1979 and April, 1980 in an attempt to define basic abundance, diversity and distributional patterns. Seventeen day and three night samples produced 6 441 fishes of 107 species during the February cruise. Twenty day and two night samples produced 9 220 individuals of 131 species during the July cruise. Twenty day samples produced 14 151 individuals representing 125 species taken during the April cruise. A total of 214 species were collected during this study.The Gulf may be divided into three zones on the basis of the physical characteristics of the stations (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, depth and distance from the mouth of the Gulf). Few changes in the position of these zones occurred during the study period indicating a relatively stable estuarine configuration from a biological perspective.The Gulf of Nicoya area is under the influence of a wet and a dry season. No significant seasonal changes in the number, biomass, percent occurrence, diversity of partitioning by size class of fishes were observed.Two major types of fish distributional patterns were observed. Several species were ubiquitous and were found throughout the Gulf in varying abundances. Other species were restricted to either the upper or lower Gulf. Dominant groups in the upper Gulf include the sciaenids, sea catfishes (Ariidae) and flatfishes (Soleidae, Cynoglossidae andSyacium ovale). These fishes tend to inhabit the warmer, shallower, less saline waters of the upper Gulf. Flounders (bothidae), gobies (Bollmannia spp.), morays and congers (Hildebrandia nitens, Priodonophus equatorialis andMuraenesox coniceps) and several other species dominated the deeper, cooler, more saline lower Gulf.     

南方大口鲇幼鱼发育的初步研究

南方大口鲇的人工孵化鱼苗在11日龄时卵黄消失,转入营外生性营养的仔鱼阶段;23—26日龄仔鱼的主要外部器官分化完毕,转入稚鱼阶段;40—43日龄稚鱼除存在第二下颌须外,其余外形特征与成鱼相似,稚鱼阶段结束. 5月上旬在嘉陵江中采获到的当年幼鱼已发育到稚鱼阶段结束时期的水平;6—7月的当年幼鱼,当体长为151—177毫米时,第二下颌须消失.当年幼鱼体重和体长的关系为: W=e-10.87062L2.74257(N=77,r=0.9952)根据尾形、体色和须的数量的差异,可以区别南方大口鲇和鲇的当年幼鱼.       

上海苏州河治理中鱼类多样性及群落结构变化

为了评估近20年来上海苏州河环境综合整治过程中鱼类多样性的变化状况, 本文于2019年6月(夏季)和9月(秋季)对苏州河13个断面的鱼类样本进行了采集, 对鱼类多样性和群落结构作了分析。结果显示, 2次采集共获得鱼类样本10,102号, 隶属于8目15科37属45种。夏季和秋季, 上游8个断面的鱼类均为36种, 下游5个断面则为12种和15种。从上游到下游, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Margalef种类丰富度指数(D)和Simpson优势度指数(C)总体呈逐渐降低的趋势。相对重要性指数(IRI)显示, 夏秋两季上游断面共同的优势种为似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni), 下游为鲫(Carassius auratus)和泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)。丰度生物量曲线表明, 全河段鱼类群落结构总体上并不稳定, 特别是夏季的下游河段。Cluster聚类和非参数多维标度排序分析可明显将鱼类群落分为上游群组(I)与下游群组(II), 似鳊、泥鳅、鲫、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)和兴凯鱊(Acheilognathus chankaensis)等是造成群组间差异性的主要分歧种。与2001年的43种、2006年的28种相比, 本次调查的物种数出现了明显回升, 特别是下游河段。这种上游鱼类向下游迁移的趋势, 预示着下游中心城区与上游郊区河段的水质差别正在缩小, 水生态系统恢复迹象明显。本文认为, 上下游之间鱼类群落结构差异的缩小以及翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)、子陵吻虾虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)等在下游河段的出现, 可作为苏州河综合整治效果的重要生态标志。