基于MATLAB的花粉形态量化分析

利用数字照相技术和MATLAB软件测量了5种杨树、3种柏树各50粒花粉的面积、扁圆率、极轴长度、赤道轴长度,计算了面积标准差和极轴长度／赤道轴长度。对8种花粉的面积作了方差分析。结果显示,在99％置信水平上用面积能区分8种花粉。用5种杨树花粉的扁圆率平均值、极轴平均值、赤道轴平均值P／E值作聚类分析,聚类结果显示,5种杨树可分成3组,加拿大杨和小叶杨是一组,毛白杨和山杨是一组,青杨单独为一组。电镜观察纹饰特点与以上聚类结果一致。本研究为定量研究花粉形态提供了一种快速有效的方法及更多的有效数据,比目测精确度提高了10倍。     

北美洲当归属(伞形科)植物花粉形态特征研究

花粉形态特征可为伞形科当归属的分类鉴定与亲缘关系研究提供重要依据;北美洲当归属植物是该属的重要分支分群,但其花粉学研究却鲜受关注。为进一步充实孢粉学研究资料,使用光学显微镜与扫描电子显微镜对北美洲当归属26种44个居群的花粉形态和外壁纹饰进行观察,并用SketchUp软件对花粉极轴及赤道轴长度、体积指数和纹饰密度等特征进行测量分析和定量定义。研究结果显示:(1)供试花粉包含椭圆形、近长方形、超长方形与超长方形(赤道缢缩)4种形状;(2)花粉极轴长度为21.1~32.0μm,赤道轴长度为10.6~17.1μm,极轴与赤道轴的比值为1.5~2.8,体积指数为15.8~23.3;(3)花粉赤道区外壁纹饰分为3类,包括长条状脑纹、短棒状脑纹以及片状脑纹,排列或密集或稀疏,其中3个物种的纹饰在极区变平滑;(4)根据上述形态特征,可将供试花粉划分为4级3大类15小类。研究结果表明,总体上北美洲当归属植物花粉的形态特征的多态性低于东亚当归属植物;花粉形状与赤道区外壁纹饰具有较高的种内一致性,花粉中部是否凸出以及纹饰类型、密集程度、附属物等特征则存在一定程度的种内差异。该研究进一步充实了当归属的孢粉学研究资料,花粉形态特征能够为该类群的分类鉴定与亲缘关系研究提供重要依据,可作为形态分类学和分子分类学的有力补充。     

伞形科山芹属8种17个居群的植物花粉形态研究

该研究采用光学显微镜与扫描电子显微镜对山芹属（Ostericum Hoffm.）8种17个居群的花粉形态特征进行观察和分析,为山芹属分类鉴定与属下系统关系研究提供依据。结果显示：（1）山芹属17个居群的花粉类型包含椭圆形、近长方形、超长方形和赤道收缩形4种类型。（2）花粉赤道面观有近椭圆形、近长方形与超长方形,极面观多为三角圆形,少数为三角形。（3）花粉极轴长度为24.7~35.6 μm,赤道轴长度为10.6~17.4 μm,极轴与赤道轴的比值P/E为1.7~2.5,体积指数P×E^1/2为18.2~22.6。（4）花粉萌发孔均具三孔沟,且多为边萌发孔,角萌发孔较少,沟细长且均匀。（5）花粉赤道区外壁纹饰分为3类,即片状脑纹、长条状脑纹和短棒状脑纹,少数具有颗粒状或疣状的附着物。研究认为,山芹属植物花粉的形状与赤道区外壁纹饰类型存在较高的种内一致性,萌发孔类型、花粉中部是否凸出以及纹饰条纹长度、密集程度、附属物等特征则存在一定的种内差异性;花粉形态特征可为山芹属植物不同层次的分类鉴定与亲缘关系研究提供重要的证据。     

华南主要作物和蔬果类现代花粉形态及农业考古研究价值

本文对华南地区主要的19科31种作物和蔬果类花粉进行了形态学研究,包括镜下观察、拍照和特征描述与对比。本研究涉及的花粉包括粮食作物4种,蔬菜类16种,水果类8种,油料和经济作物3种等。结果表明,不同作物的花粉在形态、大小、萌发器官和外壁纹饰等方面有明显的差别,同一科植物花粉的主要形态虽有相似之处,但根据某些细微结构特征,并通过统计学方法在一定程度上可以对相近的种类进行区别。本文对十字花科芸苔属4种蔬菜花粉(油菜、芥菜、菜心和小白菜)的扁率(赤道轴长/极轴长)以及外壁网眼长轴长度分别进行测量,发现外壁网眼长轴长度对于4种蔬菜的区分不明显,而扁率则分异显著,可为十字花科花粉种属判别提供依据。对重庆阿蓬江涪碛口遗址剖面中自明清时期以来的伴人植物十字花科花粉赤道轴长与外壁网眼长轴长度进行了测量,判别出文化层中的十字花科花粉可能为菜心类型。稻田中保存的水稻花粉直径约为34—38μm,结合水稻花粉的其它特征可以应用到全新世地层的水稻花粉鉴定。     

金槐和米槐主流品种花粉形态研究

该研究以6个金槐品种和2个米槐品种的花粉为材料,采用美国卡尔蔡司EVO18扫描电镜对其极面、赤道面、外壁纹饰等形态特征进行了观察,并对金槐、米槐品种间的亲缘关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)金槐和米槐花粉的共有特征有极面观为三裂圆形,极面光滑;具3孔沟,沟较窄且达两极;沟缘中部外凸,具颗粒状突起;沟在极面上没有交会,形成宽大的沟界极区。(2)金槐的花粉粒为长球形,金槐J6的极轴最长,金槐J2的极轴最短,极轴长/赤道轴长表现的规律与极轴长相一致;网眼直径最大的是金槐J2,最小的是金槐J5;网眼密度最大的是金槐J6,最小的是金槐J2。(3)米槐的花粉粒为近圆球形,极轴长和极轴长/赤道轴长明显小于金槐,但其赤道轴长大于金槐;双季米槐的赤道轴长、极轴长、极轴长/赤道轴长、网眼密度都小于单季米槐。(4) 8个品种可分为3组,金槐J4、金槐J1和金槐J6 3个品种亲缘关系较近,金槐J5、金槐J3和金槐J2 3个品种亲缘关系较近,单季米槐和双季米槐2个品种亲缘关系较近。花粉形态是鉴别金槐和米槐两大类品种的重要根据,并可为进一步的品种划分提供重要依据。     

新疆胡颓子属三种植物的花粉形态及其分类学意义

该文采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,运用扫描电镜对新疆胡颓子属(Elaeagnus Linn.)落叶组大果沙(E. moorcroftii)、尖果沙枣(E. oxycarpa)和沙枣(E. angustifolia)共计18个样品的花粉形态进行了观察和研究;全面描述了新疆胡颓子属3个种花粉的极轴长、赤道轴长、极面观、赤道面观、孔沟形态和外壁纹饰等形态特点,并对其进行数据分析,通过对聚类结果的比较,讨论不同孢粉学特征对分类结果的影响。结果表明：(1)3个种的花粉均为中等大小;萌发孔类型均为三孔沟型。(2)花粉极面观形状从三角形、钝三角形到圆三角形;赤道面观形状从菱角形、半圆形到扁圆形;外壁纹饰从皱波状到穴状。(3)以筛选出的5个反映花粉形态的主成分指标进行聚类,结果显示所选指标不能区分种;以代表花粉形态的极面观形态和赤道面观形态为指标进行聚类同样也无法区分3个种;以花粉粒大小为指标进行聚类发现,大果沙枣的花粉大小可以区别于其他2个种。研究表明除了大果沙枣花粉的大小,尖果沙枣和沙枣的花粉形态不宜直接应用于种的划分。该研究结果为新疆胡颓子属落叶组植物花粉的种间鉴定和品种划分以及进化关系的研究提供了孢粉学依据。     

10种金花茶组植物的花粉形态及分类学意义

金花茶组(Sect.Chrysantha)植物具有很高的观赏价值,但其分类存在争议.为探讨金花茶组植物花粉的形态特征和分类学意义,该研究用扫描电镜观察了10种金花茶的花粉形状、外壁纹饰以及穿孔特征,统计了极轴长、赤道轴长和萌发沟长,并进行聚类分析.结果表明:(1)10种供试金花茶植物花粉为中粒花粉,大部分花粉形状呈近球...     

苹果地方品种花粉形态分类及聚类研究

利用扫描电镜观察了苹果属植物25个地方品种、10个野生种类型、3个栽培品种、2个杂交种共40个不同类型的花粉形态特征,根据花粉形状、极轴和赤道轴长度等11个指标,采用类平均法(UPGMA)对欧式距离进行聚类分析。结果发现:所观察花粉类型均为N_3P_4C_5类型,呈两侧对称的长球形或超长球形,花粉表面有条状饰纹和穿孔,各类型间花粉粒大小及外壁纹饰差异明显,地方品种早白海棠外壁饰纹无条纹束,区别于其他资源。聚类分析表明:在遗传距离1.30水平上,40份资源聚为9大类,地方品种与野生资源、栽培品种相互交错,部分地方品种单独聚为一类。地方品种花粉形态多样性极为丰富,除一些特异类型,花粉形态不能单独作为地方品种分类的依据,需结合其他分类方法;部分地方品种起源于新疆野苹果或者新疆野苹果与其他野生资源或者栽培种的自然杂交,部分地方品种经过相互杂交和人工选择形成其类型的多样性,具有重要的科研价值。     

19个木莲属树种的花粉形态观察及其分类学意义

通过对19个木莲属树种的花粉进行扫描电子显微镜观察拍照,观察描述花粉的形态学特征,测量花粉极轴与赤道轴长度、花粉表面孔穴和突起的密度并据此进行聚类分析。扫描电子显微镜下形态学观察结果表明:木莲属19个种的花粉均为舟形,且具有长及两端的远极萌发单沟等一致特征,花粉表面孔穴、突起等特征在种内部比较稳定,不同种之间差异明显,具有一定的分类学意义,但作为属下分类依据需慎重。聚类分析结果表明:相同地区或分布地域相近的树种花粉特征更相近,证明的遗传分枝与地理分布有很强的相关性。     

储存温度对单瓣和重瓣紫斑牡丹花粉活力及生理特性的影响北大核心CSCD

以紫斑牡丹‘象牙白’单瓣和重瓣花的花粉为材料,对其超微结构及生理生化特性进行观察和分析,探讨单瓣和重瓣花花粉超微结构以及不同温度储存花粉活力与其可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量和3种保护酶活性(POD、SOD、CAT)的关系,以确定紫斑牡丹单瓣和重瓣花花粉最佳储存温度。结果表明:(1)紫斑牡丹重瓣花花粉平均极轴长、平均赤道轴长、极轴长/赤道轴长均小于单瓣花花粉;室温(25℃)条件下,单瓣花花粉萌发率(83.62%)高于重瓣花(72.06%),单瓣花和重瓣花花粉的半衰期分别为40 d和60 d;随着储存温度降低和储存时间的延长,单瓣花和重瓣花的花粉萌发率较室温均显著提高,且单瓣花花粉萌发率始终高于重瓣花花粉。(2)紫斑牡丹单瓣和重瓣花花粉在短期储存(1~120 d)、较长时间储存和长期储存的适宜温度分别为4℃、-20℃,-80℃。(3)与室温相比,低温可提高储存期间紫斑牡丹花粉的可溶性蛋白质含量和保护酶活性,并降低MDA含量,从而有效延缓花粉萌发率的下降。(4)低温胁迫对紫斑牡丹单瓣花花粉的影响低于重瓣花花粉,在相同储存温度条件下,重瓣花花粉细胞受损程度更高、萌发率下降速率更快。研究认为,紫斑牡丹花粉在-80℃储存条件下基本处于代谢平衡状态,故低温能有效延长其花粉储存寿命;储存期间花粉萌发率下降的主要原因是细胞膜脂过氧化程度加剧,细胞损伤加重;紫斑牡丹重瓣花花粉粒小、瘪粒和畸形是导致其较单瓣花花粉萌发率低的主要原因。     

A low mutation rate for chloroplast microsatellites.

We used chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) to examine whether there is any variation present in the chloroplast genome of Pinus torreyana (Parry ex Carrière) that may previously not have been detected using RFLPs. Analysis of 17 cpSSR loci showed no variation, which is consistent with previous cpRFLP work and confirms that the species is descended from an original, highly monomorphic population following a bottleneck. This lack of biological variation in the chloroplast genome of P. torreyana allowed us to estimate the mutation rates at cpSSR loci as between 3. 2 x 10(-5) and 7.9 x 10(-5). This estimate is lower than published mutation rates at nuclear SSR loci but higher than substitution rates elsewhere in the chloroplast genome.     

Description of Cydia piceicola,sp. nov. (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae), feeding on Picea jezoensis in Korea

The adult and the early stages of Cydia piceicola, sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Korea. Larvae of the new species feed on Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zucc.) Carrière, The life history and larval feeding habits are briefly discussed.     

Insect guild structure associated with eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians

An assessment of the insect guild structure associated with immature and mature eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, at high and low elevations was made before the invasion by the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand), and elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris. Guild dynamics were determined among 243 insect species associated with eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians. Detritivore, hematophage, herbivore, fungivore, parasitoid, predator, scavenger, and transient guild assignments were made. The herbivore and transient guilds were subdivided into chewers, sapsuckers, flower feeders, pollen feeders, pollen/nectar/sap feeders, and seed feeders. A significant association was found between guilds on immature and mature hemlocks at low elevations, but no significant association was found at high elevations. There was also a strong association of phytophagous insects on immature hemlocks and scavengers on mature hemlocks. The observed transient, scavenger, and predator guilds had a significantly lower co-occurrence among species indicating segregation of the species within these guilds. The herbivore guild had a significantly higher co-occurrence among species than the simulated index indicating aggregation of species within this guild across sites. Detritivore, hematophage, and parasitoid guilds did not differ significantly from the simulated community. These results document a diverse and dynamic insect community on eastern hemlock before invasion by hemlock woolly adelgid and elongate hemlock scale.     

甘肃省麦积山景区3种典型裸子植物土壤微生物群落结构分析

【目的】探明不同种类的植物对其根际土壤微生物数量分布与群落结构的影响。【方法】将微生物计数法与磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法相结合,分析比较麦积山景区3种典型裸子植物根际土壤微生物的数量分布和PLFA种类、含量及主成分结构。【结果】3种植物根际土壤微生物数量均以细菌最多,真菌最少;总PLFA含量以红豆杉[Taxus chinensis(Pilg)Rehder.]最高、种类最多,日本落叶松[Larix kaempferi(Lamb)Carriere.]最低,红豆杉与云杉(Picea asperata Mast)PLFA主要成分相似度高于日本落叶松;外来种日本落叶松无论微生物数量,还是种类以及PLFA结构组成与红豆杉、云杉均有较大的差异,多样性显著下降。【结论】与土著裸子植物相比,外来种日本落叶松能明显改变根际土壤微生物数量分布与群落结构。     

Studies on the Pollen Morphology of Family Salicaceae in Gansu

Pullen grains of 2 genera 31 species of the family Salicaceae ia Gansu have been investigated. The comparative studies of the pollen grains were carried out by means of seanning electron microscope and light microscope. The two genera (Popu- lus L. and Salix L.) can be distinguished by their pollen characters such as the shape of pollen, type of aper ure, ornamentation of exine etc. 1. Shape of pollen grains 1) Spherical (rounded) : Populus L., 2) Ellipoidal, (subrotund): Salix L. 2. Type .of aperture 1) Atreme: Populus L., 2) 3-colpate, 3-colporoidate or 3-syncolpate: Salix L. 3. Ornamentation of exine 1 ) Cavernulous: Populus L., 2) Tubercular: Populus L., 3) Spinulate: Salix L., 4) Rugulose: Populus L. and Salix L., 5) Finely-reticulate: Populus L., 6) Reticulate: Salix L., 7) Crass-reticulate: Salix L., 8) Rugulose-Spinulate-Cavernulous: Salix L., 9) Rugulose-Reticulate: Salix L. Basing upon the above pollen characters, the genera Populus L. and Salix L. are con- sidered two good and natural taxa, and the genus Populus L. is more primitive than the genus Salix L.     

A study on pollen morphology of the genus Vitis L.

The pollen grains of 32 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties of Vitis and 1 species of Muscadinia were scanned with Hitachi S-800 scanning electron microscope and described in the present paper. In Vitis, the pollen morphology is found to be valuable for the identification of species, though it is of little significance in supraspecific classification and systematic consideration. The ornamentation of Vitis could be divided into four types: ( 1 ) The pollen grains are oblate or rarely spheroidal (P/E =0.97 ～ 1.08) in shape, with colpi wide enough to show dense granulae inside. The pollen grains of V. coignetiae Pull. Ex Planch. belong to this type. (2) The pollen grains are prolate to subprolate (P/E = 1.25 ～ 1.76 ), with sparse granulae within the colpi. This type includes l0 species, 1 subspecies and 3 varieties, such as V. hui Cheng etc. (3) The pollen grains of V. romanetii Roman du Caill. ex Planch. and V. davidii (Roman du Caill. ) Foex. var. ferruginea Merr. et Chun are prolate (P/E= 1.87 ～ 2.1), with colpi narrow and linear-shaped, but rhombic in the equational region. (4) The pollen grains are prolate or perprolate (P/E= 1.30 ～ 2. 0), with narrow and linear-shaped colpi. The species with this type of pollen grains are Muscadiniarotundifolia (Michx.) Small and 20 species of Vitis.     

Relationship between invertebrate fauna and bromeliad size.

Several bromeliads species store water and organic substrates, allowing the establishment of phytotelmata and associated fauna on their leaves. In this study, we sampled 70 individuals of Vriesea sp. (Carrière) (Bromeliaceae), in rupestrian fields in the Serra de Ouro Branco-MG, Brazil. The relationships between invertebrate species richness and abundance and size of bromeliads were tested using multiple regression. We found 19 species associated with bromeliads, mainly Diptera larvae. The abundance of the phytotelmate fauna increased principally in relation to the volume of water in the bromeliad reservoir. Phytotelmata richness was affected principally by diameter of the reservoir. There was a significant relationship between the abundance and richness of invertebrates associated with leaves with diameter and height of the plant. Invertebrate richness was better explained by abundance of individuals. These results suggest that the increase of richness was attended by higher numbers of microhabitats and more space for colonization of bigger bromeliads. Additionally, there was more chance of sampling different species in locales with greater abundance of individuals.     

Comparison between two classes of selective EP(3) antagonists and their biological activities

Two different series of very potent and selective EP(3) antagonists have been reported: a novel series of ortho-substituted cinnamic acids [Belley, M., Gallant, M., Roy, B., Houde, K., Lachance, N., Labelle, M., Trimble, L., Chauret, N., Li, C., Sawyer, N., Tremblay, N., Lamontagne, S., Carrière, M.-C., Denis, D., Greig, G. M., Slipetz, D., Metters, K. M., Gordon, R., Chan, C. C., Zamboni, R. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.2005, 15, 527] and the acylsulfonamides of ortho-(arylmethyl)cinnamates. [(a) Juteau, H., Gareau, Y., Labelle, M., Sturino, C. F., Sawyer, N., Tremblay, N., Lamontagne, S., Carrière, M.-C., Denis, D., Metters, K. M. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2001, 9, 1977; (b) Juteau, H., Gareau, Y., Labelle, M., Lamontagne, S., Tremblay, N., Carrière, M.-C., Denis, D., Sawyer, N., Metters, K. M. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.2001, 11, 747] The structural differences between the two series, along with their biological activity in vivo, in vitro, and metabolism, are analyzed. Some of those compounds, including hybrids containing the best structural features of both series, possess K(i) as low as 0.6 nM on the EP(3) receptor.     

Vietnamese species of Taumacera viridis–group with a description of new species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)

The species of Taumacera viridis species–group from Vietnam are revised. Four species are recognized. Taumacera indica (Jacoby, 1889), T. occipitalis (Laboissière, 1933) and T. variceps (Laboissière, 1933), are redescribed. Taumacera phuquoca sp. nov. from Phu Quoc National Park (southern Vietnam) is described. An identification key is provided for all Vietnamese species.www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:396862F9-8A47-4101-A27C-CD0625E68FA1.