道路建设对野生动物的影响域研究进展

道路建设对生态环境产生了复杂而深刻的影响,具有多要素、时空动态变化特征。基于景观生态学视角,景观生态学之父、美国哈佛大学Richard TT Forman教授提出道路影响域概念。道路建设对野生动物的影响域研究是道路影响域研究的重要组成部分。本文从研究方法、研究结果等方面总结了国内外研究进展,并结合我国道路生态学发展实际,提出两点建议:以生态敏感区域为案例(如吉林省长白山区、内蒙古草原区、云南省三江并流区和高原湿地区),深入探索道路建设对野生动物的影响域研究的学术空白领域;结合生态敏感区域道路建设实际,积极将研究成果应用于道路建设实践,指导生态敏感区域道路建设,为资源节约型与环境友好型交通建设服务。     

道路对两栖类种群的生态学影响

随着道路密度和交通量的不断增加,道路对两栖类种群产生的负面影响也在不断的加深和扩大,其影响主要有:1)直接作用:道路致死、廊道效应、生境破碎、回避效应等:2)间接作用:即边缘效应,包括非生物环境(土、水、气、声、热等)和生物环境(植被和其他动物等)的影响.这些因素的综合作用,将会威胁物种长期的存活,从而导致种群数量的严重下降.文章系统论述了道路对两栖类种群的生态学影响,以期引起人们的关注,并采取相应的措施,使人类在追求经济利益的同时最大限度的减少道路对动物的影响和危害.     

道路的生态学影响及其生态建设

道路的生态学影响及其生态建设章家恩,徐琅（中国科学院南京土壤研究所,２１０００８）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＩｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆＲｏａｄｓａｎｄＩｔｓＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ．￥ＺｈａｎｇＪｉａｅｎ;ＸｕＱｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉ...     

道路生态学研究进展

“道路生态学”是当代景观生态学的最新研究领域。重点探讨道路生态学和生态道路网的研究进展。从景观生态学的点效应、廊道效应和边际效应出发 ,引入景观生态网络的概念 ,即由点、线、网按照一定等级结构、功能分工和空间秩序组合成的生态网络体系 ,其中道路网和水网是最主要的表现形态。根据网络理论构造网络结构影响度模型 ,在 GIS和 RS的支持下 ,通过对北京局部地区道路网动态模拟的分析表明 ,道路网对其他景观的影响是通过点效应、廊道效应、点 -廊道 -网络叠加效应共同作用的结果 ,这种影响与道路网络密度和道路影响带的范围成正比。因此 ,为了最大限度减少道路网对自然生态系统的干扰与破环 ,提出生态道路网络建设的 8点建议     

我国道路对野生动物影响研究的现状与挑战

全球交通基础设施网络的不断扩张导致的栖息地丧失和破碎化已成为生物多样性下降的主要影响因素之一。国外开展了大量的道路对野生动物生存影响的研究, 相对而言, 我国在该领域的研究刚刚起步。本文通过总结截止于2021年国内的144篇案例研究文献以及新浪微博中210条道路交通伤害信息, 将我国道路对野生动物的影响分为栖息地丧失、栖息地破碎化、回避或聚集路边、阻碍或促进迁移、种群隔离、野生动物通道和道路交通伤害等方面, 从研究方法、研究地点、研究物种和研究结果等不同角度进行梳理和总结。近年来, 我国的相关研究呈现不断增长的趋势, 研究地点主要集中在可可西里、长白山和秦岭地区; 研究物种主要为青藏高原有蹄类、大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)和亚洲象(Elephas maximus)。未来重点发展方向应包括: (1)道路野生动物基础数据采集平台建设; (2)我国不同动物地理分区的道路野生动物相关研究; (3)深入开展学科交叉与部门合作以及国际交流合作。公众在社交媒体发布的相关信息表明近年来公众对道路交通伤害问题越来越关注, 未来开展基于公民科学收集道路交通伤害数据具有迫切性和可行性。     

中国道路生态学的春天到了

正"美国是在道路系统形成之后才考虑缓解方案,而中国则是在巨大道路系统形成过程中融合了生态学设计。因此,中国的工作对于道路生态学的发展至关重要,可以说决定了这个学科发展的未来。"哈佛大学教授佛瑞曼(Forman)如是说。20多年来,伴随着中国公路尤其是高速公路的快速发展,中国的道路生态学发展迅速,成果丰硕。逐步建立了道路生态学相关理论,对于指导"绿色交通"建设发挥着越来越重要的作用。如在青藏高原多年冻土地区,研究筛选出了受公路影响的关键生态因子;在云南三江并流地区,发现公路对不同鸟类的影响范围从10米到190     

泰国Khao Yai国家公园豹猫的道路生态学

为了解道路对豹猫（Prionailurus bengalensis）空间生态和时间生态的影响,使用无线电追踪技术对6只雌性个体和4只雄性个体进行了为期1—18个月的监测。道路上的车辆主要在白天出现,似乎不影响豹猫的位置或活动,即便在周末或假期车辆增加时,情形也是如此。需要更多的研究来确定本文报道的结果是否代表了该物种的整体情况,或者仅仅特定于KaoYai国家公园。需要该物种更多的自然性方面的数据为野生动物管理者决策提供根据.     

中国道路生态学简史

正中国的道路生态学研究始于1973年,源自交通环境保护工作。交通运输部是我国最早开展环境保护工作的行业之一。从1987年交通运输部发布《交通建设项目环境保护管理办法(试行)》开始,公路建设项目环境影响评价工作正式启动,公路交通环保工作开始稳步发展。初期的环保研究多是围绕环评中的各种污染,如水、气、声等指标的测定,而对于动植物、生态系统、景观等方面的研究开展得比较少。     

环长白山旅游公路对野生动物的影响

随着中国公路建设大规模向生态敏感区延伸,野生动物保护问题凸显.但目前国内公路对野生动物影响的系统研究较少.2008年11月-2012年2月,采用样线法、红外相机监测法等对毗邻长白山国家级自然保护区的环长白山旅游公路进行了动物致死、公路对动物的影响域、动物穿越公路、动物通道利用率等研究.结果表明:路域500 m范围内哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类和两栖类种类占到长白山自然保护区的42.86％、24.78％、66.67％和66.67％,国家级保护物种达11种(Ⅰ级2种,Ⅱ级9种);一共有59种3475个动物被致死,平均达到61.6个·100 km-1,两栖类最多,达到2996个;环长白山旅游公路对鸟类和哺乳类物种丰富度无影响,但鸟兽活动痕迹有向路域200 m范围集中趋势;10次冬季调查发现,13种动物穿越公路共502次,穿越次数最多的是黄鼬,达到169次,动物偏好于自然保护区段穿越公路(原始红松阔叶林段落);有6种中大型动物利用桥涵穿越公路,桥梁和涵洞利用率分别达到88％和44.2％,植被类型、人为干扰、通道尺寸都对通道利用率有影响.提出了具体的保护对策.     

世界道路生态学简史

正直到20世纪60年代,道路建设引起的生态环境问题才开始被人们关注。在20世纪80年代以前,人们主要关注公路对野生动物生境的干扰和水土水文效应的影响。欧美国家在20世纪60年代席卷全球的环境启蒙运动中就针对道路建设对水土流失、水文效应给予了关注,并逐步发展了系统规范的防控方案。20世纪70年代以后,欧洲一些国家和美国开始建造一些为了野生动物穿越公路的桥梁和涵洞,如法国建造了150多座5~10米宽的小桥,建造了欧洲第一     

Ecological effects of roads and traffic: a literature review

This survey of the literature on the ecological effects of roads and traffic revealed many articles published over many years in peer reviewed journals. There has also been a growing number of reports on the ecological effects of roads produced by government authorities. Whereas few reports have been published on assessing the ecological impacts, there has been a rapidly growing number of reports on methods for mitigation. Gaps in research include the effects of heavy metal accumulation and the processes and effects resulting from habitat fragmentation. There is a need to assess the effectiveness of underpasses and tunnels and the nature and functioning of buffer zones. A literature database has been assembled and is being updated.     

Changes in terrestrial biota before the Permian-Triassic ecological crisis

The period around the Permian-Triassic boundary was marked by one of the most important and interesting events in the evolution of life. The diversity of both marine and continental biotas decreased. The changes were global and led to the establishment of the new Mesozoic World. Transformations of the organic world constituted a single process with changes in the inorganic components of the biosphere. The preceding glacial period had ended and the “cool,” zonal, and markedly seasonal climate was replaced by a “warm,” “equable,” virtually non-seasonal and azonal climate. The new climatic organization remained on Earth for more than two hundred million years. The biotic crisis was global: it involved the sea, the land, and inland waters. The changes on land began earlier and more superficial. The principal events were in the Kazanian and Vyatkian, before the end of the Permian. The crisis was caused to a greater extent by biospheric processes than by momentary external influences, the latter at most triggering the crisis.     

An Ecological Risk Assessment of Formaldehyde

A multi-tiered environmental risk assessment of formaldehyde determined the possibility of harmful effects on organisms in certain environmental compartments in Canada. A review of the relevant information indicates that biota are exposed to formaldehyde primarily in air and, to a lesser extent, in water. Worst-case scenarios predict that the estimated exposure values likely to be encountered in Canada for water and air are not expected to exceed estimated no-effects values. Therefore, the environmental risks associated with concentrations of formaldehyde likely to be found in Canada are low.     

Predicting ecosystem dynamics at regional scales: an evaluation of a terrestrial biosphere model for the forests of northeastern North America

Terrestrial biosphere models are important tools for diagnosing both the current state of the terrestrial carbon cycle and forecasting terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change. While there are a number of ongoing assessments of the short-term predictive capabilities of terrestrial biosphere models using flux-tower measurements, to date there have been relatively few assessments of their ability to predict longer term, decadal-scale biomass dynamics. Here, we present the results of a regional-scale evaluation of the Ecosystem Demography version 2 (ED2)-structured terrestrial biosphere model, evaluating the model's predictions against forest inventory measurements for the northeast USA and Quebec from 1985 to 1995. Simulations were conducted using a default parametrization, which used parameter values from the literature, and a constrained model parametrization, which had been developed by constraining the model's predictions against 2 years of measurements from a single site, Harvard Forest (42.5° N, 72.1° W). The analysis shows that the constrained model parametrization offered marked improvements over the default model formulation, capturing large-scale variation in patterns of biomass dynamics despite marked differences in climate forcing, land-use history and species-composition across the region. These results imply that data-constrained parametrizations of structured biosphere models such as ED2 can be successfully used for regional-scale ecosystem prediction and forecasting. We also assess the model's ability to capture sub-grid scale heterogeneity in the dynamics of biomass growth and mortality of different sizes and types of trees, and then discuss the implications of these analyses for further reducing the remaining biases in the model's predictions.     

The selection, testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators

Although the uses and merits of terrestrial insects as indicators have been extensively discussed, there is a lack of clear definition, goal directedness and hypothesis testing in studies in the field. In an attempt to redress some of these issues and outline an approach for further studies, three categories of terrestrial insect indicators, corresponding to differences in their application, are proposed, i.e. environmental, ecological and biodiversity indicators. The procedures in terrestrial insect bioindicator studies should start with a clear definition of the study objectives and proposed use of the bioindicator, as well as with a consideration of the scale at which the study is to be carried out. Bioindication studies are conducted at a variety of spatial and temporal scales within the context of earth-system processes, but the objectives of the study will largely determine the scale at which it would be optimally conducted. There is a tendency for studies to be conducted below their space-time scaling functions, giving them apparent predictability. The selection of potential indicator taxa or groups is then based on a priori suitability criteria, the identification of predictive relationships between the indicator and environmental variables and, most importantly, the development and testing of hypotheses according to the correlative patterns found. Finally, recommendations for the use of the indicator in monitoring should be made. Although advocating rigorous, long-term protocols to identify indicators may presently be questionable in the face of the urgency with which conservation decisions have to be made, this approach is critical if bioindicators are to be used with any measurable degree of confidence.     

Ecological effects of atmospheric reactive nitrogen deposition on semi-natural terrestrial ecosystems

Evidence that enhanced reactive nitrogen deposition is affecting semi-natural terrestrial ecosystems comes from historic increases in plant tissue N concentrations, correlations between tissue N concentrations and present-day total atmospheric N deposition, changes in plant amino-acid composition and effects on N assimilation. The ecological significance of such changes in biomarkers is uncertain. This paper explores the ecological significance of reactive atmospheric N deposition through a review of previous experimental findings and new experimental evidence from an acidic and a calcareous grassland, both showing phosphorus limitation, and a N-limited Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull heathland in upland Britain. Nitrogen addition in the range 0–20 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ initially (years 0–4) increased the growth of Calluna and a decline in some subordinate species. In subsequent years, shoot extension was not stimulated, but winter injury was observed from 1993 onwards, suggesting a strong interaction between N supply and climatic conditions. By contrast, the grasslands showed a small decrease in the cover of higher plants in later years (6–7) of the experimental treatments (0–14 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹) and no growth stimulation. All N treatments reduced the bryophyte cover in the acidic grassland. There were marked effects on below-ground processes, including a sustained stimulation of N mineralization in the grassland soils, and an increase in the bacterial utilization of organic substrates in the heathland, as measured in BIOLOG plates. The results strongly suggest the importance of atmospheric N deposition on microbially driven processes in soils, and are discussed in relation to the scale of potential ecosystem changes and their reversibility by pollution abatement.     

Ecological succession and the rehabilitation of disturbed terrestrial ecosystems

Plant and Soil - Soil and vegetation development on surface-mined coal sites in a mixed grass prairie region were studied as (a) naturally revegetated chronosequences of 1, 7, 17, 30 and 45-year...     

Patterns of diversity and habitat relationships in terrestrial mollusc communities of the Pukeamaru Ecological District, northeastern New Zealand

Aim The New Zealand terrestrial mollusc fauna is among the most speciose in the world, with often remarkably high richness at lowland forest sites. We sought to elucidate general explanations for patterns of richness in terrestrial mollusc communities by analysis of species coexistence and habitat relationships within a New Zealand district fauna. Location Pukeamaru Ecological District, eastern North Island, New Zealand. Methods We sampled molluscs using qualitative methods at twenty-three sites and quantitatively by frame sampling of scrubland-forest floor litter at sixteen of these sites and analysed patterns of species richness and turnover in relation to regional species pools and local habitat attributes. We then tested for nonrandom assemblage of taxa along diversity and habitat gradients. Results Ninety-four indigenous mollusc species were recorded from a district fauna estimated at 102 indigenous species: only two species were endemic. From the presumptive geological history of the district, the low endemism, and Brooks parsimony and indicator species analyses of faunal relationships, the communities were indicated to have resulted by accumulation of colonists from other New Zealand districts since the Miocene. Richness ranged from two or three indigenous species in dune habitats to fifty-nine species in a floristically rich forest. Beta diversity was high and site occupancy per species was low, indicating communities structured by successive replacement of ecological equivalents. Sites differing in vegetation had characteristic species assemblages, indicating a degree of habitat specialization. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that canopy tree species, canopy height, floristic diversity, altitude, litter mass, and litter pH were important determinants of species assemblage in scrubland and forest. Richness was strongly associated with site floristic diversity and, for litter-dwelling species, the pH of litter substrate. High richness occurred at those sites supporting molluscs in high abundance. Shell-shape distributions were essentially Cainian unimodal, with communities dominated by snail species with subglobose to discoidal shells. Mean and variance of shell size increased with mollusc species richness and floristic diversity at sites, indicating dominance of communities by small-shelled species at early successional or floristically poor sites, and increased richness resulting from addition of larger snails into vacant niches. Shifts in shell form were associated with sympatry in several congeneric taxa. Main conclusions The underdispersion of shell shape, relative to faunas elsewhere in the world, indicates that community structure in New Zealand land snail faunas has been constrained by limited phylogenetic diversity and/or by convergence upon successful adaptations. The remarkably high richness that characterizes these communities indicates special conditions allow coexistence of numerous species. The relationship between floristic diversity at sites and the richness, diversity, and shell-size distributions of the molluscs suggests assemblages structured around niche partitioning among competing species. While there is an element of congruence between vegetation and mollusc pattern, this study indicates that assembly rules will be defined, and spatial pattern predicted, only through a better understanding of the linkage between regional species pool, organism traits, environment, and local community assemblage.     

Ecological effects of forest roads on plant species diversity in Caspian forests of Iran

Current research includes the effects of asphalt forest roads on changes of plant cover and tree regeneration from asphalt forest roads edges towards its inner parts in two compartments of Nave Asalem forests located in the north of Iran. For this reason, in each side of road, 6 sample plots (20 m × 20 m) were established for measuring plant species diversity. In each sample plot, ground vegetation and tree regeneration were assessed within nine 2 × 2 m micro plots. In total, 12 sample plots and 108 μ plots were established. Results indicated that the road positions were effective on plant species diversity. The highest diversity and evenness indices value were observed down of the road compared to the up of the road position for herbal and tree regeneration layers. The same results were found also for herbal richness indices. Up of road position had the greatest value of richness indices in comparison to the other road position for tree regeneration layer. Also, the results showed that diversity, richness, and evenness indices were decreased with the increasing of distance from the road side for herbs and tree regeneration layers. This study indicated that roads can increase plant biodiversity; that is, tree regeneration density.