Nature of enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism by a calf blood extract

The effect of calf blood extract (Solcoseryl, SS) on mitochondrial oxidative function in various states was studied polarographically in vitro. 1) Mitochondrial respiration in all 4 conventional study states (Estabrook, 1967) was enhanced by the addition of SS, including states 1 and 2 (endogenous substrates only). 2) The effect of SS on mitochondrial oxygen consumption was concentration dependent, while ADP/O ratio remained constant. The effect of added respiratory substrates varied with the particular substrate at optimally active concentrations. With suboptimal substrate levels, ADP/O ratios were concentration dependent, in contrast to the SS effect. Under oligomycin ATPase inhibition, SS was no longer active, in contrast to DNP, which remained active. 3) In states 3 (added ADP) and 4 (ADP exhausted), oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation were enhanced by SS in the presence or absence of citrate, glutamate, pyruvate, lactate, or ascorbate. However, in the presence of succinate, SS had no effect. 4) ADP/O ratio was decreased by SS in the presence of added substrate, suggesting that SS activation of H(+)-ATPase enhances ATP hydrolysis as well as oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. 5) The enhancing effect of SS on mitochondrial function is due to hydrophilic components of SS. The lipidic components obtained by Folch fraction of SS have no effect. It is concluded that the effects of SS respiratory substrates and uncouplers on mitochondrial function are essentially different. SS enhances both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption by mitochondria.     

Solcoseryl in prevention of stress-induced gastric lesions and healing of chronic ulcers

Solcoseryl, a deproteinized extract of calf blood, protects the gastric mucosa against various topical irritants and enhances the healing of chronic gastric ulcerations but the mechanisms of these effects have been little studied. This study was designed to elucidate the active principle in Solcoseryl and to determine the role of prostaglandins (PG) and polyamines in the antiulcer properties of this agent. Using both, the radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay, EGF-like material was detected in Solcoseryl preparation. Solcoseryl given s.c. prevented the formation of stress-induced gastric lesions and this was accompanied by an increase in the generation of PGE2 in the gastric mucosa. Similar effects were obtained with EGF. Pretreatment with indomethacin, to suppress mucosal generation of prostaglandins (PG), greatly augmented stress-induced gastric ulcerations and antagonized the protection exerted by both Solcoseryl and EGF. Solcoseryl, like EGF, enhanced the healing of chronic gastro-duodenal ulcerations. This effect was abolished by the pretreatment with difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines. The healing effects of Solcoseryl and EGF was also reduced by prednisolone which decreased the angiogenesis in the granulation tissue in the ulcer area. These results indicate that Solcoseryl 1. contains EGF-like material, 2. displays the protective and ulcer healing effects similar to those of EGF and involving both PG and polyamines and 3. acts via similar mechanism as does EGF.     

The effect of Solcoseryl on in-vitro cultured cells

Explants of peripherical nervous system (PNS), skin and ventriculus cordis from chick embryo were cultivated in Maximow chambers and the effect of Solcoseryl, Fa. Solco Basel AG, on some morphological parameters was tested. 1. The growth of tissue cultures is influenced by Solcoseryl in relation to concentration and time of application. The index of area in cultures of PNS and cor increased within the first days. By long time application up to 6 days in vitro the index of area decreased and the index was the same than in controls. Explants of skin showed no essential stimulation of growth. 2. The number of cells per unit of culture in the outgrowth of PNS, cor and skin was different influenced. The density of cells in cultures of PNS and skin decreased (signif. difference). In explants of heart we could not observe a difference between the inside and outside of the outgrowth. An influence of Solcoseryl on the degree of migration is discussed. 3. The area of cell nuclei from heartcells was observed. The area decreased under the influence of Solcoseryl. The difference is significant. 4. The mitotic index of heart cells increased by application of Solcoseryl within the first 2 and 3 days in vitro. 5. The number of nucleoli per nucleus of heart cells under experimental conditions increased significant. It is discussed, Solcoseryl influenced in vitro metabolic processes in suitable systems; stimulation of cell proliferation and migration and rns-synthesis was observed within the first days of cultivation. In-vitro-systems are important objects and they are suitable for tests of pharmaca in vitro.     

Influence of “Solcoseryl” during culture on the sex-dependent repair of bovine demi-embryos

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of culture conditions on the development of split embryos after bisection and on the sex ratio of resultant bovine demi-embryos. Embryos that had developed into blastocysts on days 6½ to 7 or on days 7½ to 8 from oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro were bisected in BMOC-3 medium supplemented with 33% calf serum. The medium also contained 0%, 0.1% or 1.0% Solcoseryl, a deproteinized hemodialysate product from calf blood. The demi-embryos were first cultured for 4 hours in the same medium in which they had been bisected and then co-cultured with cumulus cells in TCM199 supplemented with 1% calf serum for an additional 20 hr. The rate of production of good to excellent quality demi-embryos obtained from days 6½ to 7 blastocysts was higher than from those on days 7½ to 8. The rate was also significantly improved when blastocysts were bisected in medium containing 0.1% or 1.0% Solcoseryl, compared to the medium without Solcoseryl. Male embryos seemed to recover more rapidly than female embryos, as assessed by morphological quality at 4 hr, although the quality of female embryos had improved by 24 hr. The percentage of males after culture was higher in the medium without Solcoseryl than in its presence. Thus, addition of Solcoseryl at either 0.1% or 1.0% to BMOC-3 medium seemed to improve the production efficiency of good quality demi-embryos, but did not influence the sex ratio. It appears as if female demi-embryos required more time than male embryos to be repaired after bisection. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The effects of solcoseryl on the growth and multiplication of chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated "in vitro"

The action of Solcoseryl, a free protein extract of calf blood, was studied on chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro. Solcoseryl stimulates the permitotic DNA synthesis and increases the number of mitoses.,     

Effect of Solcoseryl on nerve tissue under in vitro conditions]

Explants from trigeminal ganglia and skin of chick embryos and hippocampus from fetal rats were cultivated in Maximow assembly in the presence of Solcoseryl (Solco AG, Basel), a blood extract of calf. Solcoseryl in vitro did not influence the regeneration of nerve fibers from CNS explants. A stimulatory effect of Solcoseryl in vitro by 1% concentration on the outgrowth of new processes in explants of PNS was demonstrated. It is discussed: under optimal concentration Solcoseryl may be important for the influence of the composition of the medium in which explants of the nerve system and skin are cultivated.     

Enzyme histochemical, biochemical and metabolic effects of Solcoseryl in connection with its radioprotective capability

The lethal irradiation with gamma-rays (LD 100/30) of adult mice at ambient temperature of 32.5 degrees C heavily alterates the pattern of LDH in liver. In close correspondence with the radioprotective effect of Solcoseryl on the survival rate of irradiated mice -- which amounts to 100% as compared with 40% survival of solely heat adapted animals -- Solcoseryl normalizes the LDH distribution both histochemically and biochemically. Since Solcoseryl alone generally enhances enzyme activity the normalization observed is obviously attributable to an intrinsically regulatory property of this natural compound.     

The effect of Solcoseryl on explant cultures of the hippocampus

Explants of hippocampus from fetal rats were cultivated in Maximow chambers in semisynthetic medium up to 12 days in vitro. The cultures were fixed Bouin, slided 15 micron, coloured with Klüver-Barrera and some morphological parameters were tested. 1. The nerve fiber index increased by influence of 1% Solcoseryl in relation to control cultures, which growed in minimal medium. An essential stimulation was observed by application of placentar serum and embryonal extract into the culture medium. 2. Die decrease of the number of neurons and glial cells per unit of area and a small decrease of the area of neuron nuclei was discussed in relation to the effect of the pharmacon Solcoseryl on O2- consumption. 3. Solcoseryl (firm Solco AG, Base) is an extract of calf blood. It can not substitute other tissue extracts.     

盐度与体重对台湾罗非鱼耗氧率的影响

在盐度为淡水、7、14、2 1、2 8和 35的条件下 ,测定了 3个体重组 (1.5 7～ 4.87g ,7.0 7～ 18.2 3g和31.5 0～ 5 2 .41g)的台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率 ,方差分析表明 ,盐度对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率有极显著的影响(P <0 .0 1) .体重范围为 1.5 7～ 18.2 4g时 ,盐度 7实验组的耗氧率最高 ,分别为 0 .41mgO2 ·g-1·h-1(1.5 7～ 4.78g)和 0 .34mgO2 ·g-1·h-1(7.0 7～ 18.2 3g) ,体重范围为 31.5 0～ 5 2 .41g时 ,耗氧率最高值出现在盐度 35组 ,为 0 .30mgO2 ·g-1·h-1.耗氧率最低值也因体重范围的不同而出现在不同的盐度 ,体重范围为1.5 7～ 4.78g时 ,盐度 14组的耗氧率最低 ,为 0 .2 8mgO2 ·g-1·h-1,体重范围在 7.0 7～ 5 2 .41g时 ,耗氧率的最低值均出现在盐度 2 1组 ,其中体重范围 7.0 7～ 18.2 3g的最低值为 0 .2 2mgO2 ·g-1·h ,而体重范围31 5 0～ 5 2 .41g的最低耗氧率为 0 .13mgO2 ·g-1·h-1.协方差分析表明 ,盐度和体重对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率存在极显著的交互作用 (P <0 .0 1) .     

Diurnal rhythm and effect of temperature on oxygen consumption in earthworms, Amynthas gracilis and Pontoscolex corethrurus

Different species of earthworms show distinct patterns of oxygen consumption pattern. Amynthas gracilis has a diurnal rhythm of oxygen consumption, consuming more oxygen at night, whether being incubated at 20, 25, or 30 degrees C. The higher oxygen consumption of A. gracilis is directly related to its behavior, as it shows higher activity at night. In contrast, Pontoscolex corethrurus showed no obvious diurnal rhythms of oxygen consumption or behavior. In addition, its oxygen demand is not related to temperature. A. gracilis has higher oxygen consumption than P. corethrurus at 20 and 30 degrees C. The difference in temperature adaptation of oxygen consumption between these two species may be a strategy by which earthworms adapt to different temperatures. This might explain why A. gracilis disperses on the soil surface at night after a rain, in contrast to P. corethrurus for which such behavior was not been observed.     

Oxygen consumption by developing and diapausing eggs of Eupholidoptera smyrnensis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

Oxygen consumption by eggs of the Mediterranean bush-cricket Eupholidoptera smyrnesis was manometrically measured at 18, 24, 30 and 33°C. The aim was to study changes in oxygen consumption during embryonic development, and to compare a facultative initial and a facultative penultimate diapause with subitaneous developing eggs and an obligatory final diapause. In developing eggs, oxygen consumption increased as the embryo grew, but remained constant during katatrepsis. A comparison of the different diapauses revealed that in the initial diapause, oxygen consumption was lower than that of the corresponding embryonic stage in subitaneous eggs; the temperature dependence of oxygen consumption was also low. In contrast, in penultimate and in final diapause, oxygen consumption remained at the same high level as in developing embryos of the same size, and the temperature dependence of oxygen consumption was high. The results suggest that it is energetically profitable to the embryo to spend the hot season in a facultative initial and/or penultimate diapause.     

Aerobic metabolic scope and swimming performance in juvenile cod, Gadus morhua L.

Juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) were made to swim in a tunnel respirometer to determine the oxygen consumption during swimming at different speeds. Results were compared with measurements of standard and active metabolic rates in static respirometers before and after intense exercise. The oxygen consumption at maximum sustainable swimming speed was considerably lower than the peak oxygen consumption following exhausting exercise. It is suggested that these fish have a poorly developed system of aerobic (red) locomotor muscles which do not normally make a major demand upon oxygen consumption. Apparent specific dynamic action following feeding and repayment of oxygen debt following anaerobic exercise can each give rise to greater rates of oxygen consumption. Following exhausting exercise there is a delay of about 1 h before oxygen consumption reaches a peak level some 40% higher than the peak level observed during sustained swimming.     

Normothermy,torpor, and arousal in hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from Dunedin

Abstract

We measured oxygen consumption of hedgehogs from Dunedin during normothermy, torpor, and arousal from torpor during the winter. Basal oxygen consumption and minimum thermal conductance were not significantly different from expected values for an average mammal of the same body mass. Torpid oxygen consumption at 5°C was only 0.5% of resting normothermic oxygen consumption at the same temperature. Oxygen consumption during arousal was not significantly different to that predicted theoretically or to that recorded during resting normothermy over the same time period. Using previous measures of pre‐hibernal body fat content, we build a simple model showing the relative energetic implications for a hedgehog of entering or not entering hibernation, and suggest that, at low temperatures, body fat stores would be depleted in <1 day and >100 days in non‐hibernating and hibernating hedgehogs, respectively.     

泥鳅和白鲢胚胎不同发育时期耗氧量的研究

泥鳅和白鲢胚胎发育时的耗氧量是随着发育进程而以指数函数方式在增长,其耗氧曲线显示出卵裂期、原肠期、神经胚期、肌肉效应期以及出膜期是5个呼吸代谢水平较高的时期,其中又以原肠期与出膜期对孵化环境溶氧的需求尤为突出。胚胎在发育过程中纳入氧的快慢与强弱,都直接或间接地反映出新陈代谢的速度以及营养物质不断地被氧化、消耗和能量传递的状况。因此,鱼类胚胎发育时耗氧的高低,无疑是其胚胎发育状况的一种生理指标。     

Lindane-induced liver oxidative stress: respiratory alterations and the effect of desferrioxamine in the isolated perfused rat liver

The effects of lindane administration (25-60 mg kg-1 for 24 h) on hepatic oxygen consumption were studied in the isolated perfused rat liver, in the absence and presence of the iron-chelator free-radical scavenger desferrioxamine. Lindane elicits a dose-dependent enhancement of total oxygen uptake by the liver, which is largely inhibited by 0.55 mM desferrioxamine. Total desferrioxamine- sensitive oxygen consumption exhibits a maximal increase (213 per cent) at 60 mg of lindane kg-1 over control values and represents 21 per cent of the total oxygen consumption. At the different doses of lindane used, it was calculated that about 60 per cent of the total increase in oxygen uptake by the liver is accounted for by oxygen related to oxidative stress, probably utilized at different stages of the induced lipid peroxidative process.     

Possible role of Ca ions in the resting metabolism of frog sartorius muscle during potassium depolarization

Oxygen consumption and Ca exchangeability at different levels of potassium depolarization were studied in frog sartorius muscle. It was found that the changes in oxygen consumption parallel the changes in Ca exchangeability. Procaine (10^?3 M) and CaCl₂ (2.10?2 M) suppressed both extra oxygen consumption and Ca exchangeability at low values of depolarization. At higher values of depolarization procaine and CaCl₂ differed in their action. Procaine favored inhibition of these processes, CaCl₂ caused their activation. The effects of these compounds was not a result of a change in the membrane potential, since their effect on potassium depolarization was found to be small. Relations between oxygen consumption and Ca exchangeability similar to those observed at potassium depolarization seem to exist under conditions where caffeine was applied. It is proposed that the extra oxygen consumption caused by potassium depolarization or on application of caffeine and unaccompanied by mechanical changes is related to the release of Ca from its bound form. Oxygen consumption in isotonic sucrose solution was also studied, but some different data from the above were obtained.     

Comparison of oxygen consumption in drosophilid flies from different climates

Oxygen consumption at rest was studied in drosophilid species from cool‐temperate, warm‐temperate and subtropical regions to assess whether adaptations to different climates are associated with changes in metabolic rates. In experiments at 23°C using 8‐day‐old males of 28 species, body mass was revealed to be a significant predictor of oxygen consumption. No significant relation was detected between mass‐adjusted oxygen consumption and latitudinal distribution or thermal tolerance by either conventional regression analysis or a phylogenetically based method. The effect of temperature on oxygen consumption was studied with experiments at 15, 18, 23 and 28°C using 8‐ and 24‐day‐old males of four species of each of the montium species subgroup and the subgenus Drosophila. In these experiments, it was confirmed that temperature was a significant predictor of mass‐adjusted oxygen consumption. In both lineages, mass‐adjusted oxygen consumption was not higher in cool‐temperate species than in subtropical species. Thus, adaptations to colder climates are not associated with elevation of metabolic rates in these drosophilid species. The results of the present study also indicate that oxygen consumption is not related to the capacity to walk quickly.     

Oxygen consumption by the bivalve Donax vittatus (da Costa)

The acute oxygen consumption of Donax vittatus (da Costa) freshly collected at different times from a beach at Barrassie, Ayrshire, Scotland, has been measured at different temperatures. The logarithmic relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight showed a significant difference on only one occasion, and a common regression coefficient (b) of 0.865 could be used for regressions of oxygen consumption on weight. Over the temperature range 2.9–20 °C oxygen consumption rose with temperature. There was a linear decline of Q₁₀ with temperature in the range 2.9 –20 °C. Differences in values of the constant (a) in the regression equation suggest that there is some acclimation to temperature, resulting in rotation of the rate/temperature curve counterclockwise for warm-acclimated animals, and a reduction of Q₁₀ in cold-acclimated animals. The differences in oxygen consumption which result are small and appear to have little practical significance. High levels of metabolically-inactive materials such as stored glycogen reserves lead to a reduction in the weight-specific oxygen consumption. Spawning animals show an increased oxygen consumption.     

狭翅雏蝗的呼吸代谢及其种群的呼吸能量消耗

本文用红外CO₂气体分析仪测定了狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius(2ub.)的呼吸代谢,讨论了狭翅雏蝗的呼吸代谢与温度、光暗条件及体重的关系。根据测定结果外推到野外自然种群,估出内蒙古草原三种植物群落中狭翅雏蝗种群的呼吸能量消耗。     

Effects of salinity on physiological conditions in juvenile common snook Centropomus undecimalis

This study describes the effects of different salinities on oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, osmotic pressure, apparent heat increment, postprandial nitrogen excretion, and oxygen:nitrogen ratio in juvenile common snook Centropomus undecimalis. Oxygen consumption of fish fasting and fish feeding was statistically different in relation with salinity. Fish maintained at 0, 25, and 35 ppt invested more energy processing feed than fish maintained at 12 ppt. Fasting fish had lower ammonia excretion than feeding fish and excretion was reduced at high salinities. Snook can change the energetic substrate in function with salinity, from a mixture of protein and lipids and carbohydrates at 35 ppt to a more acute preference for proteins at lower salinities. This species changes osmotic plasma concentrations at extreme experimental salinities. The different salinities were the snook inhabits (0-36 ppt), have a direct effect on the physiology, inducing changes on the oxygen consumption, nitrogen excretion, changes on the energetic substrate and plasma osmotic pressure.